{"kind":"task","effective_mode":"full","benchmark":{"kind":"benchmark","effective_mode":"full","slug":"longbench-v2","formal_name":"LongBench v2","introduction":"長い資料の深い理解と推論を、多肢選択問題で評価するベンチマークです。公式紹介では503問を収録し、単一・複数文書の質問応答やコードリポジトリ理解などを扱います。\n\nLongBench v2 evaluates deep understanding and reasoning over long contexts through multiple-choice questions. Its official description lists 503 questions spanning tasks such as single-document and multi-document QA and code-repository understanding.","introduction_ja":"","introduction_en":"","category":"Category not supplied","task_count":null,"acquisition_status":"Acquisition status not supplied","official_url":"https://huggingface.co/datasets/zai-org/LongBench-v2","indexing_mode":"noindex"},"task_id":"3589b1a4-368e-5afe-bac7-b45621e337be","task_key":"train--66f56630821e116aacb3392b","task_revision_id":"1","upstream_id":"66f56630821e116aacb3392b","short_description":"Recently, I bought a Casio scientific calculator, and its functions are quite…","config":"","split":"train","body":"{\"choice_A\":\"The calculator is equipped with a large-capacity memory, allowing users to store a vast amount of data. However, when the battery is low, it may lead to the corruption or loss of the data in the memory.\",\"choice_B\":\"The calculator has a differentiation feature and uses the central difference method for differentiation. To improve accuracy, this calculator takes the average of the forward and backward differences as the derivative. This calculator also has a series function, where the data in the series can be used for mathematical or function calculations. It includes features such as defining the number of values, generating sequences, and calculating the sum of values in the series.\",\"choice_C\":\"This calculator has a series function, where the data in the series can be used for mathematical or function calculations. It also includes features such as defining the number of values, generating sequences, and calculating the sum of values in the series.\",\"choice_D\":\"This calculator has a data communication function that uses an SB-62 cable for communication. It can connect not only between two calculators but also between a calculator and a computer, or a calculator and a printer. During communication, if the connection is lost, the data will be temporarily saved, allowing transmission to continue once reconnected.\",\"context\":\"IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corporation.\\nMacintosh is a registered trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.\\nGUIDELINES LAID DOWN BY FCC RULES FOR USE OF THE UNIT IN THE U.S.A. (not appli-\\ncable to other areas).\\nNOTICE\\nThis equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device,\\npursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules.  These limits are designed to provide reasonable protec-\\ntion against harmful interference in a residential installation.  This equipment generates, uses\\nand can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the\\ninstructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guar-\\nantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation.  If this equipment does cause\\nharmful interference to radio or television reception, which can be determined by turning the\\nequipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of\\nthe following measures:\\n• Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.\\n• Increase the separation between the equipment and receiver.\\n• Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is\\nconnected.\\n• Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.\\nFCC WARNING\\nChanges or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could\\nvoid the user’s authority to operate the equipment.\\nProper connectors must be used for connection to host computer and/or peripherals in order to\\nmeet FCC emission limits.\\nConnector SB-62\\nPower Graphic Unit to Power Graphic Unit\\nConnector FA-123\\nPower Graphic Unit to PC for IBM/Macintosh Machine\\nCASIO ELECTRONICS CO., LTD.\\nUnit 6, 1000 North Circular Road,\\nLondon NW2 7JD,  U.K.\\nImportant!\\nPlease keep your manual and all information handy\\nfor future reference.\\nDeclaration of Conformity\\nModel Number:\\nfx-7400G PLUS\\nTrade Name:\\nCASIO COMPUTER CO., LTD.\\nResponsible party:\\nCASIO, INC.\\nAddress:\\n570 MT. PLEASANT AVENUE, DOVER, NEW JERSEY 07801\\nTelephone number:\\n973-361-5400\\nThis device complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject to the following two\\nconditions: (1) This device may not cause harmful interference, and (2) this device must accept\\nany interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation.\\n\\n\\ni\\nBEFORE USING THE CALCULATOR\\nFOR THE FIRST TIME ONLY...\\nThis calculator does not contain any main batteries when you purchase it. Be sure to perform\\nthe following procedure to load batteries, reset the calculator, and adjust the contrast before\\ntrying to use the calculator for the first time.\\n1. Making sure that you do not accidently press the o key, attach the case to the calculator\\nand then turn the calculator over. Remove the back cover from the unit by pulling with your\\nfinger at the point marked ✩.\\n2. Load the two batteries that come with calculator.\\n•\\nMake sure that the positive (+) and negative (–) ends of\\nthe batteries are facing correctly.\\n3. Remove the insulating sheet at the location marked\\n“BACK UP” by pulling in the direction indicated by the\\narrow.\\n4. Replace the back cover and turn the calculator front side up, which should automatically\\nturn on power and perform the memory reset operation.\\ni\\n\\n\\nii\\n5. Press m.\\nIf the Main Menu shown to the right is not on the display,\\npress the P button on the back of the calculator to\\nperform memory reset.\\n6. Use the cursor keys (f, c, d, e) to select the CONT icon and press w\\nor simply press i to display the contrast adjustment screen.\\n7. Press d to make the figure on the screen lighter or e to make them darker.\\n8. After getting the contrast the way you want it, press m to return to the main menu.\\nii\\nP button\\n\\n\\n• Your calculator is made up of precision components. Never try to take it apart.\\n• Avoid dropping your calculator and subjecting it to strong impact.\\n• Do not store the calculator or leave it in areas exposed to high temperatures or humidity, or large\\namounts of dust. When exposed to low temperatures, the calculator may require more time to display\\nresults and may even fail to operate. Correct operation will resume once the calculator is brought back\\nto normal temperature.\\n• The display will go blank and keys will not operate during calculations. When you are operating the\\nkeyboard, be sure to watch the display to make sure that all your key operations are being performed\\ncorrectly.\\n• Replace both the main power supply and the memory back up batteries once every 2 years regardless\\nof how much the calculator is used during that period. Never leave dead batteries in the battery com-\\npartment. They can leak and damage the unit.\\n• Keep batteries out of the reach of small children. If swallowed, consult with a physician immediately.\\n• Avoid using volatile liquids such as thinner or benzine to clean the unit. Wipe it with a soft, dry cloth, or\\nwith a cloth that has been dipped in a solution of water and a neutral detergent and wrung out.\\n• In no event will the manufacturer and its suppliers be liable to you or any other person for any damages,\\nexpenses, lost profits, lost savings or any other damages arising out of loss of data and/or formulas\\narising out of malfunction, repairs, or battery replacement. The user should prepare physical records of\\ndata to protect against such data loss.\\n• Never dispose of batteries, the liquid crystal panel, or other components by burning them.\\n• When the “Low battery!” message appears on the display, replace the main power supply batteries as\\nsoon as possible.\\n• Be sure that the power switch is set to OFF when replacing batteries.\\n• If the calculator is exposed to a strong electrostatic charge, its memory contents may be damaged or\\nthe keys may stop working. In such a case, perform the All Reset operation to clear the memory and\\nrestore normal key operation.\\n• Note that strong vibration or impact during program execution can cause execution to stop or can\\ndamage the calculator’s memory contents.\\n• Using the calculator near a television or radio can cause interference with TV or radio reception.\\n• Before assuming malfunction of the unit, be sure to carefully reread this manual and ensure that the\\nproblem is not due to insufficient battery power, programming or operational errors.\\nHandling Precautions\\niii\\n\\n\\nIn no event shall CASIO Computer Co., Ltd. be liable to anyone for special, collateral, incidental, or\\nconsequential damages in connection with or arising out of the purchase or use of these materials.\\nMoreover, CASIO Computer Co., Ltd. shall not be liable for any claim of any kind whatsoever against the\\nuse of these materials by any other party.\\n• The contents of this manual are subject to change without notice.\\n• No part of this manual may be reproduced in any form without the express written consent of the\\nmanufacturer.\\n• The options described in Chapter 9 of this manual may not be available in certain geographic areas.\\nFor full details on availability in your area, contact your nearest CASIO dealer or distributor.\\niv\\nBe sure to keep physical records of all important data!\\nThe large memory capacity of the unit makes it possible to store large amounts of data. You should note,\\nhowever, that low battery power or incorrect replacement of the batteries that power the unit can cause\\nthe data stored in memory to be corrupted or even lost entirely. Stored data can also be affected by\\nstrong electrostatic charge or strong impact.\\n\\n\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n• •\\n•\\n• •\\n•\\n• •\\n•\\n•\\n• •\\n•\\n•\\n• •\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •\\n• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •\\n• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •\\n• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •\\n• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •\\n• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •\\n• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •\\n• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •\\n• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •\\n• •\\n• •\\n•\\n•\\n• •\\n•\\n•\\n• •\\n•\\n•\\n• •\\n•\\n• •\\n• •\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n• •\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\nfx-7400G PLUS\\n\\n\\nContents\\nvi\\nChapter 1  Getting Acquainted...................................................... 1\\n1. Using the Main Menu............................................................................ 2\\n2. Key Table ............................................................................................... 4\\n3. Key Markings ........................................................................................ 6\\n4. Selecting Modes ................................................................................... 6\\nUsing the Set Up Screen ............................................................................... 6\\nSet Up Screen Function Key Menus ............................................................. 7\\n5. Display ....................................................................................................9\\nAbout the Display Screen .............................................................................. 9\\nAbout Menu Item Types ................................................................................. 9\\nExponential Display ..................................................................................... 10\\nSpecial Display Formats .............................................................................. 11\\nCalculation Execution Screen...................................................................... 11\\n6. Contrast Adjustment .......................................................................... 11\\n7. When you keep having problems… .................................................. 12\\nGet the Calculator Back to its Original Mode Settings ................................ 12\\nLow Battery Message .................................................................................. 12\\nChapter 2  Basic Calculations .....................................................13\\n1. Addition and Subtraction ................................................................... 14\\n2. Multiplication ...................................................................................... 14\\n3. Division.................................................................................................14\\n4. Quotient and Remainder Division ..................................................... 15\\n5. Mixed Calculations ............................................................................. 16\\n(1) Mixed Arithmetic Calculation Priority Sequence .................................... 16\\n(2) Parentheses Calculation Priority Sequence .......................................... 17\\n(3) Negative Values ..................................................................................... 17\\n(4) Exponential Expressions ....................................................................... 17\\n(5) Rounding ............................................................................................... 18\\n6. Other Useful Calculation Features .................................................... 18\\n(1) Answer Memory (Ans) ........................................................................... 18\\n(2) Consecutive Calculations ...................................................................... 18\\n(3) Replay.................................................................................................... 19\\n(4) Error Recovery....................................................................................... 19\\n(5) Making Corrections ................................................................................ 20\\n7. Using Variables ................................................................................... 21\\n\\n\\nvii\\nContents\\n8. Fraction Calculations ......................................................................... 23\\n(1) Fraction Display and Input ..................................................................... 23\\n(2) Performing Fraction Calculations ........................................................... 23\\n(3) Changing the Fraction Simplification Mode ........................................... 25\\n9. Selecting Value Display Modes.......................................................... 27\\n10. Scientific Function Calculations ....................................................... 28\\n(1) Trigonometric Functions ........................................................................ 28\\nSetting the Default Angle Unit ................................................................ 28\\nConverting Between Angle Units ........................................................... 29\\nTrigonometric Function Calculations ...................................................... 30\\n(2) Logarithmic and Exponential Function Calculations .............................. 30\\n(3) Other Functions ..................................................................................... 31\\n(4) Coordinate Conversion .......................................................................... 32\\n(5) Permutation and Combination ............................................................... 33\\n(6) Other Things to Remember ................................................................... 33\\nMultiplication Sign .................................................................................. 33\\nCalculation Priority Sequence ............................................................... 34\\nUsing Multistatements ........................................................................... 34\\nStacks .................................................................................................... 35\\nErrors ..................................................................................................... 36\\nHow to Calculate Memory Usage .......................................................... 36\\nMemory Status (MEM)........................................................................... 37\\nClearing Memory Contents .................................................................... 37\\nVariable Data (VARS) Menu .................................................................. 38\\nChapter 3  Differential Calculations ............................................43\\nChapter 4  Graphing..................................................................... 47\\n1. Before Trying to Draw a Graph .......................................................... 48\\nEntering the Graph Mode ............................................................................ 48\\n2. View Window (V-Window) Settings.................................................... 48\\nInitializing and Standardizing the View Window .......................................... 50\\nView Window Memory ................................................................................. 51\\n3. Graph Function Operations ............................................................... 52\\nSpecifying the Graph Type .......................................................................... 52\\nStoring Graph Functions ............................................................................. 52\\nEditing Functions in Memory ....................................................................... 54\\nDrawing a Graph ......................................................................................... 54\\n4. Drawing Graphs Manually.................................................................. 55\\n\\n\\nviii\\nContents\\n5. Other Graphing Functions ................................................................. 58\\nConnect Type and Plot Type Graphs (D-Type)............................................. 58\\nTrace ............................................................................................................ 59\\nScroll ........................................................................................................... 60\\nOverwrite ..................................................................................................... 60\\nZoom ........................................................................................................... 62\\nSketch Function ........................................................................................... 65\\nChapter 5  Table & Graph ............................................................. 73\\n1. Storing a Function .............................................................................. 74\\n2. Deleting a Function ............................................................................ 74\\n3. Assigning Values to a Variable........................................................... 74\\n4. Generating a Numeric Table ............................................................... 76\\n5. Editing a Table ..................................................................................... 77\\n6. Graphing a Function........................................................................... 77\\n7. Assigning Numeric Table Contents to a List .................................... 78\\nChapter 6  List Function ..............................................................79\\nList Data Linking ..................................................................................... 80\\n1. List Operations ................................................................................... 81\\n2. Editing and Rearranging Lists........................................................... 82\\nEditing List Values ....................................................................................... 82\\nSorting List Values ....................................................................................... 85\\n3. Manipulating List Data ....................................................................... 87\\nAccessing the List Data Manipulation Function Menu ................................. 87\\n4. Arithmetic Calculations Using Lists ................................................. 91\\nError Messages ........................................................................................... 91\\nInputting a List into a Calculation ................................................................ 91\\nRecalling List Contents ................................................................................ 93\\nGraphing a Function Using a List ................................................................ 93\\nInputting Scientific Calculations into a List .................................................. 93\\nPerforming Scientific Function Calculations Using a List ............................ 94\\nChapter 7  Statistical Graphs and Calculations.........................95\\n1. Before Performing Statistical Calculations ...................................... 96\\n2. Statistical Calculation Examples ....................................................... 96\\nInputting Data into Lists ............................................................................... 97\\n\\n\\nix\\nContents\\nPlotting Data ................................................................................................ 97\\nPlotting a Scatter Diagram........................................................................... 98\\nChanging Graph Parameters....................................................................... 98\\n1. Graph draw/non-draw status (SELECT) .................................................. 98\\n2. General graph settings (SET) .................................................................. 99\\nDrawing an xy Line Graph ......................................................................... 105\\nSelecting the Regression Type .................................................................. 105\\nDisplaying Statistical Calculation Results .................................................. 106\\nGraphing statistical calculation results ...................................................... 106\\n3. Calculating and Graphing Single-Variable Statistical Data ........... 107\\nHistogram .................................................................................................. 107\\nBox Graph ................................................................................................. 107\\nNormal Distribution Curve ......................................................................... 108\\nDisplaying Single-Variable Statistical Results ........................................... 108\\nPie Chart ................................................................................................... 109\\nStacked Bar Chart ..................................................................................... 110\\nBar Graph .................................................................................................. 111\\nLine Graph ................................................................................................. 112\\nBar Graph and Line Graph ........................................................................ 113\\n4. Calculating and Graphing Paired-Variable Statistical Data ........... 114\\nLinear Regression Graph .......................................................................... 114\\nMed-Med Graph ........................................................................................ 115\\nQuadratic Regression Graph..................................................................... 115\\nLogarithmic Regression Graph .................................................................. 116\\nExponential Regression Graph.................................................................. 116\\nPower Regression Graph .......................................................................... 117\\nDisplaying Paired-Variable Statistical Results ........................................... 118\\nCopying a Regression Graph Formula to the Graph Mode ....................... 118\\nMultiple Graphs ......................................................................................... 119\\n5. Manual Graphing .............................................................................. 120\\nSetting the Width of a Histogram ............................................................... 120\\n6. Performing Statistical Calculations................................................. 121\\nSingle-Variable Statistical Calculations ..................................................... 122\\nPaired-Variable Statistical Calculations ..................................................... 122\\nRegression Calculation ............................................................................. 123\\nEstimated Value Calculation ( , )............................................................ 123\\n\\n\\nx\\nContents\\nChapter 8  Programming ........................................................... 125\\n1. Before Programming ........................................................................ 126\\n2. Programming Examples................................................................... 127\\n3. Debugging a Program ...................................................................... 132\\n4. Calculating the Number of Bytes Used by a Program ................... 132\\n5. Secret Function ................................................................................ 133\\n6. Searching for a File........................................................................... 134\\n7. Editing Program Contents ............................................................... 135\\n8. Deleting a Program ........................................................................... 138\\n9. Useful Program Commands............................................................. 139\\n10. Command Reference........................................................................ 143\\nCommand Index ........................................................................................ 143\\nBasic Operation Commands ..................................................................... 144\\nProgram Commands (COM)...................................................................... 145\\nProgram Control Commands (CTL)........................................................... 149\\nJump Commands (JUMP) ......................................................................... 151\\nClear Commands (CLR) ............................................................................ 153\\nDisplay Commands (DISP)........................................................................ 153\\nInput / Output Commands (I/O) ................................................................. 154\\nConditional Jump Relational Operators (REL) .......................................... 155\\n11. Text Display ....................................................................................... 156\\n12. Using Calculator Functions in Programs ....................................... 156\\nUsing Graph Functions in a Program ........................................................ 156\\nUsing Table & Graph Functions in a Program ........................................... 157\\nUsing List Sort Functions in a Program ..................................................... 158\\nUsing Statistical Calculations and Graphs in a Program ........................... 158\\nPerforming Statistical Calculations ............................................................ 160\\nChapter 9 Data Communications ............................................. 163\\n1. Connecting Two Units ...................................................................... 164\\n2. Connecting the Unit with a Personal Computer ............................. 165\\n3. Connecting the Unit with a CASIO Label Printer ........................... 166\\n4. Before Performing a Data Communication Operation ................... 167\\n5. Performing a Data Transfer Operation ............................................ 168\\n6. Screen Send Function...................................................................... 172\\n7. Data Communications Precautions ................................................ 173\\n\\n\\nxi\\nContents\\nChapter 10  Program Library ..................................................... 175\\n1. Prime Factor Analysis ...................................................................... 176\\n2. Greatest Common Measure ............................................................. 178\\n3. t-Test Value ....................................................................................... 180\\n4. Circle and Tangents.......................................................................... 182\\n5. Rotating a Figure .............................................................................. 189\\nAppendix ..................................................................................... 193\\nAppendix A  Resetting the Calculator ................................................... 194\\nAppendix B  Power Supply .................................................................... 196\\nReplacing Batteries ................................................................................... 196\\nAbout the Auto Power Off Function ........................................................... 199\\nAppendix C  Error Message Table ......................................................... 200\\nAppendix D  Input Ranges ..................................................................... 202\\nAppendix E  Specifications .................................................................... 204\\n\\n\\nxii\\nContents\\n\\n\\nGetting Acquainted\\n— Read This First!\\n1\\nChapter\\n: Important notes\\n: Notes\\n: Reference pages\\nThe symbols in this manual indicate the\\nfollowing messages.\\nP.000\\n\\n\\n2\\nChapter 1\\nGetting Acquainted\\n1. Using the Main Menu\\nThe main menu appears on the display whenever you turn on the calculator. It con-\\ntains a number of icons that let you select the mode (work area) for the type of\\noperation you want to perform. You can also make the Main Menu appear at any time\\nby pressing m.\\nThe following explains the meaning of each icon.\\nIcon\\nMeaning\\nUse this mode for arithmetic calculations and func-\\ntion calculations.\\nUse this mode to perform single-variable (stand-\\nard deviation) and paired-variable (regression) sta-\\ntistical calculations, and to draw statistical graphs.\\nUse this mode for storing and editing numeric\\ndata.\\nUse this mode to store graph functions and to\\ndraw graphs using the functions.\\nUse this mode to store functions, to generate a\\nnumeric table of different solutions as the values\\nassigned to variables in a function change, and\\nto draw graphs.\\nUse this mode to store programs in the program\\narea and to run programs.\\nUse this mode to transfer memory contents or\\nback-up data to another unit.\\nUse this mode to adjust the contrast of the dis-\\nplay.\\nUse this mode to check how much memory is\\nused and remaining, to delete data from memory,\\nand to initialize (reset) the calculator.\\n\\n\\n3\\nGetting Acquainted\\nChapter 1\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo enter a mode\\n  Example\\nTo enter the RUN Mode from the Main Menu\\n1. Press m to display the Main Menu.\\n2. Use d, e, f, and c to move the highlighting to the RUN icon.\\n3. Press w to enter the RUN Mode.\\n• You can also enter a mode without highlighting an icon in the Main Menu by\\ninputting the number marked in the lower right corner of the icon.\\n• When you enter a mode, up to four function key menu items appear at the bottom\\nof the display. Each menu item corresponds to the function key (1, 2, 3,\\n4) that is below the item. Some function menus have multiple pages. When this\\nhappens, you should press [ to advance to the next menu page.\\nExample Menus\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n\\n\\n4\\nChapter 1\\nGetting Acquainted\\nAlpha Lock\\nNormally, once you press a and then a key to input an alphabetic char-\\nacter, the keyboard reverts to its primary functions immediately. If you press\\n! and then a, the keyboard locks in alpha input until you press a\\nagain.\\n2. Key Table\\n\\n\\n5\\nGetting Acquainted\\nChapter 1\\nPage\\nPage\\nPage\\nPage\\nPage\\nPage\\nPage\\nPage\\nPage\\nPage\\nPage\\n6\\n6\\n45\\n23\\n24\\n31\\n15\\n31\\n31\\n31\\n31\\n23\\n38\\n139\\n31\\n31\\n31\\n31\\n17\\n31\\n2\\n7\\n16\\n30\\n17\\n30\\n82\\n30\\n21\\n60\\n17\\n30\\n17\\n18\\n14\\n60\\n14\\n82\\n20\\n21\\n16\\n60\\n14\\n82\\nTrace\\nZoom\\nSketch\\nV-Window\\n\\n\\n6\\nChapter 1\\nGetting Acquainted\\n3. Key Markings\\nMany of the calculator’s keys are used to perform more than one function. The func-\\ntions marked on the keyboard are color coded to help you find the one you need\\nquickly and easily.\\nFunction\\nKey Operation\\n1\\nlog\\nl\\n2\\n10x\\n!l\\n3\\nB\\nal\\nThe following describes the color coding used for key markings.\\nColor\\nKey Operation\\nOrange\\nPress ! and then the key to perform the marked\\nfunction.\\nRed\\nPress a and then the key to perform the marked\\nfunction.\\n4. Selecting Modes\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Using the Set Up Screen\\nThe first thing that appears when you enter a mode is the mode’s set up screen,\\nwhich shows the current status of settings for the mode. The following procedure\\nshows how to change a set up.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo change a mode set up\\n1. Select the icon you want and press w enter a mode and display its initial screen.\\nHere we will enter the RUN Mode.\\n\\n\\n7\\nGetting Acquainted\\nChapter 1\\n2. Press !Z to display the mode’s set up\\nscreen.\\n• This set up screen is just one possible exam-\\nple. Actual set up screen contents will differ\\naccording to the mode you are in and that\\nmode’s current settings.\\n3. Use the f and c cursor keys to move the highlighting to the item whose\\nsetting you want to change.\\n4. Press the function key (1 to 4) that is marked with the setting you want to\\nmake.\\n5. After you are finished making any changes you want, press Q to return to the\\ninitial screen of the mode.\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Set Up Screen Function Key Menus\\nThis section details the settings you can make using the function keys in the set up\\ndisplay.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuGraph Function Type (F-Type)\\n1 (Y=) .......... Rectangular coordinate\\ngraphs\\n2 (Parm) ...... Parametric coordinate graphs\\n[\\n1 (Y>) .......... y > f(x) inequality graph\\n2 (Y<) .......... y < f(x) inequality graph\\n3 (Y≥) .......... y > f (x) inequality graph\\n4 (Y≤) .......... y < f (x) inequality graph\\nPress [ to return to the previous menu.\\n• The setting you make for F-Type determines the variable name that is input when\\nyou press T.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuGraph Draw Type (D-Type)\\n1 (Con) ........ Connection of points plot-\\nted on graph.\\n2 (Plot) ......... Plotting of points on graph\\nwithout connection.\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n\\n\\n8\\nChapter 1\\nGetting Acquainted\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuAngle unit (Angle)\\n1 (Deg) ........ Specifies degrees as\\ndefault.\\n2 (Rad) ........ Specifies radians as\\ndefault.\\n3 (Gra) ......... Specifies grads as default.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuStatistical Graph View Window Setting (S-Wind)\\n1 (Auto)........ Automatic setting of view\\nwindow values for statisti-\\ncal graph drawing.\\n2 (Man) ........ Manual setting of view\\nwindow values for statisti-\\ncal graph drawing.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuGraph Function Display (G-Func)\\n1 (On) .......... Turns on display of function\\nduring graph drawing and\\ntrace.\\n2 (Off) .......... Turns off display of function\\nduring graph drawing and\\ntrace.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuSimultaneous Graph Mode (Simul-G)\\n1 (On) .......... Turns on simultaneous\\ngraphing of all functions in\\nmemory.\\n2 (Off) .......... Simultaneous graphing off\\n(graphs drawn one-by-\\none).\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTable & Graph Generation Settings (Var)\\n1 (RANG) .... T\\nable generation and graph\\ndrawing using numeric ta-\\nble range.\\n2 (List1)\\n3 (List2) \\n....\\n4 (List3)\\nP.120\\nP.120\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\nT\\nable generation and graph\\ndrawing using list data.\\nP.75\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n\\n\\n9\\nGetting Acquainted\\nChapter 1\\n[\\n1 (List4)\\n2 (List5) \\n....\\n3 (List6)\\nPress [ to return to the previous menu.\\nOther menus for set up (Display, Simplfy, Frac) are described in each applicable\\nsection of this manual as they come up.\\nAbbreviations\\nSTAT ............... Statistics\\nPRGM ............. Program\\nCONT.............. Contrast\\nMEM ............... Memory\\n5. Display\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk About the Display Screen\\nThis calculator uses two types of display: a text display and a graphic display. The\\ntext display can show 13 columns and six lines of characters, with the bottom line\\nused for the function key menu, while the graph display uses an area that measures\\n79 (W) × 47 (H) dots.\\nText Display\\nGraph Display\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk About Menu Item Types\\nThis calculator uses certain conventions to indicate the type of result you can expect\\nwhen you press a function key.\\n• Next Menu\\nExample: \\nSelecting \\n displays a menu of list functions.\\n• Command Input\\nExample: \\nSelecting \\n inputs the “List” command.\\nT\\nable generation and graph\\ndrawing using list data.\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n\\n\\n10\\nChapter 1\\nGetting Acquainted\\n• Direct Command Execution\\nExample: \\nSelecting \\n executes the DRAW command.\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Exponential Display\\nThe calculator normally displays values up to 10 digits long. Values that exceed this\\nlimit are automatically converted to and displayed in exponential format. You can\\nspecify one of two different ranges for automatic changeover to exponential display.\\nNorm 1 ............ 10–2 (0.01) > |x|, |x| > 1010\\nNorm 2 ............ 10–9 (0.000000001) > |x|, |x| > 1010\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo change the exponential display range\\n1.\\nPress !Z to display the Set Up Screen.\\n2.\\nUse f and c to move the highlighting to “Display”.\\n3.\\nPress 3 (Norm).\\nThe exponential display range switches between Norm 1 and Norm 2 each time you\\nperform the above operation. There is no display indicator to show you which expo-\\nnential display range is currently in effect, but you can always check it by seeing what\\nresults the following calculation produces.\\nAb/caaw\\n (Norm 1)\\n (Norm 2)\\nAll of the examples in this manual show calculation results using Norm 1.\\nFor full details about the “Display”, see “Selecting Value Display Modes”.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuHow to interpret exponential format\\n1.2+12 indicates that the result is equivalent to 1.2 × 1012. This means that you should\\nmove the decimal point in 1.2 twelve places to the right, because the exponent is\\npositive. This results in the value 1,200,000,000,000.\\n1.2–03 indicates that the result is equivalent to 1.2 × 10–3. This means that you should\\nmove the decimal point in 1.2 three places to the left, because the exponent is nega-\\ntive. This results in the value 0.0012.\\nP.27\\n\\n\\n11\\nGetting Acquainted\\nChapter 1\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Special Display Formats\\nThis calculator uses special display formats to indicate fractions, and sexagesimal\\nvalues.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuFractions\\n.......... Indicates: 456\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuSexagesimal Values\\n.......... Indicates: 12° 34’ 56.78\\\"\\n• In addition to the above, this calculator also uses other indicators or symbols,\\nwhich are described in each applicable section of this manual as they come up.\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Calculation Execution Screen\\nWhenever the calculator is busy drawing a graph or executing a long, complex calcu-\\nlation or program, a black box (k) flashes in the upper right corner of the display.\\nThis black box tells you that the calculator is performing an internal operation.\\n6. Contrast Adjustment\\nAdjust the contrast whenever objects on the display appear dim or difficult to see.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo display the contrast adjustment screen\\nHighlight the CONT icon in the Main Menu and\\nthen press w.\\nPress d to make the figures on the screen lighter or e to make them darker.\\nAfter getting the contrast the way you want it, press m to return to the main menu.\\n12\\n–––\\n23\\n\\n\\n12\\nChapter 1\\nGetting Acquainted\\n7. When you keep having problems…\\nIf you keep having problems when you are trying to perform operations, try the fol-\\nlowing before assuming that there is something wrong with the calculator.\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Get the Calculator Back to its Original Mode Settings\\n1. In the Main Menu, select the RUN icon and press w.\\n2. Press ! Z to display the Set Up Screen.\\n3. Highlight “Angle” and press 2 (Rad).\\n4. Highlight “Display” and press 3 (Norm) to select the exponential display range\\n(Norm 1 or Norm 2) that you want to use.\\n5. Now enter the correct mode and perform your calculation again, monitoring the\\nresults on the display.\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Low Battery Message\\nThe low battery message appears while the main battery power is below a certain\\nlevel whenever you press o to turn power on or m to display the Main Menu.\\no or m\\n↓ About 3 seconds later\\nIf you continue using the calculator without replacing batteries, power will automati-\\ncally turn off to protect memory contents. Once this happens, you will not be able to\\nturn power back on, and there is the danger that memory contents will be corrupted\\nor lost entirely.\\nP.6\\nP.196\\n\\n\\nBasic Calculations\\nIn the RUN Mode you can perform arithmetic calculations (addi-\\ntion, subtraction, multiplication, division) as well as calculations in-\\nvolving scientific functions.\\n1. Addition and Subtraction\\n2. Multiplication\\n3. Division\\n4. Quotient and Remainder Division\\n5. Mixed Calculations\\n6. Other Useful Calculation Features\\n7. Using Variables\\n8. Fraction Calculations\\n9. Selecting Value Display Modes\\n10. Scientific Function Calculations\\nChapter\\n2\\n\\n\\n14\\nChapter 2\\nBasic Calculations\\n1. Addition and Subtraction\\n  Example\\n6.72 + 9.08\\ng.hc+j.aiw\\nYou can input the operation just as it is written. This capability is called “true alge-\\nbraic logic.”\\nBe sure to press A to clear the display before starting a new calculation.\\n2. Multiplication\\n  Example\\n3.71 × 4.27\\nAd.hb*\\ne.chw\\n• The range of this calculator is –9.99999999 × 1099 to +9.99999999 × 1099.\\n3. Division\\n  Example\\n64 ÷ 4\\nAge/ew\\nParentheses also come in handy when performing division. For full details on using\\nparentheses, see “Parentheses Calculation Priority Sequence”.\\nP.17\\n\\n\\n15\\nBasic Calculations\\nChapter 2\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo use parentheses in a calculation\\n2 × 3 + 4\\n Example 1\\n–––––––\\n5\\nYou should input this calculation as: (2 × 3 + 4) ÷ 5\\nA(c*d+e)/fw\\n6\\n Example 2\\n–––––\\n4 × 5\\nYou can input this calculation as: 6 ÷ (4 × 5)  or 6 ÷ 4 ÷ 5.\\nAg/(e*f)w\\nAg/e/fw\\n4. Quotient and Remainder Division\\nThis calculator can produce either the quotient or the quotient and remainder of\\ndivision operations involving two integers. Use K to display the Option Menu for\\nthe function key menu you need to perform quotient and remainder division.\\nOperation\\nUse the RUN Mode for quotient and remainder division.\\nQuotient Division ...... <integer>K2(CALC)2(Int÷)<integer>w\\nReminder Division .... <integer>K2(CALC)3(Rmdr)<integer>w\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo perform quotient division\\n  Example\\nTo display the quotient produced by 61 ÷ 7\\nAgbK2(CALC)\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n\\n\\n16\\nChapter 2\\nBasic Calculations\\n2(Int÷)hw\\n• Remember that you can use only integers in quotient division operations. You\\ncannot use expressions such as 2 or sin60 because their results have a decimal\\npart.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo perform remainder division\\n  Example\\nTo display the remainder produced by 857 ÷ 48\\nifh3(Rmdr)eiw\\nPress Q to clear the Option Menu after you finish your remainder and quotient\\ncalculations.\\n• Remember that you can use only integers in remainder division operations. You\\ncannot use expressions such as 2 or sin60 because their results have a decimal\\npart.\\n• Quotient and remainder division can also be used with lists to divide a multiple\\nintegers by each other in a single operation.\\n5. Mixed Calculations\\n(1) Mixed Arithmetic Calculation Priority Sequence\\nFor mixed arithmetic calculations, the calculator automatically performs multiplica-\\ntion and division before addition and subtraction.\\n Example 1\\n3 + 5 × 6\\nAd+f*gw\\n Example 2\\n7 × 8 – 4 × 5\\nAh*i-e*fw\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\nP.91\\n\\n\\n17\\nBasic Calculations\\nChapter 2\\n(2) Parentheses Calculation Priority Sequence\\nExpressions enclosed inside parentheses are always given priority in a calculation.\\n Example 1\\n100 – (2 + 3) × 4\\nAbaa-(c+d)\\n*ew\\n Example 2\\n(7 – 2) × (8 + 5)\\n• A multiplication sign immediately in front of an open parenthesis can be omitted.\\nA(h-c)(i+f)\\nw\\n• Any closing parentheses at the end of a calculation can be omitted, no matter\\nhow many there are.\\nParentheses are always closed in the operation examples presented in this manual.\\n(3) Negative Values\\nUse the - key to input negative values.\\n  Example\\n56 × (–12) ÷ (–2.5)\\nAfg*-bc/\\n-c.fw\\n(4) Exponential Expressions\\nUse the E key to input exponents.\\n  Example\\n(4.5 × 1075) × (–2.3 × 10–79)\\nAe.fEhf*-c.d\\nE-hjw\\nThe above shows what would appear when the exponential display range is set to\\nNorm 1. It stands for –1.035 × 10–3, which is –0.001035.\\nP.10\\n\\n\\n18\\nChapter 2\\nBasic Calculations\\n(5) Rounding\\n  Example\\n74 ÷ 3\\nAhe/dw\\nThe actual result of the above calculation is 24.66666666… (and so on to infinity),\\nwhich the calculator rounds off. The calculator’s internal capacity is 15 digits for the\\nvalues it uses for calculations, which avoids precision problems with consecutive\\noperations that use the result of the previous operation.\\n6. Other Useful Calculation Features\\n(1) Answer Memory (Ans)\\nCalculation results are automatically stored in the Answer Memory, which means\\nyou can recall the results of the last calculation you performed at any time.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo recall Answer Memory contents\\nPress ! and then K (which is the shifted function of the - key).\\nThis operation is represented as ! K throughout this manual.\\n  Example\\nTo perform 3.56 + 8.41 and then divide 65.38 by the result\\nAd.fg+i.ebw\\ngf.di/!Kw\\n(2) Consecutive Calculations\\nIf the result of the last calculation is the first term of the next calculation, you can use\\nthe result as it is on the display without recalling Answer Memory contents.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo perform a consecutive calculation\\n  Example\\nTo perform 0.57 × 0.27, and then add 4.9672 to the results\\nAa.fh*a.chw\\n+e.jghcw\\n\\n\\n19\\nBasic Calculations\\nChapter 2\\n(3) Replay\\nWhile the result of a calculation is on the display, you can use d and e to move the\\ncursor to any position within the expression used to produce the result. This means\\nyou can back up and correct mistakes without having to input the entire calculation.\\nYou can also recall past calculations you have already cleared by pressing A.\\nOperation\\nThe first press of e displays the cursor at the beginning of the expression, while\\nd displays the cursor at the end. Once the cursor is displayed, use e to move it\\nright and d to move it left.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo use Replay to change an expression\\n  Example\\nTo calculate 4.12 × 6.4 and then change the calculation to 4.12 × 7.1\\nAe.bc*g.ew\\nd\\ndddh.bw\\nMulti-Replay\\nPressing A and then f or c sequentially recalls and displays past calculations.\\n(4) Error Recovery\\nWhenever an error message appears on the display, press d or e to re-display\\nthe expression with the cursor located just past the part of the expression that caused\\nthe error. You can then move the cursor and make necessary corrections before\\nexecuting the calculation again.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo correct an expression that causes an error\\n  Example\\nTo recover from the error generated by performing 148 ÷ 0. × 3.37\\ninstead of 148 ÷ 0.3 × 3.37\\nAbei/a.\\n*d.dhw\\n\\n\\n20\\nChapter 2\\nBasic Calculations\\nd(You could also press e.)\\n![d\\n(See below for details on making\\ncorrections.)\\nw\\n(5) Making Corrections\\nUse the d and e keys to move the cursor to the position you want to change, and\\nthen perform one of the operations described below. After you edit the calculation,\\nyou can execute it by pressing w, or use e to move to the end of the calculation\\nand input more.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo change a step\\n  Example\\nTo change cos60 to sin60\\ncga\\nddd\\ns\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo delete a step\\n  Example\\nTo change 369 × × 2 to 369 × 2\\ndgj**c\\nddD\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo insert a step\\n  Example\\nTo change 2.362 to sin2.362\\nc.dgx\\n\\n\\n21\\nBasic Calculations\\nChapter 2\\nddddd\\n![\\ns\\n• When you press ![a space is indicated by the symbol ‘‘t’’. The next func-\\ntion or value you input is inserted at the location of ‘‘t’’. To abort the insert opera-\\ntion without inputting anything, move the cursor, press ![again, or press\\nd, e or w.\\n7. Using Variables\\nA total of 26 variables, named A through Z, are available for assignment of numeric\\nvalues. Variable contents are retained even when you turn the calculator off. Note\\nthat when you assign a value to a variable, the calculator assigns its 15-digit internal\\nvalue.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo assign a value to a variable\\nOperation\\n<value or expression>aa<variable name: A to Z>\\n Example 1\\nTo assign 1024 to variable A\\nAbaceaaAw\\n Example 2\\nTo display the contents of variable A\\nAaAw\\n Example 3\\nTo clear the contents of variable A\\nTo clear a variable, simply assign 0 to it.\\nAaaaAw\\n\\n\\n22\\nChapter 2\\nBasic Calculations\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo assign the same value to more than one variable\\nOperation\\n<value or expression>aa<start variable name>a3(~)a<end variable\\nname>w\\n  Example\\nTo assign the result of 2 to variables A, B, C, D, and E\\nA!9caaAa3(~)\\naEw\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo clear the contents of all variables\\nIn the Main Menu, select the MEM icon and press w.\\nSelect Memory Usage.\\nw\\nPress c to scroll the display until “Alpha” is highlighted.\\nccccccc\\n1(DEL)\\nPress 1 (YES) to clear all variables or 4 (NO) to abort the clear operation without\\nclearing anything.\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n\\n\\n23\\nBasic Calculations\\nChapter 2\\n8. Fraction Calculations\\n(1) Fraction Display and Input\\n Example 1\\nDisplay of\\n Example 2\\nDisplay of 3\\nMixed fractions (such as 3 1/4) are input and displayed as:\\ninteger{numerator{denominator.\\nImproper fractions (15/7) and proper fractions (such as 1/4) are input and displayed\\nas: numerator{denominator.\\nUse the $ key to input each part of a fraction.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo input a fraction\\nOperation\\nProper Fraction or Improper Fraction Input: <numerator value>$<denominator value>\\nMixed Fraction Input: <integer value>$<numerator value>$<denominator value>\\n  Example\\nTo input 3\\nPress d$b$e.\\nNote that the maximum size of a fractional value is 10 digits, counting the integer,\\nnumerator, and denominator digits and separator symbols. \\nAny value longer than\\n10 digits is automatically converted to its equivalent decimal value.\\n(2) Performing Fraction Calculations\\n  Example\\nAc$f+d$b$ew\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo convert between fraction and decimal values\\nOperation\\nFraction to Decimal Conversion: M\\nDecimal to Fraction Conversion: M\\n2\\n1\\n–– + 3––\\n5\\n4\\n3\\n––\\n4\\n1\\n––\\n4\\n1\\n––\\n4\\n\\n\\n24\\nChapter 2\\nBasic Calculations\\n  Example\\nTo convert the result of the previous example to a decimal and\\nthen back to a fraction\\nM\\nM\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo convert between proper and improper fractions\\nOperation\\nMixed Fraction to Improper Fraction Conversion: !/\\nImproper Fraction to Mixed Fraction Conversion: !/\\n  Example\\nTo convert the result of the previous example to an improper\\nfraction and then back to a proper fraction\\n!/\\n!/\\n• The calculator automatically reduces the results of fraction calculations. You can\\nuse the procedure described under “Changing the Fraction Simplification Mode”\\nbelow to specify manual fraction simplification.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo perform a mixed decimal and fraction calculation\\n  Example\\n5.2 ×\\nAf.c*b$fw\\n• The result of a calculation that mixes fractions and decimal values is always a\\ndecimal value.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo use parentheses in a fraction calculation\\n  Example\\nAb$(b$d+b$e)\\n+c$hw\\n1\\n––\\n5\\n1\\n2\\n–––––– + ––\\n1\\n1\\n7\\n–– + ––\\n3\\n4\\n\\n\\n25\\nBasic Calculations\\nChapter 2\\n(3) Changing the Fraction Simplification Mode\\nThe initial default of the calculator is automatic simplification of fractions produced\\nby fraction calculations. You can use the following operation to change the fraction\\nsimplification mode to manual.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo change the fraction simplification mode\\n  Example\\nTo change the fraction simplification mode to manual\\n!Z\\n(Displays the Set Up Screen.)\\ncccc2(Man)\\nWhen the fraction simplification is set to manual, you have to use the Option Menu to\\nsimplify fractions. You can let the calculator select the divisor to use for simplification\\nor you can specify a divisor.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo simplify using the calculator’s divisor\\nOperation\\nPerform calculations after selecting the RUN icon in the Main Menu to enter the\\nRUN Mode.\\nTo display the simplification menu: K2(CALC)\\nTo select automatic simplification: 1(Simp)w\\nTo specify the divisor for simplification*: 1(Simp) <Divisor>w\\n* You can specify only a positive integer as the divisor.\\n6\\n1\\n  Example\\nTo perform the calculation 1 –– + 1 –– and reduce the result\\n27\\n9\\nAb$g$ch+b$\\nb$jw\\n(The result that appears when using manual simplification is the least common mul-\\ntiple of the fractions used in the calculation.)\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n\\n\\n26\\nChapter 2\\nBasic Calculations\\nK2(CALC)1(Simp)w\\n• F = 3 indicates that 3 is the divisor.\\n• The calculator automatically selects the smallest possible divisor for simplifica-\\ntion.\\nRepeat the above operation to simplify again.\\n1(Simp)w\\nTry once again.\\n1(Simp)w\\nThis display indicates that further simplification is impossible.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo simplify using your own divisor\\n  Example\\nTo perform the above calculation and then specify 9 as the divisor\\nto use for simplification\\n1(Simp)jw\\n• If the value you specify is invalid as a divisor for simplification, the calculator\\nautomatically uses the lowest possible divisor.\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n\\n\\n27\\nBasic Calculations\\nChapter 2\\n9. Selecting Value Display Modes\\nYou can make specifications for three value display modes.\\nFix Mode\\nThis mode lets you specify the number of decimal places to be displayed.\\nSci Mode\\nThis mode lets you specify the number of significant digits to be displayed.\\nNorm 1/Norm 2 Mode\\nThis mode determines at what point the display changes over to exponential display\\nformat.\\nDisplay the Set Up Screen and use the f and c keys to highlight “Display”.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu To specify the number of decimal places (Fix)\\n1. While the set-up screen is on the display, press 1 (Fix).\\n2. Press the function key that corresponds to the number of decimal places you\\nwant to set (0 to 9).\\n• Press [ to display the next menu of numbers.\\n  Example\\nTo specify two decimal places\\n1 (Fix)\\n3 (2)\\nPress the function key that corresponds to the\\nnumber of decimal places you want to specify.\\n• Displayed values are rounded off to the number of decimal places you specify.\\n• A number of decimal place specification remains in effect until you change the\\nNorm Mode setting.\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n\\n\\n28\\nChapter 2\\nBasic Calculations\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu To specify the number of significant digits (Sci)\\n1. While the set-up screen is on the display, press 2 (Sci).\\n2. Press the function key that corresponds to the number of significant digits you\\nwant to set (0 to 9).\\n• Press [ to display the next menu of numbers.\\n  Example\\nTo specify three significant digits\\n2 (Sci)\\n4 (3)\\nPress the function key that corresponds to the\\nnumber of significant digits you want to specify.\\n• Displayed values are rounded off to the number of significant digits you specify.\\n• Specifying 0 makes the number of significant digits 10.\\n• A number of significant digit specification remains in effect until you change the\\nNorm Mode setting.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu To specify the exponential display range (Norm 1/Norm 2)\\nPress 3 (Norm) to switch between Norm 1 and Norm 2.\\nNorm 1: 10–2 (0.01)>|x|, |x| >1010\\nNorm 2: 10–9 (0.000000001)>|x|, |x| >1010\\n10. Scientific Function Calculations\\nUse the RUN Mode to perform calculations that involve trigonometric functions and\\nother types of scientific functions.\\n(1) Trigonometric Functions\\nBefore performing a calculations that involves trigonometric functions, you should\\nfirst specify the default angle unit as degrees (°), radians (r), or grads (g).\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Setting the Default Angle Unit\\nThe default angle unit for input values can be set using the set up screen. If you set\\ndegrees (°) for example, inputting a value of 90 is automatically assumed to be 90°\\nThe following shows the relationship between degrees, radians, and grads.\\n90° = π/2 radians = 100 grads\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n\\n\\n29\\nBasic Calculations\\nChapter 2\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo set the default angle unit\\n  Example\\nTo change the angle unit from radians to degrees\\n!Z\\ncc1(Deg)\\n• Once you change the angle unit setting, it remains in effect until you change it\\nagain using the set up screen. You also should check the set up screen to find out\\nwhat the current angle unit setting is.\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Converting Between Angle Units\\nYou can use the following procedure to input a value using an angle unit that is not\\nthe current default angle unit. Then when you press w, the value will be converted\\nto the default angle unit.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo convert between angle units\\n  Example\\nTo convert 4.25 radians to degrees while degrees are set as the\\ndefault angle unit\\nAe.cfK[\\n2(ANGL)2(r)w\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n\\n\\n30\\nChapter 2\\nBasic Calculations\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Trigonometric Function Calculations\\nAlways make sure that the default angle unit is set to the required default before\\nperforming trigonometric function calculations.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo perform trigonometric function calculations\\n Example 1\\nsin (63° 52' 41\\\")\\nDefault angle unit: Degrees\\n!Zcc1(Deg)Q\\nsgdK[2(ANGL)[1(° ' \\\")fc1(° ' \\\")eb1(° ' \\\")w\\nResult: 0.897859012\\n Example 2\\nDefault angle unit: Radians\\n!Zcc2(Rad)Q\\nb/c(!7/d)w\\nResult: 2\\n Example 3\\ntan(–35grad)\\nDefault angle unit: Grads\\n!Zcc3(Gra)Q\\nt-dfw\\nResult: –0.6128007881\\n(2) Logarithmic and Exponential Function Calculations\\n• A base 10 logarithm (common logarithm) is normally written as log10 or log.\\n• A base e (\\n) logarithm (natural logarithm) is normally\\nwritten as loge or ln.\\nNote that certain publications use “log” to refer to base e logarithms, so you must\\ntake care to watch for what type of notation is being used in the publications you are\\nworking with. This calculator and manual use “log” to mean base 10 and “ln” for base e.\\nP.29\\nπ\\n1\\nsec (–– rad) = ––––––––––\\n3\\nπ\\ncos (––rad)\\n3\\n1\\nn\\nlim\\n1 + –––  = 2.71828...\\nn\\nn→∞\\n\\n\\n31\\nBasic Calculations\\nChapter 2\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo perform logarithmic/exponential function calculations\\n Example 1\\nlog1.23\\nlb.cdw\\nResult: 0.0899051114\\n Example 2\\nln90\\nIjaw\\nResult: 4.49980967\\n Example 3\\nTo calculate the anti-logarithm of common logarithm 1.23 (101.23)\\n!0b.cdw\\nResult: 16.98243652\\n Example 4\\nTo calculate the anti-logarithm of natural logarithm 4.5 (e4.5)\\n!ee.fw\\nResult: 90.0171313\\n Example 5\\n(–3)4 = (–3) × (–3) × (–3) × (–3)\\n(-d)Mew\\nResult: 81\\n Example 6\\n7 123\\nh!qbcdw\\nResult: 1.988647795\\n(3) Other Functions\\nExample\\nOperation\\nDisplay\\n + \\n = 3.65028154\\n!92+!95w\\n3.65028154\\n2\\n5\\n(–3)2 = (–3) × (–3) = 9\\n(-3)xw\\n9\\n–32 = –(3 × 3) = –9\\n-3xw\\n– 9\\n(3!X-4!X)\\n!Xw\\n12\\n8! (= 1 × 2 × 3 × .... × 8)\\n= 40320\\n8K4(PROB)1(x!)w\\n40320\\n3\\n = 42\\n!#(36*42*49)w\\n42\\n36 × 42 × 49\\nRandom number generation\\nK4(PROB)\\n(pseudo random number\\n4(Ran#)w\\n(Ex.) 0.4810497011\\nbetween 0 and 1.)\\n1\\n–––––––––\\n–– = 12\\n1\\n1\\n––– – –––\\n3\\n4\\n\\n\\n32\\nChapter 2\\nBasic Calculations\\nExample\\nOperation\\nDisplay\\nWhat is the absolute value of\\nthe common logarithm of 3 ?\\n4\\n| log 3 | = 0.1249387366\\nK[1(NUM)\\n4\\n1(Abs)l(3/4)w\\n0.1249387366\\nWhat is the integer part of\\nK[1(NUM)\\n2(Int)(7800/96)w\\n81\\nWhat is the decimal part of\\nK[1(NUM)\\n3(Frac)(7800/96)w\\n0.25\\n200 ÷ 6 =\\n200/6w\\n33.33333333\\n× 3 =\\n*3w\\n100\\nRound the value used\\n200/6w\\n33.33333333\\nfor internal calculations\\nK[1(NUM)4(Rnd)w\\n33.33333333\\nto 11 digits*\\n*3w\\n99.99999999\\nWhat is the nearest integer\\nK[1(NUM)[1(Intg)\\nnot exceeding – 3.5?\\n-3.5w\\n– 4\\n* When a Fix (number of decimal places) or Sci (number of significant digits) is in effect, Rnd\\nrounds the value used for internal calculations in accordance with the current Fix or Sci\\nspecification. In effect, this makes the internal value match the displayed value.\\n(4) Coordinate Conversion\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu Rectangular Coordinates\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu Polar Coordinates\\n• With polar coordinates, θ can be calculated and displayed within a range of\\n–180°< θ < 180° (radians and grads have same range).\\n  Example\\nTo calculate r and θ° when x = 14 and y = 20.7\\nOperation\\nDisplay\\n!Zcc1(Deg)Q\\nK[2(ANGL)[[\\n1(Pol()14,20.7)w\\nAns\\n1 –24.989– →24.98979792 (r)\\n2 – 55.928– →55.92839019 (θ)\\n7800\\n––––– ?\\n96\\n7800\\n––––– ?\\n96\\n\\n\\n33\\nBasic Calculations\\nChapter 2\\n  Example\\nTo calculate x and y when r = 25 and θ = 56°\\nOperation\\nDisplay\\n!Zcc1(Deg)Q\\nK[2(ANGL)[[\\n2(Rec()25,56)w\\nAns\\n1 –13.979– →13.97982259 (x)\\n2 –20.725 – →20.72593931 (y)\\n(5) Permutation and Combination\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu Permutation\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu Combination\\n  Example\\nTo calculate the possible number of different arrangements\\nusing 4 items selected from 10 items\\nFormula\\nOperation\\nDisplay\\n10P4 = 5040\\n10K4(PROB)\\n2(nPr)4w\\n5040\\n  Example\\nTo calculate the possible number of different combinations of\\n4 items selected from 10 items\\nFormula\\nOperation\\nDisplay\\n10C4 = 210\\n10K4(PROB)\\n3(nCr)4w\\n210\\n(6) Other Things to Remember\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Multiplication Sign\\nYou can leave out the multiplication sign in any of the following cases.\\n• In front of the following  scientific functions:\\nsin, cos, tan, sin–1, cos–1, tan–1, log, In, 10x, ex, \\n, 3\\n, Pol(x, y), Rec(r, θ), d/dx,\\nSeq, Min, Max, Mean, Median, List, Dim, Sum\\nExamples: 2 sin30, 10log1.2, 2 3, etc.\\n• In front of constants, variable names, Ans memory contents.\\nExamples: 2π, 2AB, 3Ans, 6X, etc.\\n• In front of an open parenthesis.\\nExamples: 3(5 + 6), (A + 1)(B –1)\\nn!\\nn!\\nnPr = –––––\\nnCr = –––––––\\n(n – r)!\\nr! (n – r)!\\n\\n\\n34\\nChapter 2\\nBasic Calculations\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Calculation Priority Sequence\\nThe calculation priority sequence is the order that the calculator performs opera-\\ntions. Note the following rules about calculation priority sequence.\\n• Expressions contained in parentheses are performed first.\\n• When two or more expressions have the same priority, they are executed from\\nright to left.\\n  Example\\n2 + 3 × (log sin2π2 + 6.8) = 22.07101691 (angle unit = Rad)\\nThe following is a complete list of operations in the sequence they are performed.\\n1. Coordinate transformation: (Pol (x, y), Rec (r, θ); differential calculations: d/dx(;\\nList: Fill, Seq, Min, Max, Mean, Median, SortA, SortD\\n2. Type A functions (value input followed by function): x2, x–1, x!\\nsexagesimal input: ° ’ ”\\n3. Powers: ^ (xy); roots: x\\n4. Fraction input: a b/c\\n5. Multiplication operations where the multiplication sign before π or a variable is\\nomitted: 2π; 5A; 3sinx; etc.\\n6. Type B functions (function followed by value input):\\n, 3\\n, log, In, ex, 10x, sin, cos, tan, sin–1, cos–1, tan–1, (–), Dim, Sum\\n7. Multiplication operations where the multiplication sign before a scientific function\\nis omitted: 2 3; Alog2; etc.\\n8. Permutation: nPr; combination: nCr\\n9. Multiplication; division; integer division; remainder division\\n10. Addition; subtraction\\n11. Relational operators: =, G\\nG\\nG\\nG\\nG, >, <, ≥, ≤\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Using Multistatements\\nMultistatements are formed by connecting a number of individual statements for\\nsequential execution. You can use multistatements in manual calculations and in\\nprogrammed calculations. There are two different ways that you can use to connect\\nstatements to form multistatements.\\n• Colon (:)\\nStatements that are connected with colons are executed from left to right, without\\nstopping.\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n5\\n6\\n\\n\\n35\\nBasic Calculations\\nChapter 2\\n• Display Result Command (^\\n^\\n^\\n^\\n^)\\nWhen execution reaches the end of a statement followed by a display result com-\\nmand, execution stops and the result up to that point appears on the display. You\\ncan resume execution by pressing the w key.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo use multistatements\\n  Example\\n6.9 × 123 = 848.7\\n123 ÷ 3.2 = 38.4375\\nAbcdaaA\\n!W[[3(:)\\ng.j*aA!W[2(^)\\naA/d.cw\\nw\\n• Note that the final result of a multistatement is always displayed, regardless of\\nwhether it ends with a display result command.\\n• You cannot construct a multistatement in which one statement directly uses the\\nresult of the previous statement.\\n  Example\\n123 × 456: × 5\\nInvalid\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Stacks\\nWhen the calculator performs a calculation, it temporarily stores certain information\\nin memory areas called a “stacks” where it can later recall the information when it is\\nnecessary.\\nThere are actually two stacks: a 10-level numeric stack and a 26-level command\\nstack. The following example shows how data is stored in the stacks.\\nA calculation can become so complex that it requires too much stack memory and\\ncause a stack error (Stk ERROR) when you try to execute it. If this happens, try\\nsimplifying your calculation or breaking it down into separate parts. See “How to\\nCalculate Memory Usage” for details on how much memory is taken up by various\\ncommands.\\nIntermediate result at point\\nwhere “^” is used.\\nNumeric stack\\nCommand stack\\nP.36\\n\\n\\n36\\nChapter 2\\nBasic Calculations\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Errors\\nAn error message appears on the display and calculation stops whenever the calcu-\\nlator detects some problem. Press A to clear the error message.\\nThe following is a list of all the error messages and what they mean.\\nMa ERROR - (Mathematical Error)\\n• A value outside the range of ±9.99999999 × 1099  was generated during a calcu-\\nlation, or an attempt was made to store such a value in memory.\\n• An attempt was made to input a value that exceeds the range of the scientific\\nfunction being used.\\n• An attempt was made to perform an illegal statistical operation.\\nStk ERROR - (Stack Error)\\n• The calculation being performed caused the capacity of one of the stacks to be\\nexceeded.\\nSyn ERROR - (Syntax Error)\\n• An attempt to use an illegal syntax.\\nArg ERROR - (Argument Error)\\n• An attempt to use an illegal argument with a scientific function.\\nDim ERROR - (Dimension Error)\\n• An attempt to perform an operation with two or more lists when the dimensions of\\nthe lists do not match.\\nIn addition to the above, there are also a Mem ERROR and Go ERROR. See “Error\\nMessage T\\nable” for details.\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk How to Calculate Memory Usage\\nSome key operations take up one byte of memory each, while others take up two\\nbytes.\\n1-byte operations: 1, 2, 3, ..., sin, cos, tan, log, In, \\n, π, etc.\\n2-byte operations: d/dx(, Xmin, If, For, Return, DrawGraph, SortA(, Sum, etc.\\nP.200\\n\\n\\n37\\nBasic Calculations\\nChapter 2\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Memory Status (MEM)\\nYou can check how much memory is used for storage for each type of data. You can\\nalso see how many bytes of memory are still available for storage.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo check the memory status\\n1. In the Main Menu, select the MEM icon and press w.\\n2. Press w again to display the memory status screen.\\n3. Use f and c to move the highlighting and view the amount of memory (in\\nbytes) used for storage of each type of data.\\nThe following table shows all of the data types that appear on the memory status\\nscreen.\\nData type\\nMeaning\\nProgram\\nProgram data\\nStat\\nStatistical calculations and graphs\\nList\\nList data\\nY=\\nGraph functions\\nDraw\\nGraph drawing conditions (View Window,\\nenlargement/reduction factor, graph screen)\\nV-Win\\nView Window memory data\\nTable\\nTable & Graph data\\nAlpha\\nAlpha memory data\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Clearing Memory Contents\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo clear all data within a specific data type\\n1. In the memory status screen, use c and f to move the highlighting to the\\ndata type whose data you want to clear.\\nNumber of bytes still free\\n\\n\\n38\\nChapter 2\\nBasic Calculations\\n2. Press 1 (DEL).\\n1(DEL)\\n3. Press 1 (YES) to clear the data or 4 (NO) to abort the operation without\\nclearing anything.\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Variable Data (VARS) Menu\\nYou can use the variable data menu to recall the data listed below.\\n• View Window values\\n• Enlargement/reduction factor\\n• Single-variable/paired-variable statistical data\\n• Graph functions\\n• Table & Graph table range and table contents\\nT\\no recall variable data, press J to display the variable data menu.\\nJ\\n1 (V-WIN) .... View Window values\\n2 (FACT)...... x and y-axis enlargement/reduction factor\\n[\\n1 (STAT) ...... Single/paired-variable statistical data\\n2 (GRPH) .... Graph functions stored in the GRAPH Mode\\n3 (TABL) ...... Table & Graph function table range and table contents\\nPress [ to return to the previous menu.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo recall View Window values\\nPressing 1 (V-WIN) while the variable data menu is on the screen displays a View\\nWindow value menu.\\n1 (V-WIN)\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n\\n\\n39\\nBasic Calculations\\nChapter 2\\n1 (Xmin)....... x-axis minimum\\n2 (Xmax)...... x-axis maximum\\n3 (Xscl) ........ x-axis scale\\n[\\n1 (Ymin)....... y-axis minimum\\n2 (Ymax)...... y-axis maximum\\n3 (Yscl) ........ y-axis scale\\n[\\n1 (Tmin) ....... Minimum of T\\n2 (Tmax) ...... Maximum of T\\n3 (Tpth) ........ Pitch of T\\nPress [ to return to the previous menu.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo recall enlargement and reduction factors\\nPressing 2 (FACT) while the variable data menu is on the screen displays an\\nenlargement/reduction factor menu.\\n2(FACT)\\n1 (Xfct) ......... x-axis enlargement/reduction factor\\n2 (Yfct) ......... y-axis enlargement/reduction factor\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo recall single/paired-variable statistical data\\nPressing [ and then 1 (STAT) while the variable data menu is on the screen\\ndisplays a statistical data menu.\\n[1(STAT)\\n1 (X) ............ Single/paired-variable\\nx-data menu\\n2 (Y) ............ Paired-variable y-data menu\\n3 (GRPH) .... Statistical graph data menu\\n4 (PTS) ........ Summary point data menu\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n\\n\\n40\\nChapter 2\\nBasic Calculations\\nThe following menu appears whenever you press 1 (X), while the statistical data\\nmenu is on the display.\\n1 (X)\\n1 (n) ............. Number of data\\n2 (o) ............. Mean of x data\\n3 (Σx) ........... Sum of x data\\n4 (Σx2) .......... x data sum of squares\\n[\\n1 (xσn) ......... x data population standard deviation\\n2 (xσn-1) ....... x data sample standard\\ndeviation\\n3 (minX)....... x data minimum value\\n4 (maxX)...... x data maximum value\\nPress [ to return to the previous menu.\\nThe following menu appears whenever you press 2 (Y) while the statistical data\\nmenu is on the display.\\n2 (Y)\\n1 (p) ............. Mean of y data\\n2 (Σy) ........... Sum of y data\\n3 (Σy2) .......... y data sum of squares\\n4 (Σxy) ......... x data and y data sum of products\\n[\\n1 (yσn) ......... y data population standard deviation\\n2 (yσn-1) ....... y data sample standard deviation\\n3 (minY)....... y data minimum value\\n4 (maxY)...... y data maximum value\\nPress [ to return to the previous menu.\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n\\n\\n41\\nBasic Calculations\\nChapter 2\\nThe following menu appears whenever you press 3 (GRPH) while the statistical\\ndata menu is on the display.\\n3 (GRPH)\\n1(a)-3(c) ... Statistical graph regression coefficient and multinomial coeffi-\\ncients\\n4 (r) ............. Statistical graph correlation coefficient\\n[\\n1 (Q1) .......... First quartile\\n2 (Med) ........ Median of input data\\n3 (Q3) .......... Third quartile\\n4 (Mod) ........ Mode of input data\\nPress [ to return to the previous menu.\\nThe following menu appears whenever you press 4 (PTS) while the statistical data\\nmenu is on the display.\\n4 (PTS)\\n1(x1)-4(y2) ..... Coordinates of summary points\\n[\\n1(x3)-2(y3) ..... Coordinates of summary points\\nPress [ to return to the previous menu.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo recall graph functions\\nPressing [ and then 2 (GRPH) while the variable data menu is on the screen\\ndisplays a graph function menu.\\n[2 (GRPH)\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n\\n\\n42\\nChapter 2\\nBasic Calculations\\nInput a storage area number and then press one of the following function keys to\\nrecall the corresponding graph function stored in that storage area.\\n1 (Y) ............ Rectangular coordinate or inequality function\\n2 (Xt) ........... Parametric graph function Xt\\n3 (Yt) ........... Parametric graph function Yt\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo recall Table & Graph table range and table content data\\nPressing [ and then 3 (TABL) while the variable data menu is on the screen\\ndisplays a Table & Graph data menu.\\n[3(TABL)\\n1 (Strt) ......... Table range start value (F Start command)\\n2 (End) ........ Table range end value (F End command)\\n3 (Pitch) ....... Table value increment (F Pitch command)\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n\\n\\nDifferential Calculations\\nChapter\\n3\\n\\n\\n44\\nChapter 3\\nDifferential Calculations\\n• To perform differential calculations, first display the Option Menu, and then input\\nthe values shown in the formula below.\\nK2(CALC)[\\n1(d/dx) f(x),a,∆x)\\nThe differentiation for this type of calculation is defined as:\\nIn this definition, infinitesimal is replaced by a sufficiently small ∆x, with the value in\\nthe neighborhood of f ' (a) calculated as:\\nIn order to provide the best precision possible, this unit employs central difference to\\nperform differential calculations. The following illustrates central difference.\\nThe slopes of point a and point a + ∆x, and of point a and point a – ∆x in function\\ny = f(x) are as follows:\\nIn the above, ∆y/∆x is called the forward difference, while ∇y/∇x is the backward\\ndifference.T\\no calculate derivatives, the unit takes the average between the value of\\n∆y/∆x and ∇y/∇x, thereby providing higher precision for derivatives.\\nf (a + ∆x) – f (a)\\nf '(a) = lim ––––––––––\\n–––\\n∆x\\n∆x→0\\nf (a + ∆x) – f (a)\\n∆y\\nf (a) – f (a – ∆x)\\n∇y\\n––––––––––\\n––– = ––– , ––––––––––\\n––– = –––\\n∆x\\n∆x\\n∆x\\n∇x\\nf (a + ∆x) – f (a)\\nf '(a) \\n––––––––––\\n–––\\n∆x\\nd\\nd/dx ( f (x), a, ∆x) ⇒ ––– f (a)\\ndx\\nIncrease/decrease of x\\nPoint for which you want to determine the derivative\\n\\n\\n45\\nDifferential Calculations\\nChapter 3\\nThis average, which is called the central difference, is expressed as:\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo perform a differential calculation\\n  Example\\nTo determine the derivative at point x = 3 for the function\\ny = x3 + 4x2 + x – 6, when the increase/decrease of x is defined as\\n∆x = 1E – 5\\nInput the function f(x).\\nAK2(CALC)[1(d/dx)\\nTMd+eTx\\n+T-g,\\nInput point x = a for which you want to determine the derivative.\\nd,\\nInput ∆x, which is the increase/decrease of x.\\nbE-f)\\nw\\n• In the function f(x), only X can be used as a variable in expressions. Other vari-\\nables (A through Z) are treated as constants, and the value currently assigned to\\nthat variable is applied during the calculation.\\n• Input of ∆x and the closing parenthesis can be omitted. If you omit ∆x, the calcu-\\nlator automatically uses a value for ∆x that is appropriate for the value of x = a,\\nwhich you specified as the point for which you wanted to determine the deriva-\\ntive.\\n• Discontinuous points or sections with drastic fluctuation can adversely affect pre-\\ncision or even cause an error.\\n• Note that you cannot use differential calculation inside of a differential calculation\\nterm.\\n1\\nf (a + ∆x) – f (a)\\nf (a) – f (a – ∆x)\\nf '(a) = –– ––––––––––\\n––– + ––––––––––\\n–––\\n2\\n∆x\\n∆x\\nf (a + ∆x) – f (a – ∆x)\\n= ––––––––––\\n–––––––\\n2∆x\\n\\n\\n46\\nChapter 3\\nDifferential Calculations\\n• Pressing A during calculation of a differential (while the cursor is not shown\\non the display) interrupts the calculation.\\n• Always perform trigonometric differentials using radians (Rad Mode) as the\\nangle unit.\\n\\n\\nGraphing\\nA collection of versatile graphing tools plus a large 79 × 47-dot\\ndisplay makes it easy to draw a variety of function graphs quickly\\nand easily. This calculator is capable of drawing the following types\\nof graphs.\\n• Rectangular coordinate (Y =) graphs\\n• Parametric graphs\\n• Inequality graphs\\n• A selection of graph commands also makes it possible to incorpo-\\nrate graphing into programs.\\n1. Before Trying to Draw a Graph\\n2. View Window (V-Window) Settings\\n3. Graph Function Operations\\n4. Drawing Graphs Manually\\n5. Other Graphing Functions\\nChapter\\n4\\n\\n\\n48\\nChapter 4\\nGraphing\\n1. Before Trying to Draw a Graph\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Entering the Graph Mode\\nOn the Main Menu, select the GRAPH icon and enter the GRAPH Mode. When you\\ndo, the Graph Function (G-Func) menu appears on the display. You can use this\\nmenu to store, edit, and recall functions and to draw their graphs.\\n1 (SEL) ........ Draw/non-draw status\\n2 (DEL) ........ Graph delete\\n4 (DRAW) .... Draws graph\\n2. View Window (V-Window) Settings\\nUse the View Window to specify the range of the x-and y-axes, and to set the spac-\\ning between the increments on each axis. You should always set the View Window\\nparameters you want to use before drawing a graph. Press ! 3 to display the\\nView Window.\\n1. Press !3 to display the View Window.\\n!3(V-Window)\\n1 (INIT) ........ View Window initial settings\\n2 (TRIG) ...... View Window initial settings using specified angle unit\\n3 (Sto) ......... Store View Window settings to View Window memory.\\n4 (Rcl) .......... Recall View Window settings from View Window memory.\\nXmin................ Minimum x-axis value\\nXmax............... Maximum x-axis value\\nXscl ................. Spacing of x-axis increments\\nMemory area\\nUse f and c to change selection.\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n\\n\\n49\\nGraphing\\nChapter 4\\n2. Input a value for a parameter and press w. The calculator automatically selects\\nthe next parameter for input.\\n• You can also select a parameter using the c and f keys.\\nYmin................ Minimum y-axis value\\nYmax............... Maximum y-axis value\\nYscl ................. Spacing of y-axis increments\\nThe following illustration shows the meaning of each of these parameters.\\n3. Input a value for a parameter and press w. The calculator automatically selects\\nthe next parameter for input.\\n• There are actually nine View Window parameters. The remaining three param-\\neters appear on the display when you move the highlighting down past the Y\\nscale parameter by inputting values and pressing c.\\nTmin ................ T minimum values\\nTmax ............... T maximum values\\nTptch ............... T pitch\\nThe following illustration shows the meaning of each of these parameters.\\nX max\\nY scl\\nY min\\nY max\\n(x, y)\\nX min\\nX scl\\nmin\\nmax\\nptch\\n(X, Y)\\n\\n\\n50\\nChapter 4\\nGraphing\\n4. To exit the View Window, press Q.\\n• Pressing w without inputting any value also exits the View Window.\\n• The following is the input range for View Window parameters.\\n–9.99E+97 to 9.999E+97\\n• You can input parameter values up to 7 digits long. Values greater than 106 or\\nless than 10-1, are automatically converted to a 4-digit mantissa (including nega-\\ntive sign) plus a 2-digit exponent.\\n• The only keys that enabled while the View Window is on the display are: a to\\nj, ., E, -, f, c, d, e, +, -, *, /, (, ), ! 7,\\nQ. You can use - or - to input negative values.\\n• The existing value remains unchanged if you input a value outside the allow-\\nable range or in the case of illegal input (negative sign only without a value).\\n• Inputting a View Window range so the min value is greater than the max value,\\ncauses the axis to be inverted.\\n• You can input expressions (such as 2π) as View Window parameters.\\n• When the View Window setting does not allow display of the axes, the scale for\\nthe y-axis is indicated on either the left or right edge of the display, while that for\\nthe x-axis is indicated on either the top or bottom edge.\\n• When View Window values are changed, the graph display is cleared and the\\nnewly set axes only are displayed.\\n• View Window setting may cause irregular scale spacing.\\n• Setting maximum and minimum values that create too wide of a View Window\\nrange can result in a graph made up of disconnected lines (because portions of\\nthe graph run off the screen), or in graphs that are inaccurate.\\n• The point of deflection sometimes exceeds the capabilities of the display with\\ngraphs that change drastically as they approach the point of deflection.\\n• Setting maximum and minimum values that create to narrow of a View Window\\nrange can result in an error (Ma ERROR).\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Initializing and Standardizing the View Window\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo initialize the View Window\\na. Press !3 (V-Window) 1 (INIT) to initialize the View Window to the following\\nsettings.\\nXmin\\n= –3.9\\nYmin\\n= –2.3\\nXmax\\n=\\n3.9\\nYmax\\n=\\n2.3\\nXscl\\n=\\n1\\nYscl\\n=\\n1\\n\\n\\n51\\nGraphing\\nChapter 4\\nb. Press ! 3 (V-Window) 2 (TRIG) to initialize the View Window to the follow-\\ning settings.\\nDeg Mode\\nXmin\\n= –360\\nYmin\\n= –1.6\\nXmax\\n= 360\\nYmax\\n=\\n1.6\\nXscl\\n=\\n90\\nYscl\\n=\\n0.5\\nRad Mode\\nXmin\\n= –6.28318\\nXmax\\n=\\n6.28318\\nXscl\\n=\\n1.57079\\nGra Mode\\nXmin\\n= –400\\nXmax\\n= 400\\nXscl\\n= 100\\n• The settings for Ymin, Ymax, Ypitch, Tmin, Tmax, and Tpitch remain unchanged\\nwhen you press 2 (TRIG).\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk View Window Memory\\nYou can store a set of View Window settings in View Window memory for recall when\\nyou need them.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo save View Window settings\\nWhile the View Window setting screen is on the display, press 3 (Sto) to save the\\ncurrent settings.\\n• Whenever you save View Window settings, any settings previously stored in\\nmemory are replaced.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo recall View Window settings\\nWhile the View Window setting screen is on the display, press 4 (Rcl) to recall the\\nView Window settings stored in memory.\\n• Whenever you recall View Window settings, the settings on the View Window are\\nreplaced by the recalled settings.\\n• You can change View Window settings in a program using the following syntax.\\nView Window [Xmin value], [Xmax value], [Xscl value],\\n[Ymin value], [Ymax value], [Yscl value],\\n[Tmin value], [Tmax value], [Tptch value]\\n\\n\\n52\\nChapter 4\\nGraphing\\n3. Graph Function Operations\\nYou can store up to 10 functions in memory. Functions in memory can be edited,\\nrecalled, and graphed. The types of functions that can be stored in memory are:\\nrectangular coordinate functions, parametric functions, and inequalities.\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Specifying the Graph Type\\nBefore you can store a graph function in memory, you must first specify its graph\\ntype.\\n1. While the Graph Function Menu is on the display, press [ to display a Graph\\nType Menu.\\n[\\n1 (Y =) ......... Rectangular coordinate graph\\n2 (Parm) ...... Parametric graph\\n[\\n1 (Y >) ......... Y > f (x) inequality\\n2 (Y <) ......... Y < f (x) inequality\\n3 (Y ≥) ......... Y > f (x) inequality\\n4 (Y ≤) ......... Y < f (x) inequality\\nPress [ to return to the previous menu\\n2. Press the function key that corresponds to the graph type you want to specify.\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Storing Graph Functions\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo store a rectangular coordinate function (Y =)\\n  Example\\nTo store the following expression in memory area Y1:\\ny = 2 x2 – 5\\n[1(Y =)\\n(Specifies rectangular coordinate\\nexpression.)\\ncTx-f\\n(Inputs expression.)\\nw\\n(Stores expression.)\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n\\n\\n53\\nGraphing\\nChapter 4\\n• You will not be able to store the expression in an area that already contains a\\nparametric function. Select another area to store your expression or delete the\\nexisting parametric function first. This also applies when storing inequalities.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo store a parametric function\\n  Example\\nTo store the following functions in memory areas Xt2 and Yt2:\\nx = 3 sin T\\ny = 3 cos T\\n[2(Parm)\\n(Specifies parametric expression.)\\ndsTw\\n(Inputs and stores x expression.)\\ndcTw\\n(Inputs and stores y expression.)\\n• You will not be able to store the expression in an area that already contains a\\nrectangular coordinate expression or inequality. Select another area to store your\\nexpression or delete the existing expression first.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo store an inequality\\n  Example\\nTo store the following inequality in memory area Y3:\\ny > x2 – 2x – 6\\n[[1(Y>)\\n(Specifies an inequality.)\\nTx-cT-g\\n(Inputs expression.)\\nw\\n(Stores expression.)\\n\\n\\n54\\nChapter 4\\nGraphing\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Editing Functions in Memory\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo edit a function in memory\\n  Example\\nTo change the expression in memory area Y1 from y = 2x2 – 5\\nto y = 2x2 – 3\\ne\\n(Displays cursor.)\\neeeed\\n(Changes contents.)\\nw\\n(Stores new graph function.)\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo delete a function\\n1. While the Graph Function Menu is on the display, press f or c to display the\\ncursor and move the highlighting to the area that contains the function you want\\nto delete.\\n2. Press 2 (DEL).\\n3. Press 1 (YES) to delete the function or 4 (NO) to abort the procedure without\\ndeleting anything.\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Drawing a Graph\\nBefore actually drawing a graph, you should first make the draw/non-draw status.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo specify the draw/non-draw status of a graph\\nYou can specify which functions out of those stored in memory should be used for a\\ndraw operation.\\n• Graphs for which there is no draw/non-draw status specification are not drawn.\\n  Example\\nTo select the following functions for drawing:\\nY1 : y = 2x2 – 5\\nXt2: x = 3 sin T\\nYt2 : y = 3 cos T\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n\\n\\n55\\nGraphing\\nChapter 4\\nUse the following View Window parameters.\\nXmin\\n= –5\\nYmin\\n= –5\\nXmax\\n=\\n5\\nYmax\\n=\\n5\\nXscl\\n=\\n1\\nYscl\\n=\\n1\\nccc\\n(Select a memory area that contains a\\nfunction for which you want to specify\\nnon-draw.)\\n1(SEL)\\n(Specify non-draw.)\\n4(DRAW) or w\\n(Draws the graphs.)\\n• Pressing u or A returns to the Graph Function Menu.\\n• A parametric graph will appear coarse if the settings you make in the View\\nWindow cause the pitch value to be too large, relative to the differential be-\\ntween the min and max settings. If the settings you make cause the pitch value\\nto be too small relative to the differential between the min and max settings, on\\nthe other hand, the graph will take a very long time to draw.\\n4. Drawing Graphs Manually\\nAfter you select the RUN icon in the Main Menu and enter the RUN Mode, you can\\ndraw graphs manually. First press ! 4 (SKTCH) 2 (GRPH) to recall the Graph\\nCommand Menu, and then input the graph function.\\n!4(SKTCH)2(GRPH)\\n1 (Y =) ......... Rectangular coordinate graph\\n2(Parm) ....... Parametric graph\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\nUnhighlights\\n\\n\\n56\\nChapter 4\\nGraphing\\n[\\n1 (Y >) ......... Y > f (x) inequality\\n2 (Y <) ......... Y < f (x) inequality\\n3 (Y ≥) ......... Y > f (x) inequality\\n4 (Y ≤) ......... Y < f (x) inequality\\nPress [ to return to the previous menu.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo graph using rectangular coordinates (Y =)\\nYou can graph functions that can be expressed in the format y = f(x).\\n  Example\\nTo graph y = 2x2 + 3x – 4\\nUse the following View Window parameters.\\nXmin\\n= –5\\nYmin\\n= –10\\nXmax\\n=\\n5\\nYmax\\n=\\n10\\nXscl\\n=\\n2\\nYscl\\n=\\n5\\n1. In the set-up screen, specify the appropriate graph type for F-Type.\\n!Z1(Y =)Q\\n2. Input the rectangular coordinate (Y =) expression.\\nA!4(SKTCH)1(Cls)w\\n2(GRPH)1(Y =)\\ncTx+dT-e\\n3. Press w to draw the graph.\\nw\\n• You can draw graphs of the following built-in scientific functions.\\n• sin x\\n• cos x\\n• tan x\\n• sin–1 x\\n• cos–1 x\\n• tan–1 x\\n• \\n• x2\\n• log x\\n• lnx\\n• 10x\\n• ex\\n• x–1\\n• 3\\nView Window settings are made automatically for built-in graphs.\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n\\n\\n57\\nGraphing\\nChapter 4\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo graph parametric functions\\nYou can graph parametric functions that can be expressed in the following format.\\n(X, Y) = ( f(T), g(T))\\n  Example\\nTo graph the following parametric functions:\\nx = 7 cos T – 2 cos 3T\\ny = 7 sin T – 2 sin 3T\\nUse the following View Window parameters.\\nXmin\\n= –20\\nYmin\\n= –12\\nXmax\\n=\\n20\\nYmax\\n=\\n12\\nXscl\\n=\\n5\\nYscl\\n=\\n5\\nTmin\\n=\\n0\\nTmax\\n=\\n2π\\nTptch\\n= π÷36\\n1. In the set-up screen, specify the appropriate graph type for F-Type.\\n!Z2(Parm)\\n2. Set the default angle unit to radians (Rad).\\ncc2(Rad)Q\\n3. Input the parametric functions.\\nA!4(SKTCH)1(Cls)w\\n2(GRPH)2(Parm)\\nhcT-ccdT,\\nhsT-csdT)\\n4. Press w to draw the graph.\\nw\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo graph inequalities\\nYou can graph inequalities that can be expressed in the following four formats.\\n• y > f (x)\\n• y < f (x)\\n• y > f (x)\\n• y < f (x)\\n\\n\\n58\\nChapter 4\\nGraphing\\n  Example\\nTo graph the inequality y > x2 – 2x – 6\\nUse the following View Window parameters.\\nXmin\\n= –6\\nYmin\\n= –10\\nXmax\\n=\\n6\\nYmax\\n=\\n10\\nXscl\\n=\\n1\\nYscl\\n=\\n5\\n1. In the set-up screen, specify the appropriate graph type for F-Type.\\n!Z[1(Y>)Q\\n2. Input the inequality.\\nA!4(SKTCH)1(Cls)w\\n2(GRPH)[1(Y>)\\nTx-cT-g\\n3. Press w to draw the graph.\\nw\\n5. Other Graphing Functions\\nThe functions described in this section tell you how to read the x- and y-coordinates\\nat a given point, and how to zoom in and zoom out on a graph.\\n• These functions can be used with rectangular coordinate, parametric, and in-\\nequality graphs only.\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Connect Type and Plot Type Graphs (D-Type)\\nYou can use the D-Type setting of the set-up screen to specify one of two graph\\ntypes.\\n• Connect type (Conct)\\nPoints are plotted and connected by lines to create a curve.\\n• Plot\\nPoints are plotted without being connected.\\nP.7\\n\\n\\n59\\nGraphing\\nChapter 4\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Trace\\nWith trace, you can move a flashing pointer along a graph with the f, c, d, and\\ne cursor keys and obtain readouts of coordinates at each point. The following\\nshows the different types of coordinate readouts produced by trace.\\n• Rectangular Coordinate Graph\\n• Parametric Function Graph\\n• Inequality Graph\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo use trace to read coordinates\\n  Example\\nTo determine the points of intersection for graphs produced by\\nthe following functions:\\nY1: y = x2 – 3\\nY2: y = –x + 2\\nUse the following View Window parameters.\\nXmin\\n= –5\\nYmin\\n= –10\\nXmax\\n=\\n5\\nYmax\\n=\\n10\\nXscl\\n=\\n1\\nYscl\\n=\\n2\\n1. After drawing the graphs, press 1 (TRCE) to display the pointer in the center of\\nthe graph.\\n1(TRCE)\\n• The pointer may not be visible on the graph when you press 1 (TRCE).\\n2. Use d to move the pointer to the first intersection.\\nd ~ d\\nx/y coordinate values\\n\\n\\n60\\nChapter 4\\nGraphing\\n• Pressing d and e moves the pointer along the graph. Holding down either\\nkey moves the pointer at high speed.\\n3. Use f and c to move the pointer between the two graphs.\\n4. Use e to move the pointer to the other intersection.\\ne ~ e\\n• To quit the trace operation, press 1 (TRCE) again.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuScrolling\\nWhen the graph you are tracing runs off the display along either the x- or y-axis,\\npressing the e or d cursor key causes the screen to scroll in the corresponding\\ndirection eight dots.\\n• You can scroll only rectangular coordinate and inequality graphs while tracing.\\nYou cannot scroll parametric function graphs.\\n• Trace can be used only immediately after a graph is drawn. It cannot be used\\nafter changing the settings of a graph.\\n• You cannot incorporate trace into a program.\\n• You can use trace on a graph that was drawn as the result of an output com-\\nmand (^), which is indicated by the “-Disp-” indicator on the screen.\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Scroll\\nYou can scroll a graph along its x- or y-axis. Each time you press f, c, d, or\\ne, the graph scrolls 12 dots in the corresponding direction.\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Overwrite\\nUsing the following syntax to input a graph causes multiple versions of the graph to\\nbe drawn using the specified values. All versions of the graph appear on the display\\nat the same time.\\n<function with one variable> , ! [ <variable name> ! =\\n<value> , <value> , .... <value> ! ] w\\n\\n\\n61\\nGraphing\\nChapter 4\\n  Example\\nTo graph y = Ax2 – 3, substituting 3, 1, and –1 for the value of A\\nUse the following View Window parameters.\\nXmin\\n= –5\\nYmin\\n= –10\\nXmax\\n=\\n5\\nYmax\\n=\\n10\\nXscl\\n=\\n1\\nYscl\\n=\\n2\\n[1(Y =)\\n(Specifies graph type.)\\naATx-d,\\n![aA!=d,\\nb,-b!]w\\n(Stores expression.)\\n4(DRAW) or w\\n(Draws graph.)\\n↓\\n↓\\n• The function that is input using the above syntax can have only one variable.\\n• You cannot use X, Y or T as the variable name.\\n• You cannot assign a variable to the variable in the function.\\n• When the set-up screen’s Simul-G item is set to “On,” the graphs for all the vari-\\nables are drawn simultaneously.\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\nP.8\\n\\n\\n62\\nChapter 4\\nGraphing\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Zoom\\nThe zoom feature lets you enlarge and reduce a graph on the display.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuBefore using zoom\\nImmediately after drawing a graph, press !2 (ZOOM) to display the Zoom Menu.\\n!2(ZOOM)\\n1 (BOX) ....... Graph enlargement using box zoom\\n2 (FACT)...... Displays screen for specification of zoom factors\\n3 (IN) ........... Enlarges graph using zoom factors\\n4 (OUT) ....... Reduces graph using zoom factors\\n[\\n1 (ORIG)...... Original size\\nPress [ to return to the previous menu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo use box zoom\\nWith box zoom, you draw a box on the display to specify a portion of the graph, and\\nthen enlarge the contents of the box.\\n  Example\\nTo use box zoom to enlarge a portion of the graph y = (x + 5)\\n(x + 4) (x + 3)\\nUse the following View Window parameters.\\nXmin\\n= –8\\nYmin\\n= –4\\nXmax\\n=\\n8\\nYmax\\n=\\n2\\nXscl\\n=\\n2\\nYscl\\n=\\n1\\n1. After graphing the function, press !2 (ZOOM).\\n!2(ZOOM)\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n\\n\\n63\\nGraphing\\nChapter 4\\n2. Press 1 (BOX), and then use the cursor keys (d, e, f, c) to move the\\npointer to the location of one of the corners of the box you want to draw on the\\nscreen. Press w to specify the location of the corner.\\n1(BOX)\\nd ~ dw\\n3. Use the cursor keys to move the pointer to the location of the corner that is diago-\\nnally across from the first corner.\\nf ~ f d ~ d\\n4. Press w to specify the location of the second corner. When you do, the part of\\nthe graph inside the box is immediately enlarged so it fills the entire screen.\\nw\\n• To return to the original graph, press 2 (ZOOM) [ 1 (ORIG).\\n• Nothing happens if you try to locate the second corner at the same location or\\ndirectly above the first corner.\\n• You can use box zoom for any type of graph.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo use factor zoom\\nWith factor zoom, you can zoom in or zoom out on the display, with the current\\npointer location being at the center of the new display.\\n• Use the cursor keys (d, e, f, c) to move the pointer around the display.\\n  Example\\nGraph the two functions below, and enlarge them five times in\\norder to determine whether or not they are tangential:\\nY1: y = (x + 4) (x + 1) (x – 3)\\nY2: y = 3x + 22\\n\\n\\n64\\nChapter 4\\nGraphing\\nUse the following View Window parameters.\\nXmin\\n= –8\\nYmin\\n= –30\\nXmax\\n=\\n8\\nYmax\\n=\\n30\\nXscl\\n=\\n5\\nYscl\\n=\\n10\\n1. After graphing the functions, press !2 (ZOOM), and the pointer appears on\\nthe screen.\\n!2(ZOOM)\\n2. Use the cursor keys (d, e, f, c) to move the pointer to the location that\\nyou want to be the center of the new display.\\nd ~ d f ~ f\\n3. Press 2 (FACT) to display the factor specification screen, and input the factor\\nfor the x- and y-axes.\\n2(FACT)\\nfwfw\\n4. Press Q to return to the graphs, and then press 3 (IN) to enlarge them.\\nQ3(IN)\\nThis enlarged screen makes it clear that the graphs of the two expressions are not\\ntangential.\\n• Note that the above procedure can also be used to reduce the size of a graph\\n(zoom out). In step 4, press 4 (OUT).\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n\\n\\n65\\nGraphing\\nChapter 4\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n• The above procedure automatically converts the x-range and y-range View Win-\\ndow values to 1/5 of their original settings.\\n• You can repeat the factor zoom procedure more than once to further enlarge or\\nreduce the graph.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo initialize the zoom factor\\nPress ! 2 (ZOOM) 2 (FACT) 1 (INIT) to initialize the zoom factor to the\\nfollowing settings.\\nXfct = 2  Yfct = 2\\n• You can use the following syntax to incorporate a factor zoom operation into a\\nprogram.\\nFactor <X factor>, <Y factor>\\n• You can use factor zoom for any type of graph.\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Sketch Function\\nThe sketch function lets you draw lines and graphs on an existing graph.\\n• Note that Sketch function operation in the STAT, GRAPH or TABLE Mode is\\ndifferent from Sketch function operation in the RUN or PRGM Mode.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuBefore using the Sketch Function\\nPress ! 4 (SKTCH) to display the sketch menu.\\nIn the STAT\\n, GRAPH or TABLE Mode\\n!4(SKTCH)\\n1 (Cls) .......... Clears drawn line and point\\n3 (PLOT)...... Displays plot menu\\n4 (LINE) ....... Displays line menu\\n[\\n1 (Vert) ........ Vertical line\\n2 (Hztl) ......... Horizontal line\\nPress [ to return to the previous menu\\nIn the RUN or PRGM Mode\\n!4(SKTCH)\\n\\n\\n66\\nChapter 4\\nGraphing\\n[\\n• Other menu items are identical to those in the STAT\\n, GRAPH, TABLE Mode menu.\\nThe Sketch function lets you draw lines and plot points on a graph that is already on\\nthe screen.\\nAll the examples in this section that show operations in the STAT\\n, GRAPH or TABLE\\nMode are based on the assumption that the following function has already been\\ngraphed in the GRAPH Mode.\\nMemory Area Y1: y = x(x + 2)(x – 2)\\nThe following are the View Window parameters used when drawing the graph.\\nXmin\\n= –5\\nYmin\\n= –5\\nXmax\\n=\\n5\\nYmax\\n=\\n5\\nXscl\\n=\\n1\\nYscl\\n=\\n1\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo plot points\\nIn the STAT\\n, GRAPH or TABLE Mode\\n  Example\\nTo plot a point on the graph of y = x(x + 2)(x – 2)\\n1. After graphing the function, display the sketch menu and perform the following\\noperation to cause the pointer to appear on the graph screen.\\n!4(SKTCH)3(PLOT)1(Plot)\\n2. Use the cursor keys (f, c, d, e) to move the pointer the locations of the\\npoints you want to plot and press w to plot.\\n• You can plot as many points as you want.\\ne ~ ef ~ f\\nw\\n• The current x- and y-coordinate values are assigned respectively to variables X\\nand Y.\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n\\n\\n67\\nGraphing\\nChapter 4\\nIn the RUN or PRGM Mode\\nThe following is the syntax for plotting points in these modes.\\nPlot <x-coordinate>, <y-coordinate>\\n  Example\\nTo plot a point at (2, 2)\\nUse the following View Window parameters.\\nXmin\\n= –5\\nYmin\\n= –10\\nXmax\\n=\\n5\\nYmax\\n=\\n10\\nXscl\\n=\\n1\\nYscl\\n=\\n2\\n1. After entering the RUN Mode, display the sketch menu and perform the following\\noperation.\\n!4(SKTCH)1(Cls)w\\n3(PLOT)1(Plot)c,c\\n2. Press w.\\nww\\n• You can use the cursor keys (f, c, d, e) to move the pointer around the\\nscreen.\\n• If you do not specify coordinates, the pointer is located in the center of the\\ngraph screen when it appears on the display.\\n• If the coordinates you specify are outside the range of the View Window param-\\neters, the pointer will not be on the graph screen when it appears on the dis-\\nplay.\\n• The current x- and y-coordinate values are assigned respectively to variables X\\nand Y.\\n\\n\\n68\\nChapter 4\\nGraphing\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo turn plot points on and off in the STAT, GRAPH and TABLE Modes\\n• To turn a plot point on\\n1. After drawing a graph, display the sketch menu and then perform the following\\noperation to make the pointer appear at the center of the screen.\\n!4(SKTCH)3(PLOT)2(P-On)\\n2. Use the cursor keys (f, c, d, e) to move the pointer to the location where\\nyou want to plot a point and then press w.\\n• To turn a plot point off\\nPerform the same procedure as described under “To turn a plot point on” above,\\nexcept press 3 (P-Off) in place of 2 (P-On).\\n• To change the on/off status of a plot point\\nPerform the same procedure as described under “To turn a plot point on” above,\\nexcept press 4 (P-Chg) in place of 2 (P-On).\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo turn plot points on and off in the RUN or PRGM Mode\\nThe following are the syntax for turning plot points on and off in these modes.\\n• To turn a plot point on\\nPlotOn <x-coordinate>, <y-coordinate>\\n• To turn a plot point off\\nPlotOff <x-coordinate>, <y-coordinate>\\n• To change the on/off status of a plot point\\nPlotChg <x-coordinate>, <y-coordinate>\\n\\n\\n69\\nGraphing\\nChapter 4\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo draw a line between two plotted points\\nIn the STAT\\n, GRAPH or TABLE Mode\\n  Example\\nTo draw a line between the two points of inflection on the graph\\nof y = x(x + 2)(x – 2)\\nUse the same View Window parameters as in the example on page\\n66.\\n1. After graphing the function, display the sketch menu and perform the following\\noperation to cause the pointer to appear on the graph screen.\\n!4(SKTCH)3(PLOT)1(Plot)\\n2. Use the cursor keys (f, c, d, e) to move the pointer to one of the points of\\ninflection and press w to plot it.\\nd ~ df ~ f\\nw\\n3. Use the cursor keys to move the pointer to the other point of inflection.\\ne ~ ec ~ c\\n4. Display the sketch menu and perform the following operation to draw a line be-\\ntween the two points.\\n!4(SKTCH)4(LINE)1(Line)\\n\\n\\n70\\nChapter 4\\nGraphing\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo draw a line in the STAT, GRAPH and TABLE Modes\\n  Example\\nTo draw a line between two points of inflection on the graph of\\ny = x(x + 2)(x – 2)\\n1. After graphing the function, display the sketch menu and perform the following\\noperation to cause the pointer to appear on the graph screen.\\n!4(SKTCH)4(LINE)2(F-Lin)\\n2. Use the cursor keys (f, c, d, e) to move the pointer to one of the points of\\ninflection and press w.\\nd ~ df ~ f\\nw\\n3. Use the cursor keys to move the pointer to the other point of inflection and press\\nw to draw the line.\\ne ~ ec ~ c\\nw\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo draw a line in the RUN or PRGM Mode\\nThe following is the syntax for drawing lines in these modes.\\nF-Line <x-coordinate 1>, <y-coordinate 1>, <x-coordinate 2>, <y-coordinate 2>\\n\\n\\n71\\nGraphing\\nChapter 4\\nIn the RUN or PRGM Mode\\n  Example\\nTo draw a line perpendicular to the x-axis from point (x, y) = (2, 6)\\non the graph y = 3x\\nUse the following View Window parameters:\\nXmin\\n= –2\\nYmin\\n=\\n–2\\nXmax\\n=\\n5\\nYmax\\n=\\n10\\nXscl\\n=\\n1\\nYscl\\n=\\n2\\n1. After drawing the graph, use the procedure under “T\\no plot points” to move the\\npointer to (x, y) = (2, 0), then use the cursor key (f) to move the pointer on the\\ngraph y = 3x.\\nu\\n!4(SKTCH)3(PLOT)1(Plot)\\nc,awwf~f\\n2. Display the sketch menu and perform the following operation to draw a straight\\nline between the two points.\\nu\\n!4(SKTCH)4(LINE)1(Line)w\\n• The above draws a straight line between the current pointer location and the\\nprevious pointer location.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo draw vertical and horizontal lines\\nThe procedures presented here draw vertical and horizontal lines that pass through\\na specific coordinate.\\nIn the STAT\\n, GRAPH or TABLE Mode\\n  Example\\nTo draw a vertical line on the graph of y = x(x + 2)(x – 2)\\n1. After graphing the function, display the sketch menu and perform the following\\noperation to display the pointer and draw a vertical line through its current loca-\\ntion.\\n!4(SKTCH)[1(Vert)\\n\\n\\n72\\nChapter 4\\nGraphing\\n2. Use the d and  e cursor keys to move the line left and right, and press w to\\ndraw the line at the current location.\\ne ~ ew\\n• To draw a horizontal line, simply press 2 (Hztl) in place of 1 (Vert), and use\\nthe f and c cursor keys to move the horizontal line on the display.\\nIn the RUN or PRGM Mode\\nThe following is the syntax for drawing vertical and horizontal lines in these modes.\\n• To draw a vertical line\\nVertical <x-coordinate>\\n• To draw a horizontal line\\nHorizontal <y-coordinate>\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo clear drawn lines and points\\nThe following operation clears all drawn lines and points from the screen.\\nIn the STAT\\n, GRAPH or TABLE Mode\\nLines and points drawn using sketch menu functions are temporary. Display the\\nsketch menu and press 1 (Cls) to clear drawn lines and points, leaving only the\\noriginal graph.\\nIn the RUN or PRGM Mode\\nThe following is the syntax for clearing drawn lines and points, as well as the graph\\nitself.\\nCls\\n\\n\\nTable & Graph\\nThe Table & Graph menu makes it possible to generate numeric\\ntables from functions stored in memory. You can also use multiple\\nfunctions to generate tables. Since Table & Graph uses the same\\nlist of functions that the GRAPH Mode uses for graphing, there is\\nno need to input the same functions in different modes.\\n• You can specify the range and increment of values assigned to\\nvariables for table value generation.\\n• You can assign list values to variables.\\n• In addition to graphing of stored functions, you can also plot table\\nvalues generated by Table & Graph itself.\\n• Table values can be assigned to a list.\\n1. Storing a Function\\n2. Deleting a Function\\n3. Assigning Values to a Variable\\n4. Generating a Numeric Table\\n5. Editing a Table\\n6. Graphing a Function\\n7. Assigning Numeric Table Contents to a List\\nChapter\\n5\\n\\n\\n74\\nChapter 5\\nTable and Graph\\nTo enter the Table Mode, press m to display the Main Menu, use the cursor keys to\\nselect the TABLE icon, and then press w.\\nThis is the initial Table Mode screen. T\\no generate a table, you must first specify the\\nvariable range.\\nThe menu at the bottom of the display looks like the one shown here when the Var\\nitem of the set-up screen is set to a list name (indicating that variable values should\\nbe obtained from a list).\\n1. Storing a Function\\n  Example\\nTo store the function y = 3 x2 – 2 in memory area Y1\\nUse f and c to move the highlighting in the TABLE Mode function list to the\\nmemory area where you want to store the function. Next, input the function and\\npress w to store it.\\n2. Deleting a Function\\nUse f and c to move the highlighting to the memory area that contains the\\nfunction you want to delete.\\nPress 2 (DEL).\\nPress 1 (YES) to delete the selected function or 4 (NO) to abort the delete\\noperation without deleting anything.\\nThe procedures for storing and deleting functions are identical to those used in the\\nGRAPH Mode.\\n3. Assigning Values to a Variable\\nYou can use either one of two methods to assign values to a variable: automatic\\nassignment within a specified range, and assignment of values from a list. The stand-\\nard default method is automatic assignment within a specified range.\\nP.52\\nP.8\\n\\n\\n75\\nTable and Graph\\nChapter 5\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo assign values automatically within a specified range\\n  Example\\nTo assign values from –3 to 3, in increments of 1 (seven values\\ntotal)\\n3(RANG)\\n-dwdwbw\\nStrt: ................. Variable x start value\\nEnd: ................ Variable x end value\\nptch: ................ Variable x value change\\nTo interrupt automatic assignment of variables and return to the function storage\\nscreen, press Q.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo assign values from a list\\nPress ! Z to display the set-up screen.\\n!Z\\nIf necessary, you can press [ to display a menu of other lists (4, 5, 6). The follow-\\ning shows the operation required to select List 6.\\n[3(List6)\\nAfter making the set-up screen setting you want, press Q to return to the Function\\nList. Note that the [RANG] item does not appear in the function key menu at the\\nbottom of the screen when a list is selected for assignment of variable values.\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n\\n\\n76\\nChapter 5\\nTable and Graph\\n4. Generating a Numeric Table\\nBefore actually generating a numeric table, you must first select the functions you\\nwant to use.\\nUse the f and c cursor keys to move the highlighting to the function you want to\\nuse and then press 1 (SEL) to select it.\\nThe “=” symbols of selected functions are highlighted on the display. You can select\\nmore than one function for table generation.\\nIn this display, Y1 and Y3 are selected.\\nPress 4 (TABL) or w to generate a numeric table.\\n• In this example, values are assigned automatically.\\nThis display shows the generated numeric table. Though this example display shows\\nonly the values for function Y1, values for function Y3 were also generated.\\nEach cell can hold up to six digits (negative sign takes up one digit).\\nYou can move the cursor around the table using the cursor (f, c, d, e) keys.\\nThe following points apply to cursor position and movement.\\n• The value contained in the currently selected cell appears at the bottom of the\\ndisplay, with all current display attributes (number of decimal place, number of\\nsignificant digit, and exponential display range settings) applied.\\n• Moving the cursor off the screen causes the table to scroll when there are cells\\noff the top, bottom, left, or right .\\n• When the cursor is located in any function value cell (Y1, Y2, etc.), the function is\\nshown at the top of the display.\\n• If you change a value in column X, the corresponding function value is automati-\\ncally updated using the new value for X.\\nTo return to the Function List, press 1 (FORM).\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n\\n\\n77\\nTable and Graph\\nChapter 5\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n5. Editing a Table\\nYou can use the editing screen to add lines to or delete lines from an existing table.\\nPress 2 (ROW) to display the T\\nable Editing Menu.\\n2(ROW)\\n1 (DEL) ........ Deletes line where cursor is located.\\n2 (INS) ......... Inserts new line where cursor is located.\\n3 (ADD) ....... Insert new line below line where cursor is located.\\n6. Graphing a Function\\nYou can use the two following function keys to produce a graph using the numeric\\ntable currently on the screen.\\n3 (G-CON) ... Graph with connected plot points\\n4 (G-PLT)..... Graph with plotted points (unconnected)\\n• Note that you can also produce a G-PLT (4) graph by pressing w while a\\nnumeric table is on the screen.\\n  Example\\nTo graph the function Y1 = 2X, whose table of numeric values is\\ncurrently on the screen\\n4(G-PLT)\\n3(G-CON)\\n\\n\\n78\\nChapter 5\\nTable and Graph\\nGraphing a table whose values were generated using more than one function causes\\nthe graphs of all the functions to be drawn at the same time. You can set x- and y-\\naxis parameters using the View Window.\\nPress u or A to return to the numeric table screen from a graph. Pressing u\\nagain goes back to the graph. You can use u to switch between the graph and its\\ntable as long as you do not clear the graph.\\n7. Assigning Numeric Table Contents to\\na List\\nYou can assign a column of values from a table into a list. Simply use d and e to\\nmove the cursor into the column whose values you want to copy. The cursor can be\\nin any row of the column. The copy operation is performed by pressing K to dis-\\nplay the Option Menu, and then pressing 2 (LMEM).\\nK1(LIST)2(LMEM)\\nUse the first function menu to copy the column’s values to List 1 (1) to List 4 (4).\\nTo copy to List 5 or List 6, press [ and then 1 (List 5) or 2 (List 6).\\nP.48\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n\\n\\nList Function\\nA list is a kind of container that you can use to store multiple data items.\\nThis calculator lets you have up to six lists in memory, and their\\ncontents can be used in arithmetic calculations, statistical calcula-\\ntions and for graphing.\\n1. List Operations\\n2. Editing and Rearranging Lists\\n3. Manipulating List Data\\n4. Arithmetic Calculations Using Lists\\n6\\nChapter\\nElement number\\nDisplay range\\nCell\\nList name\\nColumn\\nList  1\\nList  2\\nList  3\\nList  4\\nList  5\\nList  6\\n1\\n56\\n1\\n107\\n3.5\\n4\\n0\\n2\\n37\\n2\\n75\\n6\\n0\\n0\\n3\\n21\\n4\\n122\\n2.1\\n0\\n0\\n4\\n69\\n8\\n87\\n4.4\\n2\\n0\\n5\\n40\\n16\\n298\\n3\\n0\\n0\\n6\\n48\\n32\\n48\\n6.8\\n3\\n0\\n7\\n93\\n64\\n338\\n2\\n9\\n0\\n8\\n30\\n128\\n49\\n8.7\\n0\\n0\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\n•\\nRow\\n\\n\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk List Data Linking\\n80\\nList operation\\nExample:\\nList 1 + List 2\\n{1, 2, 3} + {4, 5, 6}\\nList 1 + 3\\nGraph\\nOperation\\nList internal operations\\na\\nw\\nGraphing with\\nlist data\\nExample:\\nY1=List 1X\\nTable\\nLIST\\nCopying table result to a list\\nK\\n1(LIST)\\n2(LMEM)\\nSpecific selected data can\\nbe copied to a list.\\nList data can be assigned to a\\nvariable for generation of a table\\n(defined using set-up screen).\\nChapter 6\\nList Function\\n\\n\\n81\\nList Function\\nChapter 6\\n1. List Operations\\nSelect the LIST icon in the Main Menu and enter the LIST Mode to input data into a\\nlist and to manipulate list data.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo input values one-by-one\\nUse d and e to move between lists, and f and c to move between cells\\ninside of a list.\\nThe screen automatically scrolls when the cursor is located at the edge of the screen.\\nFor our example, we will start by locating the cursor in Cell 1 of List 1.\\n1. Input a value and press w to store it in the list.\\ndw\\n2. The cursor automatically moves down to the next cell for input.\\nLet’s continue our example by inputting the values 4 and 5.\\newfw\\n\\n\\n82\\nChapter 6\\nList Function\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo batch input a series of values\\n1. Use f to move the cursor to the list name.\\nffff\\n2. Use d or e to move the cursor to another list.\\ne\\n3. Press !{, and then input the values you want, pressing , between each\\none. Press !} after inputting the final value.\\n!{g,h,i!}\\n4. Press w to store all of the values in your list.\\nw\\n• Remember that a comma separates values, so you should not input a comma\\nafter the final value of the set you are inputting.\\nRight: {34, 53, 78}\\nWrong: {34, 53, 78,}\\n2. Editing and Rearranging Lists\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Editing List Values\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo change a cell value\\nUse d or e to move the cursor to the cell whose value you want to change. Input\\nthe new value and press w to replace the old data with the new one.\\n\\n\\n83\\nList Function\\nChapter 6\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo delete a cell\\n1. Use d, e, f, or c to move the cursor to the cell you want to delete.\\ncd\\n2. Press [ to display the Cell Operation Menu.\\n[\\n3. Press 1 (DEL) to delete the selected cell and cause everything below it to be\\nshifted up.\\n1(DEL)\\n• Note that the above cell delete operation does not affect cells in other lists. If\\nthe data in the list whose cell you delete is somehow related to the data in\\nneighboring lists, deleting a cell can cause related values to become misaligned.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo delete all cells in a list\\n1. Use d, e, f or c to move the cursor to the name of the list whose cells\\nyou want to delete.\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n\\n\\n84\\nChapter 6\\nList Function\\n2. Press [ to display the Cell Operation Menu (if it is not already displayed).\\n[\\n3. Press 2 (DEL-A). The function menu changes to confirm whether you really\\nwant to delete all the cells in the list.\\n2(DEL-A)\\n4. Press 1 (YES) to delete all the cells in the selected list or 4 (NO) to abort the\\ndelete operation without deleting anything.\\n1(YES)\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo insert a new cell\\nUse d, e, f, or c to move the cursor to the location where you want to insert\\nthe new cell. In this example, we will reinsert a cell containing the value 4, which we\\ndeleted above.\\n1. Press [ to display the Cell Operation Menu (if it is not already displayed).\\n2. Press 3 (INS) to insert a new cell, which contains a value of 0, causing every-\\nthing below it to be shifted down.\\n3(INS)\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n\\n\\n85\\nList Function\\nChapter 6\\n3. Input the value you want into the new cell (4 in our example) and press w.\\new\\n• Note that the above cell insert operation does not affect cells in other lists. If the\\ndata in the list where you insert a cell is somehow related to the data in\\nneighboring lists, inserting a cell can cause related values to become misaligned.\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Sorting List Values\\nYou can sort lists into either ascending order or descending order. The current cur-\\nsor location does not matter in the following procedures.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo sort a single list\\nAscending order\\n1. While the lists are on the screen, press [ to display the Operation Menu and\\nthen press 1 (SRT-A).\\n[1(SRT-A)\\n2. The prompt “How Many Lists? (H)” appears to ask how many lists you want to\\nsort. Here we will input 1 to indicate we want to sort only one list.\\nbw\\n3. In response to the “Select List (L)” prompt, input the number of the list you want to\\nsort. Here we will input 2 to specify sorting of List 2.\\ncw\\nThe values in List 2 are sorted into ascending order.\\n\\n\\n86\\nChapter 6\\nList Function\\nDescending order\\nUse the same procedure as that for the ascending order sort. The only difference is\\nthat you should press 2 (SRT-D) in place of 1 (SRT-A).\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo sort multiple lists\\nYou can link multiple lists together for a sort so that all of their cells are rearranged in\\naccordance with the sorting of a base list. The base list is sorted into either ascend-\\ning order or descending order, while the cells of the linked lists are arranged so that\\nthe relative relationship of all the rows is maintained.\\nAscending order\\n1. While the lists are on the screen, press 1 (SRT-A).\\n1(SRT-A)\\n2. The prompt “How Many Lists? (H)” appears to ask how many lists you want to\\nsort. Here we will sort one base list linked to one other list, so we should input 2.\\ncw\\n3. In response to the “Select Base List (B)” prompt, input the number of the list you\\nwant to sort into ascending order. Here we will specify List 1.\\nbw\\n4. In response to the “Select Second List (L)” prompt, input the number of the list\\nyou want to link to the base list. Here we will specify List 2.\\ncw\\nThe values in List 1 are sorted into ascending order, and the cells of List 2 are also\\nrearranged to keep the same relationship with the List 1 cells.\\nDescending order\\nUse the same procedure as that for the ascending order sort. The only difference is\\nthat you should press 2 (SRT-D) in place of 1 (SRT-A).\\n\\n\\n87\\nList Function\\nChapter 6\\n3. Manipulating List Data\\nList data can be used in arithmetic and function calculations. There is also a collec-\\ntion of powerful list data manipulation functions that let you do the following.\\n• Count the number values (Dim)\\n• Replace all cell values with the same value (Fill)\\n• Generate a sequence of numbers (Seq)\\n• Find the minimum value in a list (Min)\\n• Find the maximum value in a list (Max)\\n• Find which of two lists contains the smallest value (Min)\\n• Find which of two lists contains the greatest value (Max)\\n• Calculate the mean of list values (Mean)\\n• Calculate the mean of values of specified frequency (Mean)\\n• Calculate the median of values in a list (Med)\\n• Calculate the median of values of specifies frequency (Med)\\n• Calculate the sum of values in a list (Sum)\\nYou can use list data manipulation functions in the RUN, STAT, LIST, TABLE, or\\nPRGM Mode.\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Accessing the List Data Manipulation Function Menu\\nAll of the following examples are performed in the RUN Mode.\\nPress K and then 1 (LIST). This menu has three pages and you can advance to\\nthe next page by pressing [.\\nNote that all closing parentheses at the end of the following operations can be omitted.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo count the number of values (Dim)\\nK1(LIST)3(Dim)1(List) <list number 1-6> w\\n• The number of cells that contain data in a list is called its “dimension.”\\n  Example\\nTo enter the RUN Mode and count the number of values in List 1\\n(36, 16, 58, 46, 56)\\nAK1(LIST)3(Dim)\\n1(List)bw\\n\\n\\n88\\nChapter 6\\nList Function\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo replace all cell values with the same value (Fill)\\nK 1 (LIST) 4 (Fill) <value> , 1 (List) <list number 1-6> ) w\\n  Example\\nTo replace all values in List 1 (36, 16, 58, 46, 56) with the number 3\\nAK1(LIST)4(Fill)\\nd,1(List)b)w\\nThe following shows the new contents of List 1.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo generate a sequence of numbers (Seq)\\nK 1 (LIST) [1 (Seq) <expression> , <variable name> ,\\n<start value> , <end value> , <pitch> ) w\\n• The result of this operation is also stored in Ans Memory.\\n  Example\\nTo input the number sequence 12, 62, 112 into a list\\nUse the following settings.\\nVariable: x\\nStarting value: 1\\nEnding value: 11\\nPitch: 5\\nAK1(LIST)[1(Seq)\\nTx,T,b,bb,f)\\nw\\nSpecifying an ending value of 12, 13, 14, or 15 produces the same result as shown\\nabove, because all of them are less than the value produced by the next increment (16).\\nThe resulting sequence is input into Ans Memory.\\n\\n\\n89\\nList Function\\nChapter 6\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo find the minimum value in a list (Min)\\nK 1 (LIST) [ 2 (Min) [ [ 1 (List) <list number 1-6> ) w\\n  Example\\nTo find the minimum value in List 1 (36, 16, 58, 46, 56)\\nAK1(LIST)[2(Min)\\n[[1(List)b)w\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo find the maximum value in a list (Max)\\nUse the same procedure as when finding the minimum value, except press 3 (Max)\\nin place of 2 (Min).\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo find which of two lists contains the smallest value (Min)\\nK 1 (LIST) [ 2 (Min) [[ 1 (List) <list number 1-6> ,\\n1 (List) <list number 1-6> ) w\\n• The two lists must contain the same number of data items. Otherwise, an error\\n(Dim ERROR) occurs.\\n• The result of this operation is also stored in Ans Memory.\\n  Example\\nTo find whether List 1 (75, 16, 98, 46, 56) or List 2 (36, 89, 58, 72,\\n67) contains the smallest value\\nAK1(LIST)[2(Min)\\n[[1(List)b,\\n1(List)c)\\nw\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo find which of two lists contains the greatest value (Max)\\nUse the same procedure as that for the smallest value, except press 3 (Max) in\\nplace of 2 (Min).\\n• The two lists must contain the same number of data items. Otherwise, an error\\n(Dim ERROR) occurs.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo calculate the mean of list values (Mean)\\nK 1 (LIST) [ 4 (Mean) [ [ 1 (List) <list number 1-6> ) w\\n\\n\\n90\\nChapter 6\\nList Function\\n  Example\\nTo calculate the mean of values in List 1 (36, 16, 58, 46, 56)\\nAK1(LIST)[4(Mean)\\n[[1(List)b)w\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo calculate the mean of values of specified frequency (Mean)\\nThis procedure uses two lists: one that contains values and one that contains the\\nnumber of occurrences of each value. The frequency of the data in Cell 1 of the first\\nlist is indicated by the value in Cell 1 of the second list, etc.\\n• The two lists must contain the same number of data items. Otherwise, an error\\n(Dim ERROR) occurs.\\nK 1 (LIST) [ 4 (Mean) [ [ 1 (List) <list number 1-6(data)>\\n, 1 (List) <list number 1-6 (frequency)> ) w\\n  Example\\nTo calculate the mean of values in List 1 (36, 16, 58, 46, 56), whose\\nfrequency is indicated by List 2 (75, 89, 98, 72, 67)\\nAK1(LIST)[4(Mean)\\n[[1(List)b,1(List)c)w\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo calculate the median of values in a list (Med)\\nK 1 (LIST) [ [ 1 (Med) [ 1 (List) <list number 1-6> ) w\\n  Example\\nTo calculate the median of values in List 1 (36, 16, 58, 46, 56)\\nAK1(LIST)[[1(Med)\\n[1(List)b)w\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo calculate the median of values of specified frequency (Med)\\nThis procedure uses two lists: one that contains values and one that contains the\\nnumber of occurrences of each value. The frequency of the data in Cell 1 of the first\\nlist is indicated by the value in Cell 1 of the second list, etc.\\n• The two lists must contain the same number of data items. Otherwise, an error\\n(Dim ERROR) occurs.\\nK 1 (LIST) [ [ 1 (Med) [ 1 (List) <list number 1-6 (data)>\\n, 1 (List) <list number 1-6 (frequency)> ) w\\n  Example\\nTo calculate the median of values in List 1 (36, 16, 58, 46, 56),\\nwhose frequency is indicated by List 2 (75, 89, 98, 72, 67)\\nAK1(LIST)[[1(Med)\\n[1(List)b,1(List)c)w\\n\\n\\n91\\nList Function\\nChapter 6\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo calculate the sum of values in a list (Sum)\\nK 1 (LIST) [ [ 2 (Sum) [ 1 (List) <list number 1-6> w\\n  Example\\nTo calculate the sum of values in List 1 (36, 16, 58, 46, 56)\\nAK1(LIST)[[2(Sum)\\n[1(List)bw\\n4. Arithmetic Calculations Using Lists\\nYou can perform arithmetic calculations using either two lists or one list and a numeric\\nvalue.\\nList\\nNumeric Value\\nList\\nNumeric Value\\n+\\n−\\n×\\n÷\\n=\\nList\\nAns Memory\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Error Messages\\n• A calculation involving two lists performs the operation between corresponding\\ncells. Because of this, a Dim ERROR occurs if the two lists do not have the same\\nnumber of values (which means they have different “dimensions”).\\n• An Ma ERROR occurs whenever an operation involving any two cells generates\\na mathematical error.\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Inputting a List into a Calculation\\nThere are two methods you can use to input a list into a calculation.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo input a specific list by name\\n  Example\\nTo input List 6\\n1. Press K to display the first Operation Menu.\\n• This is the function key menu that appears in the RUN or PRGM Mode when you\\npress K.\\nK\\nCalculation results are\\nstored in Ans Memory.\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n\\n\\n92\\nChapter 6\\nList Function\\n2. Press 1 (LIST) to display the List Data Manipulation Menu.\\n1(LIST)\\n3. Press 1 (List) to display the “List” command and input the number of the list you\\nwant to specify.\\n1(List)g\\n(Input List 6.)\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo directly input a list of values\\nYou can also directly input a list of values using {, }, and ,.\\n41\\n6\\n  Example\\nTo multiply List 3 \\n65\\n by the list \\n0\\n22\\n4\\nK1(LIST)1(List)d*!{g,a,e!}w\\n246\\nThe resulting list \\n0\\n is stored in Ans Memory.\\n88\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo assign the contents of one list to another list\\nUse a to assign the contents of one list to another list.\\n Example 1\\nTo assign the contents of List 3 to List 1\\nK1(LIST)1(List)da1(List)bw\\nIn place of 1 (List) d in the above procedure, you could input !{eb,\\ngf,cc!}.\\n Example 2\\nTo assign the list in Ans Memory to List 1\\nK1(LIST)1(List)!Ka1(List)bw\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo input a single list cell value into a calculation\\nYou can extract the value in a specific cell of a list and use it in a calculation.  Specify\\nthe cell number by enclosing it between square brackets using the [ and ] keys.\\n  Example\\nTo calculate the sine of the value stored in Cell 3 of List 2\\nsK1(LIST)1(List)c![d!]w\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n\\n\\n93\\nList Function\\nChapter 6\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo input a value into a specific cell\\nYou can input a value into a specific cell inside a list.  When you do, the value that\\nwas previously stored in the cell is replaced with the new value you input.\\n  Example\\nTo input the value 25 into cell 2 of List 3\\ncfaK1(LIST)1(List)d![c!]w\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Recalling List Contents\\n  Example\\nTo recall the contents of List 1\\nK1(LIST)1(List)bw\\n• The above operation displays the contents of the list you specify and stores them\\nin Ans Memory, which allows you to use the Ans Memory contents in a calcula-\\ntion.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo use list contents in Ans Memory in a calculation\\n  Example\\nTo multiply the list contents in Ans Memory by 36\\nK1(LIST)1(List)!K*dgw\\n• The operation K 1 (LIST) 1 (List) ! K recalls Ans Memory contents.\\n• This operation replaces current Ans Memory contents with the result of the above\\ncalculation.\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Graphing a Function Using a List\\nWhen using the graphing functions of this calculator, you can input a function such\\nas Y1 = List1 X. If List 1 is {1,2,3}, this function will produces three graphs: Y = X, Y =\\n2X, Y = 3X.\\nThere are certain limitations on using lists with graphing functions.\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Inputting Scientific Calculations into a List\\nYou can use the numeric table generation functions in the Table Mode to input values\\nthat result from certain scientific function calculations into a list. T\\no do this, first gen-\\nerate a table. Next, use the “list copy” function to copy the values from the table to the\\nlist.\\nP.78\\n\\n\\n94\\nChapter 6\\nList Function\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Performing Scientific Function Calculations Using a List\\nLists can be used just as numeric values are in scientific function calculations. When\\nthe calculation produces a list as a result, the list is stored in Ans Memory.\\n41\\n Example 1\\nTo use List 3 \\n65\\n to perform sin (List 3)\\n22\\nUse radians as the angle unit\\nsK1(LIST)1(List)dw\\n–0.158\\nThe resulting list \\n0.8268\\n  is stored in Ans Memory.\\n–8E–3\\nIn place of 1 (List) d in the above procedure, you could input !{eb,g\\nf,cc!}.\\n1\\n4\\n Example 2\\nTo use List 1 \\n2\\n and List 2 \\n5\\n to perform List 1List 2\\n3\\n6\\nK1(LIST)1(List)bM1(List)cw\\nThis creates a list with the results of 14, 25, 36.\\n1\\nThe resulting list \\n32\\n is stored in Ans Memory.\\n729\\n\\n\\nStatistical Graphs and\\nCalculations\\nThis chapter describes how to input statistical data into lists, and\\nhow to calculate the mean, maximum and other statistical values. It\\nalso tells you how to perform regression calculations.\\n1.\\nBefore Performing Statistical Calculations\\n2.\\nStatistical Calculation Examples\\n3.\\nCalculating and Graphing Single-Variable Statistical Data\\n4.\\nCalculating and Graphing Paired-Variable Statistical Data\\n5.\\nManual Graphing\\n6.\\nPerforming Statistical Calculations\\nChapter\\n7\\nImportant!\\n• This chapter contains a number of graph screen shots. In each case, new data\\nvalues were input in order to highlight the particular characteristics of the graph\\nbeing drawn. Note that when you try to draw a similar graph, the unit uses data\\nvalues that you have input using the List function. Because of this, the graphs\\nthat appears on the screen when you perform a graphing operation will prob-\\nably differ somewhat from those shown in this manual.\\n\\n\\n96\\nChapter 7\\nStatistical Graphs and Calculations\\n1. Before Performing Statistical\\nCalculations\\nIn the Main Menu, select the STAT icon to enter the STAT Mode and display the\\nstatistical data lists.\\nUse the statistical data lists to input data and to perform statistical calculations.\\n1 (GRPH) .... Graph menu\\n2 (CALC) ..... Statistical calculation menu\\n3 (SRT•A) .... Ascending sort\\n4 (SRT•D) .... Descending sort\\n[\\n1 (DEL) ........ Single data item delete\\n2 (DEL•A) .... Delete all data\\n3 (INS) ......... Insert data item\\nPress [ to return to the previous menu.\\n• The procedures you should use for data editing are identical to those you use\\nwith the list function. For details, see “Chapter 6 List Function”.\\n2. Statistical Calculation Examples\\nOnce you input data, you can use it to produce a graph and check for tendencies.\\nYou can also use a variety of different regression calculations to analyze the data.\\n  Example\\nTo input the following two data groups and perform statistical\\ncalculations\\n0.5, 1.2, 2.4, 4.0, 5.2\\n–2.1, 0.3, 1.5, 2.0, 2.4\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\nP.83\\nP.84\\nP.84\\nP.79\\nUse f, c, d and e to move\\nthe highlighting around the lists.\\nP.97\\nP.121\\nP.85\\nP.86\\n\\n\\n97\\nStatistical Graphs and Calculations\\nChapter 7\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Inputting Data into Lists\\nInput the two groups of data into List 1 and List 2.\\na.fwb.cw\\nc.ewewf.cw\\ne\\n-c.bwa.dw\\nb.fwcwc.ew\\nOnce data is input, you can use it for graphing and statistical calculations.\\n• Input values can be up to 10 digits long (9-digit mantissa and 2-digit exponent\\nwhen using exponential format). Values in statistical data table cells are shown\\nonly up to six digits.\\n• You can use the f, c, d and e keys to move the highlighting to any cell in\\nthe lists for data input.\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Plotting Data\\n  Example\\nTo specify Graph 1 as non-draw (OFF) and Graph 3 as draw (ON)\\nand use Graph 3 to plot the data you input into statistical data\\nList 1 and List 2 above\\nWhile the statistical data list is on the display, press 1 (GRPH) to display the graph\\nmenu.\\n1(GRPH)\\n1 (GPH1) ..... Graph 1 draw\\n2 (GPH2) ..... Graph 2 draw\\n3 (GPH3) ..... Graph 3 draw\\n[\\n1(SEL) ......... Graph (GPH1, GPH2, GPH3) selection\\n4(SET) ......... Graph settings (graph type, list assignments)\\nPress [ to return to the previous menu.\\n• You can specify the graph draw/non-draw status, the graph type, and other gen-\\neral settings for each of the graphs in the graph menu (GPH1, GPH2, GPH3).\\n• You can press any function key (1,2,3) to draw a graph regardless of the\\ncurrent location of the highlighting in the statistical data list.\\n• The initial default graph type setting for all the graphs (Graph 1 through Graph 3)\\nis scatter diagram, but you can change to one of a number of other graph types.\\nP.99\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n\\n\\n98\\nChapter 7\\nStatistical Graphs and Calculations\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Plotting a Scatter Diagram\\nIt is often difficult to spot the relationship between two sets of data (such as height\\nand shoe size) by simply looking at the numbers. Such relationships often become\\nclear however, when we plot the data on a graph, using one set as x-values and the\\nother set as y-values.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo plot a scatter diagram\\n  Example\\nTo plot the data we input in statistical data List 1 and List 2\\n1(GPH1)\\n• The default setting automatically uses List 1 data as x-axis values and List 2 data\\nas y-axis values. Each set of x/y data is a point on the scatter diagram.\\n• To return to the statistical data list, press Q.\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Changing Graph Parameters\\nUse the following procedures to specify the graph draw/non-draw status, the graph\\ntype, and other general settings for each of the graphs in the graph menu (GPH1,\\nGPH2, GPH3).\\n1. Graph draw/non-draw status (SELECT)\\nThe following procedure can be used to specify the draw (On)/non-draw (Off) status\\nof each of the graphs in the graph menu.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo specify the draw/non-draw status of a graph\\n1. While the graph menu is on the display, press [1 (SEL) to display the graph\\nOn/Off screen.\\n1(GRPH)\\n[1(SEL)\\n1 (On) .......... Graph On (graph draw)\\n2 (Off) .......... Graph Off (graph non-draw)\\n4 (DRAW) .... Draw all On graphs\\n• Note that the S-Grph1 setting is for Graph 1 (GPH1 of the graph menu), S-Grph2\\nis for Graph 2, and S-Grph3 is for Graph 3.\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n\\n\\n99\\nStatistical Graphs and Calculations\\nChapter 7\\n2. Use f and c to move the highlighting to the graph whose draw (On)/non-draw\\n(Off) status you want to change and press 1 (On) or 2 (Off).\\n3. To return to the graph menu, press Q.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo draw a graph\\n  Example\\nTo draw a scatter diagram of Graph 3 only\\n1(GRPH)[1(SEL)\\n2(Off)\\ncc1(On)\\n4(DRAW)\\n2. General graph settings (SET)\\nThis section describes how to use the general graph settings screen to make the\\nfollowing settings for each graph (GPH1, GPH2, GPH3).\\n• Graph Type\\nThe initial default graph type setting for all the graphs is scatter graph. You can select\\none of a variety of other statistical graph types for each graph.\\n• List or Data\\nThe initial default statistical data is  List 1 for single-variable data, and List 1 and List\\n2 for paired-variable data. You can specify which statistical data list you want to use\\nto draw the graph.\\n• Frequency\\nNormally, each data item or data pair in the statistical data list is represented on a\\ngraph as a point. When you are working with a large number of data items however,\\nthis can cause problems because of the number of plot points on the graph. When\\nthis happens, you can specify a frequency list that contains values indicating the\\nnumber of instances (the frequency) of the data items in the corresponding cells of\\nthe lists you are using for x-data and y-data. Once you do this, only one point is\\nplotted for the multiple data items, which makes the graph easier to read.\\n• Mark Type\\nThis setting lets you specify the shape of the plot points on the graph.\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n\\n\\n100\\nChapter 7\\nStatistical Graphs and Calculations\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo display the general graph settings (SET) screen\\nWhile the graph menu is on the display, press [4 (SET) to display the general\\ngraph settings screen.\\n1(GRPH)\\n[4(SET)\\n• The settings shown here are examples only. The settings on your general graph\\nsettings screen may differ.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo select the StatGraph area\\n1. While the general graph settings screen is on the display, use f and c to\\nmove the highlighting to the StatGraph item.\\n2. Use the function key menu to select the StatGraph area you want to select.\\n1 (GPH1) ..... Graph 1\\n2 (GPH2) ..... Graph 2\\n3 (GPH3) ..... Graph 3\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo select the graph type (G-Type)\\n1. While the general graph settings screen is on the display, use f and c to\\nmove the highlighting to the G-Type item.\\n2. Use the function key menu to select the graph type you want to select.\\n1 (Scat) ........ Scatter diagram\\n2 (xy) ........... xy line graph\\n3 (Pie) .......... Pie chart\\n4 (Stck) ........ Stacked bar chart\\n\\n\\n101\\nStatistical Graphs and Calculations\\nChapter 7\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n[\\n1 (Hist) ......... Histogram\\n2 (Box) ......... Med-box graph\\n3 (N•Dis) ...... Normal distribution curve\\n[\\n1 (X) ............ Linear regression graph\\n2 (Med) ........ Med-Med graph\\n3 (X^2) ......... Quadratic regression graph\\n[\\n1 (Log) ......... Logarithmic regression graph\\n2 (Exp) ......... Exponential regression graph\\n3 (Pwr) ......... Power regression graph\\n[\\n1 (Bar) ......... Bar graph\\n2 (Line) ........ Line graph\\n3 (Both) ....... Bar graph and line graph\\nPress [ to return to the previous menu.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo select the x-axis data list (XList)\\n1. While the graph settings screen is on the display, use f and c to move the\\nhighlighting to the XList item.\\n\\n\\n102\\nChapter 7\\nStatistical Graphs and Calculations\\n2. Use the function key menu to select the name of the statistical data list whose\\nvalues you want on the x-axis of the graph.\\n1 (List1) ....... List 1\\n2 (List2) ....... List 2\\n3 (List3) ....... List 3\\n4 (List4) ....... List 4\\n[\\n1 (List5) ....... List 5\\n2 (List6) ....... List 6\\nPress [ to return to the previous menu.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo select the y-axis data list (YList)\\n1. While the graph settings screen is on the display, use f and c to move the\\nhighlighting to the YList item.\\n2. Use the function key menu to select the name of the statistical data list whose\\nvalues you want on the y-axis of the graph.\\n1 (List1) ....... List 1\\n2 (List2) ....... List 2\\n3 (List3) ....... List 3\\n4 (List4) ....... List 4\\n[\\n1 (List5) ....... List 5\\n2 (List6) ....... List 6\\nPress [ to return to the previous menu.\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n\\n\\n103\\nStatistical Graphs and Calculations\\nChapter 7\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo select the frequency data list (Freq)\\n1. While the general graph settings screen is on the display, use f and c to\\nmove the highlighting to the Freq item.\\n2. Use the function key menu to select the frequency setting you want.\\n1 (1) ............. Plot all data (1-to-1)\\n2 (List1) ....... List 1 data is frequency data.\\n3 (List2) ....... List 2 data is frequency data.\\n4 (List3) ....... List 3 data is frequency data.\\n[\\n1 (List4) ....... List 4 data is frequency data.\\n2 (List5) ....... List 5 data is frequency data.\\n3 (List6) ....... List 6 data is frequency data.\\nPress [ to return to the previous menu.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo select the plot mark type (M-Type)\\n1. While the general graph settings screen is on the display, use f and c to\\nmove the highlighting to the M-Type item.\\n2. Use the function key menu to select the plot mark you want to select.\\n1 (\\n) ............ Plot using \\n2 (X) ............ Plot using X\\n3 (•).............. Plot using •\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n\\n\\n104\\nChapter 7\\nStatistical Graphs and Calculations\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo select the data list for a pie chart, stacked bar chart, bar graph\\nor line graph (Data)\\n1. While the graph settings screen is on the display, use f and c to move the\\nhighlighting to the Data item.\\n2. Use the function key menu to select the name of the statistical data list whose\\nvalues you want to use.\\n1 (List1) ....... List 1\\n2 (List2) ....... List 2\\n3 (List3) ....... List 3\\n4 (List4) ....... List 4\\n[\\n1 (List5) ....... List 5\\n2 (List6) ....... List 6\\nPress [ to return to the previous menu.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo select the data list for a combined bar graph and line graph (Both)\\n1. While the graph settings screen is on the display, use f and c to move the\\nhighlighting to the Bar item.\\n2. Use the function key menu to select the name of the statistical data list whose\\nvalues you want to use.\\n1 (List1) ....... List 1\\n2 (List2) ....... List 2\\n3 (List3) ....... List 3\\n4 (List4) ....... List 4\\n[\\n1 (List5) ....... List 5\\n2 (List6) ....... List 6\\nPress [ to return to the previous menu.\\n\\n\\n105\\nStatistical Graphs and Calculations\\nChapter 7\\n3. Use f and c to move the highlighting to the Line item.\\n4. Use the function key menu to select the name of the statistical data list whose\\nvalues you want to use.\\n1 (List1) ....... List 1\\n2 (List2) ....... List 2\\n3 (List3) ....... List 3\\n4 (List4) ....... List 4\\n[\\n1 (List5) ....... List 5\\n2 (List6) ....... List 6\\nPress [ to return to the previous menu.\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Drawing an xy Line Graph\\nPaired data items can be used to plot a scatter diagram. \\nA scatter diagram where the\\npoints are linked is an xy line graph.\\nPress Q to return to the statistical data list.\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Selecting the Regression Type\\nAfter you graph statistical data, you can use the function menu at the bottom of the\\ndisplay to select from a variety of different types of regression.\\n1 (X) ............ Linear regression\\n2 (Med) ........ Med-Med line\\n3 (X^2) ......... Quadratic regression\\nP.100\\n(G-Type)\\n(xy)\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n\\n\\n106\\nChapter 7\\nStatistical Graphs and Calculations\\n[\\n1 (Log) ......... Logarithmic regression\\n2 (Exp) ......... Exponential regression\\n3 (Pwr) ......... Power regression\\n4 (2VAR)...... Paired-variable statistical results\\nPress [ to return to the previous menu.\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Displaying Statistical Calculation Results\\nWhenever you perform a regression calculation, the regression formula parameter\\n(such as a and b in the linear regression y = ax + b) calculation results appear on the\\ndisplay. You can use these to obtain statistical calculation results.\\nRegression parameters are calculated as soon as you press a function key to select\\na regression type while a graph is on the display.\\n  Example\\nTo display logarithmic regression parameter calculation results\\nwhile a scatter diagram is on the display\\n[1(Log)\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Graphing statistical calculation results\\nYou can use the parameter calculation result menu to graph the displayed regres-\\nsion formula.\\n3 (COPY)..... Stores the displayed regression formula as a graph function\\n4 (DRAW) .... Graphs the displayed regression formula\\nP.119\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n\\n\\n107\\nStatistical Graphs and Calculations\\nChapter 7\\n  Example\\nTo graph a logarithmic regression\\nWhile logarithmic regression parameter calculation results are on the display, press\\n4 (DRAW).\\n4(DRAW)\\nFor details on the meanings of function menu items at the bottom of the display, see\\n“Selecting the Regression Type”.\\n3. Calculating and Graphing Single-\\nVariable Statistical Data\\nSingle-variable data is data with only a single variable. If you are calculating the\\naverage height of the members of a class for example, there is only one variable\\n(height).\\nSingle-variable statistics include distribution and sum. The following three types of\\ngraphs are available for single-variable statistics.\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Histogram\\nFrom the statistical data list, press 1 (GRPH) to display the graph menu, press\\n[4 (SET), and then change the graph type of the graph you want to use (GPH1,\\nGPH2, GPH3) to histogram.\\nInput data into a list, make the required settings, and then draw the graph.\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Box Graph\\nThis type of graph lets you see how a large number of data items are grouped within\\nspecific ranges. A box encloses all the data in an area from the first quartile (Q1) to\\nthe third quartile (Q3), with a line drawn at the median (Med). Lines (called whiskers)\\nextend from either end of the box up to the minimum and maximum of the data.\\nFrom the statistical data list, press 1 (GRPH) to display the graph menu, press\\n[4 (SET), and then change the graph type of the graph you want to use (GPH1,\\nGPH2, GPH3) to box graph.\\nP.105\\nP.101\\n(G-Type)\\n(Hist)\\nP.101\\n(G-Type)\\n(Box)\\n\\n\\n108\\nChapter 7\\nStatistical Graphs and Calculations\\nP.101\\n(G-Type)\\n(N•Dis)\\nMed\\nQ3\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\nQ1\\nmaxX\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Normal Distribution Curve\\nThe normal distribution curve is graphed using the following normal distribution func-\\ntion.\\ny =\\n1\\n(2 π) xσn\\ne\\n–\\n2xσn2\\n(x–x) 2\\nThe distribution of characteristics of items manufactured according to some fixed\\nstandard (such as component length) fall within normal distribution. The more data\\nitems there are, the closer the distribution is to normal distribution.\\nFrom the statistical data list, press 1 (GRPH) to display the graph menu, press\\n[4 (SET), and then change the graph type of the graph you want to use (GPH1,\\nGPH2, GPH3) to normal distribution.\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Displaying Single-Variable Statistical Results\\nSingle-variable statistics can be expressed as both graphs and parameter values.\\nWhen these graphs are displayed, the menu at the bottom of the screen appears as\\nbelow.\\n1 (1VAR)...... Single-variable calculation result menu\\nPressing 1 (1VAR) displays the following screen.\\n1(1VAR)\\nminX\\n\\n\\n109\\nStatistical Graphs and Calculations\\nChapter 7\\nThe following describes the meaning of each of the parameters.\\n_\\nx ...................... Mean of data\\nΣx .................... Sum of data\\nΣx2 .................. Sum of squares\\nxσn .................. Population standard deviation\\nxσn-1 ................ Sample standard deviation\\nn...................... Number of data items\\nminX................ Minimum\\nQ1 ................... First quartile\\nMed ................. Median\\nQ3 ................... Third quartile\\nmaxX............... Maximum\\nMod ................. Mode\\n• Press 4 (DRAW) to return to the original single-variable statistical graph.\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Pie Chart\\nFrom the statistical data list, press 1 (GRPH) to display the graph menu, press [\\n4 (SET), and then change the graph type of the graph you want to use (GPH1,\\nGPH2, GPH3) to pie chart. Next, move the highlighting to “Display” and then press\\n1 or 2 to select the pie chart data format.\\n1 (%) ............ Displayed values show what percentage of the total data each\\npie segment represents.\\n2 (Data) ....... Displayed values show actual data.\\nPress Q to draw the chart.\\n  Example\\nTo input the following data into List 1 and use it to draw a pie\\nchart: 18.0, 13.5, 4.5, 31.5, 22.5\\n1(GRPH)[4(SET)\\n1(GPH1)c\\n3(Pie)c\\n1(List1)c\\n1(%)Q\\n1(GRPH)1(GPH1)\\n• A pie chart can have up to eight data items. Attempting to draw a pie chart for a\\nlist that has more than eight data items causes an error (Dim ERROR).\\n• Only positive data can be included in a pie chart. Attempting to draw a pie chart\\nfor a list that includes negative data causes an error (Ma ERROR).\\n• View Window settings are not applied to pie charts.\\n• A pie chart cannot be superimposed with another graph.\\n• Values appearing on a pie chart are automatically assigned to the corresponding\\nvariables (A, B, C, etc.)\\nP.100\\n(G-Type)\\n(Pie)\\n\\n\\n110\\nChapter 7\\nStatistical Graphs and Calculations\\n• Performing a trace operation (!1 (TRCE)) while a pie chart is on the display\\ncauses the pointer to appear at the topmost segment. Pressing e and d moves\\nthe pointer to neighboring segments.\\n• While a pie graph is on the display, you can toggle between the two data formats\\n(percent and data) by pressing !4 (CHNG).\\n• You cannot draw multiple pie charts on the same screen.\\n• Percent values shown on pie charts are cut off to two decimal places.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu Performing Mathematical Operations Using Pie Chart Data\\nPressing !3 (GSLV) causes the cursor to appear at the bottom of the screen.\\nYou can then perform mathematical operations using the chart’s data.\\n  Example\\nTo perform the operation A + B\\nAfter drawing the pie chart, perform the following operation.\\n!3(GSLV)\\naA+aB\\nw\\nThe result shows that A and B account for 35% of the data.\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Stacked Bar Chart\\nFrom the statistical data list, press 1 (GRPH) to display the graph menu, press [\\n4 (SET), and then change the graph type of the graph you want to use (GPH1,\\nGPH2, GPH3) to stacked bar chart.\\nPress Q to draw the chart.\\n  Example\\nTo input the following data into List 1 and use it to draw a stacked\\nbar chart: 18.0, 13.5, 4.5, 31.5, 22.5\\n1(GRPH)[4(SET)\\n1(GPH1)c\\n4(Stck)c\\n1(List1)Q\\n1(GRPH)1(GPH1)\\n• A stacked bar chart can have up to eight data items. Attempting to draw a stacked\\nbar chart for a list that has more than eight data items causes an error (Dim\\nERROR).\\nP.100\\n(G-Type)\\n(Stck)\\n\\n\\n111\\nStatistical Graphs and Calculations\\nChapter 7\\n• Only positive data can be included in a stacked bar chart. Attempting to draw a\\nstacked bar chart for a list that includes negative data causes an error (Ma ER-\\nROR).\\n• A stacked bar chart cannot be superimposed with another graph.\\n• View Window settings are not applied to stacked bar charts.\\n• The following display shows what happens if you perform a trace operation (!\\n1 (TRCE)) while a stacked bar chart is on the display.\\n• Pressing f and c moves the highlighting up and down within the same graph.\\n• If you have multiple stacked bar charts on the screen, use d and e to move\\nbetween them.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu Linking the Segments of Stacked Bar Charts with Connecting Lines\\nWhile multiple stacked bar charts are on the display, press !4(CNCT) to link\\ntheir segments with connecting lines.\\nRedraw the stacked bar charts to clear the connecting lines.\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Bar Graph\\nFrom the statistical data list, press 1 (GRPH) to display the graph menu, press [\\n4 (SET), and then change the graph type of the graph you want to use (GPH1,\\nGPH2, GPH3) to bar graph.\\nPress Q to draw the graph.\\nP.101\\n(G-Type)\\n(Bar)\\n!1(TRCE)\\nR\\n\\n\\n112\\nChapter 7\\nStatistical Graphs and Calculations\\n  Example\\nTo input the following data into List 1 and use it to draw a bar\\ngraph: 18.0, 13.5, 4.5, 31.5, 22.5\\n1(GRPH)[4(SET)\\n1(GPH1)c\\n[[[[1(Bar)c\\n1(List1)Q\\n1(GRPH)1(GPH1)\\n• A bar graph can have up to 14 data items. Attempting to draw a bar graph for a\\nlist that has more than 14 data items causes an error (Dim ERROR).\\n• The x-axis of a bar graph is fixed. The y-axis is controlled by View Window set-\\ntings only when Man (manual) is specified for the S-Wind (Statistical Graph View\\nWindow Setting) on the Set Up screen.\\n• A bar graph can be superimposed with a line graph only. This is done by selecting\\n3 (Both) while specifying the graph type.\\n• Pressing ! 1 (TRCE) while a bar graph is on the display activates the trace\\noperation. Use d and e to move the pointer.\\n• You cannot draw multiple bar graphs on the same screen.\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Line Graph\\nFrom the statistical data list, press 1 (GRPH) to display the graph menu, press [\\n4 (SET), and then change the graph type of the graph you want to use (GPH1,\\nGPH2, GPH3) to line graph.\\nPress Q to draw the graph.\\n  Example\\nTo input the following data into List 1 and use it to draw a line\\ngraph:  18.0, 13.5, 4.5, 31.5, 22.5\\n1(GRPH)[4(SET)\\n1(GPH1)c\\n[[[[2(Line)c\\n1(List1)Q\\n1(GRPH)1(GPH1)\\n• A line graph can have up to 14 data items. Attempting to draw a line graph for a\\nlist that has more than 14 data items causes an error (Dim ERROR).\\n• The x-axis of a line graph is fixed. The y-axis is controlled by View Window set-\\ntings only when Man (manual) is specified for the S-Wind (Statistical Graph View\\nWindow Setting) on the Set Up screen.\\n• A line graph can be superimposed with a bar graph only. This is done by selecting\\n3 (Both) while specifying the graph type.\\nP.8\\nP.8\\nP.101\\n(G-Type)\\n(Line)\\n\\n\\n113\\nStatistical Graphs and Calculations\\nChapter 7\\n• Pressing ! 1 (TRCE) while a line graph is on the display activates the trace\\noperation. Use d and e to move the pointer.\\n• You cannot draw multiple line graphs on the same screen.\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Bar Graph and Line Graph\\nFrom the statistical data list, press 1 (GRPH) to display the graph menu, press\\n[4 (SET), and then change the graph type of the graph you want to use (GPH1,\\nGPH2, GPH3) to Both.\\nWhen Auto is specified for the S-Wind (Statistical Graph View Window Setting) item\\non the Set Up screen, you can next move the highlighting to the AutoWin item and\\npress 1, 2, or 3 to make one of the following settings.\\n1 (Sep.G)..... This setting causes each graph to be drawn in different areas\\nof the display, without superimposing them. The two graphs\\nshare the same x-coordinates, however, and the x-axis is dis-\\nplayed for the bar graph only.\\n2 (O.Lap) ..... This setting superimposes the two graphs on each other. Each\\ngraph, however, can have its own independent y-axis values.\\n3 (Norm) ...... This setting also superimposes the two graphs, with both us-\\ning the same x- and y-coordinates.\\nPress Q to draw the graph.\\n  Example\\nDraw a graph that shows precipitation in\\na certain city as a bar graph and average\\ntemperature as a line graph.\\nInput the precipitation data into List 1 and\\nthe temperature data into List 2. Use the\\nfollowing procedure to draw the graph.\\n1(GRPH)[4(SET)\\n1(GPH1)c\\n[[[[3(Both)c\\n1(List1)c\\n2(List2)c\\n1(Sep.G)Q\\n1(GRPH)1(GPH1)\\n• Pressing ! 1 (TRCE) while the graph is on the display activates the trace\\noperation. Use d and e to move the pointer.\\n• You cannot draw multiple bar and line graphs on the same screen.\\nList 1\\nList 2\\n1\\n100\\n5\\n2\\n150\\n4\\n3\\n200\\n11\\n4\\n400\\n16\\n5\\n300\\n20\\n6\\n800\\n24\\n7\\n750\\n31\\n8\\n200\\n32\\n9\\n350\\n29\\n10\\n500\\n24\\n11\\n80\\n18\\n12\\n80\\n6\\nP.101\\n(G-Type)\\n(Both)\\n                P\\n.8\\n\\n\\n114\\nChapter 7\\nStatistical Graphs and Calculations\\n4. Calculating and Graphing Paired-\\nVariable Statistical Data\\nUnder “Plotting a Scatter Diagram,” we displayed a scatter diagram and then per-\\nformed a logarithmic regression calculation. Let’s use the same procedure to look at\\nthe six regression functions.\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Linear Regression Graph\\nLinear regression plots a straight line that passes close to as many data points as\\npossible, and returns values for the slope and y-intercept (y-coordinate when x = 0)\\nof the line.\\nThe graphic representation of this relationship is a linear regression graph.\\nQ1(GRPH)[4(SET)c\\n1(Scat)\\nQ1(GRPH)1(GPH1)\\n1(X)\\n4(DRAW)\\nThe following are the meanings of the above parameters.\\na...... Regression coefficient (slope)\\nb...... Regression constant term (y-intercept)\\nr ...... Correlation coefficient\\n(G-Type)\\n(Scat)\\n(GPH1)\\n(X)\\nP.105\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n\\n\\n115\\nStatistical Graphs and Calculations\\nChapter 7\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Med-Med Graph\\nWhen it is suspected that there are a number of extreme values, a Med-Med graph\\ncan be used in place of the least squares method. This is also a type of linear regres-\\nsion, but it minimizes the effects of extreme values. It is especially useful in produc-\\ning highly reliable linear regression from data that includes irregular fluctuations,\\nsuch as seasonal surveys.\\n2(Med)\\n4(DRAW)\\nThe following are the meanings of the above parameters.\\na...... Med-Med graph slope\\nb...... Med-Med graph y-intercept\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Quadratic Regression Graph\\nA quadratic regression graph represents connection of the data points of a scatter\\ndiagram. It actually is a scattering of so many points that are close enough together\\nto be connected. The formula that represents this is quadratic regression.\\n3(X^2)\\n4(DRAW)\\nP.105\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\nP.105\\n\\n\\n116\\nChapter 7\\nStatistical Graphs and Calculations\\nThe following are the meanings of the above parameters.\\na...... Regression second coefficient\\nb...... Regression first coefficient\\nc ...... Regression constant term (y-intercept)\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Logarithmic Regression Graph\\nLogarithmic regression expresses y as a logarithmic function of x. The standard\\nlogarithmic regression formula is y = a + b × logx, so if we say that X = logx, the\\nformula corresponds to linear regression formula y = a + bX.\\n[1(Log)\\n4(DRAW)\\nThe following are the meanings of the above parameters.\\na...... Regression constant term\\nb...... Regression coefficient (slope)\\nr ...... Correlation coefficient\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Exponential Regression Graph\\nExponential regression expresses y as a proportion of the exponential function of x.\\nThe standard exponential regression formula is y = a × ebx, so if we take the loga-\\nrithms of both sides we get logy = loga + bx. Next, if we say Y = logy, and A = loga,\\nthe formula corresponds to linear regression formula Y = A + bx.\\n[2(Exp)\\nP.106\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\nP.106\\n\\n\\n117\\nStatistical Graphs and Calculations\\nChapter 7\\n4(DRAW)\\nThe following are the meanings of the above parameters.\\na...... Regression coefficient\\nb...... Regression constant term\\nr ...... Correlation coefficient\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Power Regression Graph\\nExponential regression expresses y as a proportion of the power of x. The standard\\npower regression formula is y = a × xb, so if we take the logarithms of both sides we\\nget logy = loga + b × logx. Next, if we say X = log x, Y = logy, and A = loga, the\\nformula corresponds to linear regression formula Y = A + bX.\\n[3(Pwr)\\n4(DRAW)\\nThe following are the meanings of the above parameters.\\na...... Regression coefficient\\nb...... Regression power\\nr ...... Correlation coefficient\\nP.106\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n\\n\\n118\\nChapter 7\\nStatistical Graphs and Calculations\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Displaying Paired-Variable Statistical Results\\nPaired-variable statistics can be expressed as both graphs and parameter values.\\nWhen these graphs are displayed, the menu at the bottom of the screen appears as\\nbelow.\\n[\\n4(2VAR)....... Paired-variable calculation result menu\\nPressing 4 (2VAR) displays the following screen.\\n4(2VAR)\\n• Use c to scroll the list so you can view the items that run off the bottom of the\\nscreen. The following describes the meaning of each of the parameters.\\n_\\nx ...................... Mean of xList data\\nΣx .................... Sum of xList data\\nΣx2 .................. Sum of squares of xList data\\nxσn .................. Population standard deviation of xList data\\nxσn-1 ................ Sample standard deviation of xList data\\nn ...................... Number of xList data items\\n_\\ny ...................... Mean of yList data\\nΣy .................... Sum of yList data\\nΣy2 .................. Sum of squares of yList data\\nyσn .................. Population standard deviation of yList data\\nyσn-1 ................ Sample standard deviation of yList data\\nΣxy .................. Sum of the product of data stored in xList and yList\\nminX................ Minimum of xList data\\nmaxX............... Maximum of xList data\\nminY................ Minimum of yList data\\nmaxY............... Maximum of yList data\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Copying a Regression Graph Formula to the Graph Mode\\nAfter you perform a regression calculation, you can copy its formula to the GRAPH\\nMode.\\nThe following are the functions that are available in the function menu at the bottom\\nof the display while regression calculation results are on the screen.\\nP.106\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n\\n\\n119\\nStatistical Graphs and Calculations\\nChapter 7\\n3 (COPY)..... Stores the displayed regression formula to the GRAPH Mode\\n4 (DRAW) .... Graphs the displayed regression formula\\n1. Press 3 (COPY) to copy the regression formula that produced the displayed\\ndata to the GRAPH Mode.\\n3(COPY)\\nNote that you cannot edit regression formulas for graph formulas in the GRAPH\\nMode.\\n2. Press w to save the copied graph formula and return to the previous regression\\ncalculation result display.\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Multiple Graphs\\nYou can draw more than one graph on the same display by using the procedure\\nunder “Changing Graph Parameters” to set the graph draw (On)/non-draw (Off) sta-\\ntus of two or all three of the graphs to draw (On), and then pressing 4 (DRAW).\\nAfter drawing the graphs, you can select which graph formula to use when perform-\\ning single-variable statistic or regression calculations.\\n4(DRAW)\\n1(X)\\nP.98\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\nP.105\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n\\n\\n120\\nChapter 7\\nStatistical Graphs and Calculations\\n• The text at the top of the screen indicates the currently selected graph (StatGraph\\n1 = Graph 1, StatGraph 2 = Graph 2, StatGraph 3 = Graph 3).\\n1. Use f and c to change the currently selected graph. The graph name at the\\ntop of the screen changes when you do.\\nc\\n2. When graph you want to use is selected, press w.\\nNow you can use the procedures under “Displaying Single-Variable Statistical Re-\\nsults” and “Displaying Paired-Variable Statistical Results” to perform statistical cal-\\nculations.\\n5. Manual Graphing\\nIn all of the graphing examples up to this point, values were calculated in accord-\\nance with View Window settings and graphing was performed automatically. This\\nautomatic graphing is performed when the S-Wind item of the View Window is set to\\n“Auto” (auto graphing). You can also produce graphs manually, when the automatic\\ngraphing capabilities of this calculator cannot produce the results you want.\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Setting the Width of a Histogram\\nWhen the S-Wind item of the View Window is set to “Man” (manual graphing), a\\nscreen appears so you can specify the starting point and spacing of histogram bars.\\nWhile the statistical data list is on the display, perform the following procedure.\\n!Z\\nP.108\\nP.118\\nP.8\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n\\n\\n121\\nStatistical Graphs and Calculations\\nChapter 7\\n2(Man)\\nQ(Returns to previous menu.)\\n1(GRPH)1(GPH1)\\nHere we will illustrate this operation by making histogram settings for Graph 1.\\nThe following are the meanings of the items that appear in this screen.\\nStrt .................. Histogram start point (x-coordinate)\\nptch ................. Bar spacing (specify as scale unit)\\n  Example\\nStrt: 0, ptch: 10\\nWhile the statistical data list is on the display, perform the following procedure.\\n!Z2(Man)\\nQ(Returns to previous menu.)\\n1(GRPH)1(GPH1)\\naw(Start value is x = 0.)\\nbaw(pitch = 10)\\n6. Performing Statistical Calculations\\nAll of the statistical calculations up to this point were performed after displaying a\\ngraph. The following procedures can be used to perform statistical calculations alone.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo specify statistical calculation data lists\\nYou have to input the statistical data for the calculation you want to perform and\\nspecify where it is located before you start a calculation. While the statistical data is\\non the display, perform the following procedure.\\n2(CALC)4(SET)\\n\\n\\n122\\nChapter 7\\nStatistical Graphs and Calculations\\nThe following is the meaning for each item.\\n1VarX .............. Specifies list where single-variable statistic x values (XList)\\nare located.\\n1VarF .............. Specifies list where single-variable frequency values (Fre-\\nquency) are located.\\n2VarX .............. Specifies list where paired-variable statistic x values (XList)\\nare located.\\n2VarY .............. Specifies list where paired-variable statistic y values (YList)\\nare located.\\n2VarF .............. Specifies list where paired-variable frequency values (Fre-\\nquency) are located.\\n• Calculations in this section are performed based on the above specifications.\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Single-Variable Statistical Calculations\\nIn the previous examples from “Histogram” to “Normal Distribution Curve,” statistical\\ncalculation results were displayed after the graph was drawn. These were numeric\\nexpressions of the characteristics of variables used in the graphic display.\\nThe following operation produces the same values directly from the statistical data\\nlist.\\n2(CALC)1(1VAR)\\nNow you can press f and c to view variable characteristics.\\nFor details on the meanings of these statistical values, see “Displaying Single-Vari-\\nable Statistical Results”.\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Paired-Variable Statistical Calculations\\nIn the previous examples from “Linear Regression Graph” to “Power Regression\\nGraph,” statistical calculation results were displayed after the scatter diagram was\\ndrawn. These were numeric expressions of the characteristics of variables used in\\nthe graphic display.\\nThe following operation produces the same values directly from the statistical data\\nlist.\\n2(CALC)2(2VAR)\\nP.108\\n\\n\\n123\\nStatistical Graphs and Calculations\\nChapter 7\\nP.118\\nNow you can press f and c to view variable characteristics.\\nFor details on the meanings of these statistical values, see “Displaying Paired-Vari-\\nable Statistical Results”.\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Regression Calculation\\nIn the explanations from \\\"Linear Regression Graph\\\" to \\\"Power Regression Graph,\\\"\\nregression calculation results were displayed after the graph was drawn. Here, the\\nregression line and regression curve is represented by mathematical expressions.\\nYou can directly determine the same expression from the data input screen.\\nPerform the following key operation.\\n2(CALC)3(REG)\\n1(X)\\nSingle variable regression parameters are displayed.\\nNext, you can use the following.\\n1 (X) ............ Linear regression\\n2 (Med) ........ Med-Med regression\\n3 (X^2) ......... Quadratic regression\\n[\\n1 (Log) ......... Logarithmic regression\\n2 (Exp) ......... Exponential regression\\n3 (Pwr) ......... Power regression\\nThe meaning of the parameters that appear on this screen are the same as those for\\n“Linear Regression Graph” to “Power Regression Graph”.\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Estimated Value Calculation ( , )\\nAfter drawing a regression graph with the STAT Mode, you can use the RUN Mode\\nto calculate estimated values for the regression graph's x and y parameters.\\n• Note that you cannot obtain estimated values for Med-Med graph and quad-\\nratic regression graph.\\n\\n\\n124\\nChapter 7\\nStatistical Graphs and Calculations\\n(G-Type)\\n(Scat)\\n(XList)\\n(YList)\\n(Freq)\\n(M-Type)\\n(Auto)\\n(Pwr)\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n  Example\\nTo perform power regression using the following data and\\nestimate the values of  and  when xi = 40 and yi = 1000\\nxi (List 1) yi (List 2)\\n28\\n2410\\n30\\n3033\\n33\\n3895\\n35\\n4491\\n38\\n5717\\n1. In the Main Menu, select the STAT icon and enter the STAT Mode.\\n2. Input data into the list and draw the power regression graph.\\n1(GRPH)[4(SET)c\\n1(Scat)c\\n1(List1)c\\n2(List2)c\\n1(1)c\\n1( )Q\\n!Z1(Auto)Q1(GRPH)1(GPH1)[\\n3(Pwr)4(DRAW)\\n3. In the Main Menu, select the RUN icon and enter the RUN Mode.\\n4. Press the keys as follows.\\nea(value of xi)\\nK3(STAT)2( )w\\nThe estimated value  is displayed for xi = 40.\\nbaaa(value of yi)\\n1( )w\\nThe estimated value  is displayed for yi = 1000.\\n\\n\\nProgramming\\n1. Before Programming\\n2. Programming Examples\\n3. Debugging a Program\\n4. Calculating the Number of Bytes Used by a Program\\n5. Secret Function\\n6. Searching for a File\\n7. Editing Program Contents\\n8. Deleting a Program\\n9. Useful Program Commands\\n10. Command Reference\\n11. Text Display\\n12. Using Calculator Functions in Programs\\nChapter\\n8\\n\\n\\n126\\nChapter 8\\nProgramming\\n1. Before Programming\\nThe programming function helps to make complex, often-repeated calculations quick\\nand easy. Commands and calculations are executed sequentially, just like the manual\\ncalculation multistatements. Multiple programs can be stored under file names for\\neasy recall and editing.\\nSelect the PRGM icon in the Main Menu and enter the PRGM Mode. When you do,\\na program list appears on the display.\\nSelected memory area\\n(use f and c to move)\\n1 (EXE) ........ Execute program\\n2 (EDIT)....... Program edit\\n3 (NEW) ...... New program\\n[\\n1 (DEL) ........ Specific program delete\\n2 (DEL•A) .... Delete all\\n3 (SRC) ....... File name search\\nPress [ to return to the previous menu.\\n• If there are not programs stored in memory when you enter the PRGM Mode, the\\nmessage “No Programs” appears on the display and only the NEW item (3) is\\nshown in the function menu.\\nFile Name\\nProgram\\nFile Name\\nProgram\\nFile Name\\nProgram\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\nP.138\\nP.138\\nP.135\\n\\n\\n127\\nProgramming\\nChapter 8\\nA\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n2. Programming Examples\\n Example 1\\nTo calculate the surface area and volume of three regular\\noctahedrons of the dimensions shown in the table below\\nStore the calculation formula under the file name OCTA.\\nLength of One Side (A)\\nSurface Area (S)\\nVolume (V)\\n7 cm\\ncm2\\ncm3\\n10 cm\\ncm2\\ncm3\\n15 cm\\ncm2\\ncm3\\nThe following are the formulas used for calculating surface area S and volume V of a\\nregular octahedron for which the length of one side is known.\\n2\\nS = 2 3 A2,\\nV = –––– A3\\n3\\nWhen inputting a new formula, you first register the file name and then input the\\nactual program.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo register a file name\\n  Example\\nTo register the file name OCTA\\n• Note that a file name can be up to eight characters long.\\n1. While the program list is on the display, press 3 (NEW).\\n3(NEW)\\n3 (Q) .......... Password registration\\n4 (SYBL)...... Symbol menu\\n2. Input the name of the file.\\nOCTA\\n• The cursor changes form to indicate alpha character input.\\n• The following are the characters you can use in a file name:\\nA through Z, spaces, [, ], {, }, ’, ”, ~, 0 through 9, ., +, –, ×, ÷\\n\\n\\n128\\nChapter 8\\nProgramming\\n• Pressing 4 (SYBL) displays a menu of symbols that can be input.\\n4(SYBL)\\n• You can delete a character while inputting a file name by moving the cursor to the\\ncharacter you want to delete and pressing D.\\n3. Press w to register the file name and change to the program input screen.\\nw\\n• Registering a file name uses 17 bytes of memory.\\n• The file name input screen remains on the display if you press w without input-\\nting a file name.\\n• To exit the file name input screen and return to the program list without register-\\ning a file name, press Q.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo input a program\\nUse the program input screen to input the contents of a program.\\n1 (TOP) ........ Top of program\\n2 (BTM) ....... Bottom of program\\n3 (MENU) .... Mode menu\\n• Pressing [ displays a menu of symbols that can be input into a program.\\n[\\n[\\nPress [ to return to the previous menu.\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\nFile name\\nP.136\\nP.136\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n\\n\\n129\\nProgramming\\nChapter 8\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo change modes in a program\\n• Pressing 3 (MENU) while the program input screen is on the display causes a\\nmode change menu to appear. You can use this menu to input mode changes into\\nyour programs. For details on each of these modes, see “Using the Main Menu”, as\\nwell as the sections of this manual that describe what you can do in each mode.\\n3(MENU)\\n• Pressing ! Z displays a menu of commands that can be used to change set\\nup screen settings inside a program. For details on each of these commands, see\\n“To change a mode set up”.\\n!Z\\n[\\n[\\n[\\n[\\n[\\nActual program contents are identical to manual calculations. The following shows\\nhow the calculation of the surface area and volume of a regular octahedron would be\\ncalculated using a manual calculation.\\nSurface Area S ... c*!9d* <value of A> xw\\nVolume V ............ !9c/d* <value of A> Mdw\\nYou could also perform this calculation by assigning the value for the length of one\\nside to variable A.\\nLength of One Side A\\n............. <value of A> aaAw\\nP.2\\nP.6\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n\\n\\n130\\nChapter 8\\nProgramming\\nSurface Area S ... c*!9d*aAxw\\nVolume V ............ !9c/d*aAMdw\\nIf you simply input the manual calculations shown above however, the calculator\\nwould execute them from beginning to end, without stopping. The following com-\\nmands make it possible to interrupt a calculation for input of values and display of\\nintermediate results.\\n? : This command pauses program execution and displays a question mark as a\\nprompt for input of a value to assign to a variable. The syntax for this command\\nis: ? → <variable name>.\\n^\\n^\\n^\\n^\\n^: This command pauses program execution and displays the last calculation re-\\nsult obtained or text. It is similar to pressing w in a manual calculation.\\n• For full details on using these and other commands, see “Useful Program Com-\\nmands”.\\nThe following shows examples of how to actually use the ? and ^ commands.\\n!W[1(?)aaA[3(:)\\nc*!9d*aAx\\n[[2(^)\\n!9c/d*aAMd\\nQQ\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo run a program\\n1. While the program list is on the display, use f and c to highlight the name of\\nthe program you want to run.\\n2. Press 1 (EXE) or w to run the program.\\nLet’s try running the program we input above.\\nLength of One Side (A)\\nSurface Area (S)\\nVolume (V)\\n7 cm\\n169.7409791 cm2\\n161.6917506 cm3\\n10 cm\\n346.4101615 cm2\\n471.4045208 cm3\\n15 cm\\n779.4228634 cm2\\n1590.990258 cm3\\nP.139\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n\\n\\n131\\nProgramming\\nChapter 8\\n1 (EXE) or w\\nhw\\n(Value of A)\\nIntermediate result produced by ^\\nw\\nw\\nbaw\\nw\\n• Pressing w while the program’s final result is on the display re-executes the\\nprogram.\\n• You can also run a program while in the RUN Mode by inputting:\\nProg ”<file name>” w.\\n• An error (Go ERROR) occurs if the program specified by Prog ”<file name>”\\ncannot be found.\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\nP.149\\n\\n\\n132\\nChapter 8\\nProgramming\\n3. Debugging a Program\\nA problem in a program that keeps the program from running correctly is called a\\n“bug,” and the process of eliminating such problems is called “debugging.” Either of\\nthe following symptoms indicates that your program contains bugs and that debug-\\nging is required.\\n• Error messages appearing when the program is run\\n• Results that are not within your expectations\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo eliminate bugs that cause error messages\\nAn error message, like the one shown below, appears whenever something illegal\\noccurs during program execution.\\nWhen such a message appears, press d or e to display the location where the\\nerror was generated, along with the cursor. Check the “Error Message Table” for\\nsteps you should take to correct the situation.\\n• Note that pressing d or e will not display the location of the error if the pro-\\ngram is password protected.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo eliminate bugs that cause bad results\\nIf your program produces results that are not what you normally expect, check the\\ncontents of the program and make necessary changes. See “Editing Program Con-\\ntents” for details on how to change program contents.\\n4. Calculating the Number of Bytes Used\\nby a Program\\nThis unit comes with 20,000 bytes of memory. A byte is a unit of memory that can be\\nused for storage of data.\\nThere are two types of commands: 1-byte commands and 2-byte commands.\\n• Examples of 1-byte commands: sin, cos, tan, log, (, ), A, B, C, 1, 2, etc.\\n• Examples of 2-byte commands: Lbl 1, Goto 2, etc.\\nWhile the cursor is located inside of a program, each press of d or e causes the\\ncursor to move one byte.\\n• You can check how much memory has been used and how much remains at any\\ntime by selecting the MEM icon in the Main Menu and entering the MEM Mode.\\nSee “Memory Status (MEM)” for details.\\nP.200\\nP.135\\nP.37\\nP.133\\n\\n\\n133\\nProgramming\\nChapter 8\\n5. Secret Function\\nWhen inputting a program, you can protect it with a password that limits access to\\nthe program contents to those who know the password. Password protected pro-\\ngrams can be executed by anyone without inputting the password.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo register a password\\n  Example\\nTo create a program file under the name AREA and protect it with\\nthe password CASIO\\n1. While the program list is on the display, press 3 (NEW) and input the file name\\nof the new program file.\\n3(NEW)\\nAREA\\n2. Press 3 (Q) and then input the password.\\n3(Q)\\nCASIO\\n• The password input procedure is identical to that used for file name input.\\n3. Press w to register the file name and password. Now you can input the contents\\nof the program file.\\n• Registration of a password uses 16 bytes of memory.\\n• Pressing w without inputting a password registers the file name only, without a\\npassword.\\n4. After inputting the program, press Q to exit the program file and return to the\\nprogram list. Files that are password protected are indicated by an asterisk to the\\nright of the file name.\\nQ\\nP.127\\n1 2 3 3 5 6\\n\\n\\n134\\nChapter 8\\nProgramming\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo recall a program\\n  Example\\nTo recall the file named AREA which is protected by the\\npassword CASIO\\n1. In the program list, use f and c to move the highlighting to the name of the\\nprogram you want to recall.\\n2. Press 2 (EDIT).\\n2(EDIT)\\n3. Input the password and press w to recall the program.\\n• The message “Mismatch” appears if you input the wrong password.\\n6. Searching for a File\\nYou can search for a specific file name using any of the three following methods.\\n• Scroll Search — scroll through the file names in the program list.\\n• File Name Search — input the name of the file.\\n• Initial Character Search — input the first few letters of the name of the file.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo find a file using scroll search\\n  Example\\nTo use scroll search to recall the program named OCTA\\n1. While the program list is on the display, use f and c to scroll through the list\\nof program names until you find the one you want.\\n2. When the highlighting is located at the name of the file you want, press 2 (EDIT)\\nto recall it.\\n2(EDIT)\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n\\n\\n135\\nProgramming\\nChapter 8\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo find a file using file name search\\n  Example\\nTo use file name search to recall the program named OCTA\\n1. While the program list is on the display, press 3 (NEW) and input the name of\\nthe file you want to find.\\n3(NEW)\\nOCTA\\n2. Press w to recall the program.\\n• If there is no program whose file name matches the one you input, a new file is\\ncreated using the input name.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo find a file using initial character search\\n  Example\\nTo use initial character search to recall the program named OCTA\\n1. While the program list is on the display, press [ 3 (SRC) and input the initial\\ncharacters of the file you want to find.\\n[3(SRC)\\nOCT\\n2. Press w to search.\\nw\\n• All files whose file names start with the characters you input are recalled.\\n• If there is no program whose file name starts with the characters you input, the\\nmessage “Not Found” appears on the display. If this happens, press Q to clear\\nthe error message.\\n3. Use f and c to highlight the file name of the program you want to recall and\\nthen press 2 (EDIT) to recall it.\\n7. Editing Program Contents\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo edit program contents\\n1. Find the file name of the program you want in the program list.\\n\\n\\n136\\nChapter 8\\nProgramming\\n2. Recall the program.\\n• The procedures you use for editing program contents are identical to those used\\nfor editing manual calculations. For details, see “Making Corrections”.\\n• The following function keys are also useful when editing program contents.\\n1 (TOP) ........ Moves the cursor to the top of the program\\n2 (BTM) ....... Moves the cursor to the bottom of the program\\n Example 2\\nTo use the OCTA program to create a program that calculates\\nthe surface area and volume of regular tetrahedrons when the\\nlength of one side is known\\nLength of One Side (A)\\nSurface Area (S)\\nVolume (V)\\n7 cm\\ncm2\\ncm3\\n10 cm\\ncm2\\ncm3\\n15 cm\\ncm2\\ncm3\\nThe following are the formulas used for calculating surface area S and volume V of a\\nregular tetrahedron for which the length of one side is known.\\n2\\nS = 3 A2,\\nV = –––– A3\\n12\\nUse the following key operations when inputting the program.\\nLength of One Side A .. !W[1(?)aaA[3(:)\\nSurface Area S ............ !9d*aAx[[2(^)\\nVolume V ..................... !9c/bc*aAMd\\nCompare this with the program for calculating the surface area and volume of a\\nregular octahedron.\\nLength of One Side A .. !W[1(?)aaA[3(:)\\nSurface Area S ............ c*!9d*aAx[[2(^)\\nVolume V ..................... !9c/d*aAMd\\nP.20\\nA\\n\\n\\n137\\nProgramming\\nChapter 8\\nAs you can see, you can produce the TETRA program by making the following changes\\nin the OCTA program.\\n• Deleting c * (underlined using a wavy line above)\\n• Changing d to b c (underlined using a solid line above)\\nLet’s edit the program.\\n2(EDIT)\\neeeeDD\\ncd![bc\\nD\\nQ\\nLet’s try running the program.\\nLength of One Side (A)\\nSurface Area (S)\\nVolume (V)\\n7 cm\\n84.87048957 cm2\\n40.42293766 cm3\\n10 cm\\n173.2050808 cm2\\n117.8511302 cm3\\n15 cm\\n389.7114317 cm2\\n397.7475644 cm3\\n1 (EXE) or w\\nhw\\n(Value of A)\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n\\n\\n138\\nChapter 8\\nProgramming\\nw\\nw\\nbaw\\nw\\n8. Deleting a Program\\nThere are two different ways to delete a file name and its program.\\n• Specific program delete\\n• All program delete\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo delete a specific program\\n1. While the program list is on the display, use f and c to move the highlighting\\nto the name of the program you want to delete.\\n2. Press [ 1 (DEL).\\n[1(DEL)\\n3. Press 1 (YES) to delete the selected program or 4 (NO) to abort the opera-\\ntion without deleting anything.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo delete all programs\\n1. While the program list is on the display, press [ 2 (DEL•A).\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n\\n\\n139\\nProgramming\\nChapter 8\\n[2(DEL•A)\\n2. Press 1 (YES) to delete all the programs in the list or 4 (NO) to abort the\\noperation without deleting anything.\\n• You can also delete all programs using the MEM Mode. See “Clearing Memory\\nContents” for details.\\n9. Useful Program Commands\\nIn addition to calculation commands, this calculator also includes a variety of rela-\\ntional and jump commands that can be used to create programs that make repeat\\ncalculations quick and easy.\\nProgram Menu\\nPress ! W to display the program menu.\\n!W\\n1 (COM) ...... Program command menu\\n2 (CTL) ........ Control command menu\\n3 (JUMP) ..... Jump command menu\\n[\\n1 (?) ............. Input command\\n2 (^) ........... Output command\\n3 (CLR) ........ Clear command menu\\n4 (DISP) ...... Display command menu\\n[\\n1 (REL) ........ Conditional jump relational operator menu\\n2 (I/O) .......... Input/output command menu\\n3 (:) .............. Multi-statement command\\nPress [ to return to the previous menu.\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\nP.37\\nP.140\\nP.140\\nP.141\\nP.141\\nP.141\\nP.142\\nP.142\\n\\n\\n140\\nChapter 8\\nProgramming\\nProgram Command Menu (COM)\\nWhile the program menu is on the display, press 1 (COM) to display the program\\ncommand menu.\\n1(COM)\\n1 (If) ............. If command\\n2 (Then)....... Then command\\n3 (Else) ........ Else command\\n4 (I•End) ...... IfEnd command\\n[\\n1 (For) .......... For command\\n2 (To) ........... To command\\n3 (Step) ....... Step command\\n4 (Next)........ Next command\\n[\\n1 (Whle)....... While command\\n2 (WEnd) ..... WhileEnd command\\n3 (Do) .......... Do command\\n4 (Lp•W) ...... LpWhile command\\nPress [ to return to the previous menu.\\nControl Command Menu (CTL)\\nWhile the program menu is on the display, press 2 (CTL) to display the control\\ncommand menu.\\n2(CTL)\\n1 (Prog) ....... Prog command\\n2 (Rtrn) ........ Return command\\n3 (Brk) ......... Break command\\n4 (Stop) ....... Stop command\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n\\n\\n141\\nProgramming\\nChapter 8\\nJump Command Menu (JUMP)\\nWhile the program menu is on the display, press 3 (JUMP) to display the jump\\ncommand menu.\\n3(JUMP)\\n1 (Lbl) .......... Lbl command\\n2 (Goto) ....... Goto command\\n3 (⇒) ........... ⇒ (jump) command\\n[\\n1 (Isz) .......... Isz command\\n2 (Dsz) ......... Dsz command\\nPress [ to return to the previous menu.\\nClear Command Menu (CLR)\\nWhile the program menu is on the display, press [ 3 (CLR) to display the clear\\ncommand menu.\\n[3(CLR)\\n1 (Text) ........ ClrText command\\n2 (Grph) ....... ClrGraph command\\n3 (List) ......... ClrList command\\nDisplay Command Menu (DISP)\\nWhile the program menu is on the display, press [ 4 (DISP) to display the dis-\\nplay command menu.\\n[4(DISP)\\n1 (Stat) ........ DrawStat command\\n2 (Grph) ....... DrawGraph command\\n3 (TABL) ...... Table & Graph command menu\\nPressing 3 (TABL) while the display command menu is on the display causes the\\nTable & Graph command menu to appear.\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n\\n\\n142\\nChapter 8\\nProgramming\\n3(TABL)\\n1 (Tabl) ........ DispTable command\\n2 (G•Con) .... DrawTG-Con command\\n3 (G•Plt)....... DrawTG-Plt command\\nConditional Jump Relational Operator Menu (REL)\\nWhile the program menu is on the display, press [ [ 1 (REL) to display the\\nconditional jump relational operator menu.\\n[[1(REL)\\n1 (=) ............. Relational operator =\\n2 (G\\nG\\nG\\nG\\nG)............. Relational operator G\\nG\\nG\\nG\\nG\\n3 (>) ............. Relational operator >\\n4 (<) ............. Relational operator <\\n[\\n1 (≥) ............. Relational operator ≥\\n2 (≤) ............. Relational operator ≤\\nPress [ to return to the previous menu.\\nInput/Output Commands Menu (I/O)\\nWhile the program menu is on the display, press [[2 (I/O) to display the input/\\noutput command menu.\\n[[2(I/O)\\n1 (Send) ...... Send ( command\\n2 (Recv)....... Receive ( command\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n[\\n\\n\\n143\\nProgramming\\nChapter 8\\n10. Command Reference\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Command Index\\nBreak .................................................................................... 149\\nClrGraph ............................................................................... 153\\nClrList.................................................................................... 153\\nClrText................................................................................... 153\\nDispTable .............................................................................. 154\\nDo~LpWhile ...........................................................................148\\nDrawTG-Con, DrawTG-Plt .....................................................154\\nDrawGraph ............................................................................154\\nDrawStat ............................................................................... 153\\nDsz........................................................................................ 151\\nFor~To~Next ..........................................................................147\\nFor~To~Step~Next ................................................................147\\nGoto~Lbl ............................................................................... 151\\nIf~Then ................................................................................. 145\\nIf~Then~Else .........................................................................146\\nIf~Then~Else~IfEnd ...............................................................146\\nIf~Then~IfEnd ........................................................................145\\nIsz ......................................................................................... 152\\nProg ...................................................................................... 149\\nReceive( ................................................................................ 154\\nReturn ................................................................................... 150\\nSend( .................................................................................... 155\\nStop ...................................................................................... 150\\nWhile~WhileEnd ....................................................................148\\n? (Input Command) ................................................................144\\n^ (Output Command) ........................................................... 144\\n: (Multi-statement Command) ................................................ 144\\n_ (Carriage Return) .............................................................144\\n⇒ (Jump Code) .....................................................................152\\n=, G\\nG\\nG\\nG\\nG, >, <, ≥, ≤ (Relational Operators) ................................... 155\\nThe following are conventions that are used in this section when describing the vari-\\nous commands.\\nBoldface T\\next .............. Actual commands and other items that always must be in-\\nput are shown in boldface.\\n{Curly Brackets} ......... Curly brackets are used to enclose a number of items, one\\nof which must be selected when using a command. Do not\\ninput the curly brackets when inputting a command.\\n\\n\\n144\\nChapter 8\\nProgramming\\n[Square Brackets] ....... Square brackets are used to enclose items that are op-\\ntional. Do not input the square brackets when inputting a\\ncommand.\\nNumeric Expressions . Numeric expressions (such as 10, 10 + 20, A) indicate con-\\nstants, calculations, numeric constants, etc.\\nAlpha Characters ....... Alpha characters indicate literal strings (such as AB).\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Basic Operation Commands\\n? (Input Command)\\nFunction: Prompts for input of values for assignment to variables during program\\nexecution.\\nSyntax: ? → <variable name>\\nExample: ? → A _\\nDescription:\\n1. This command momentarily interrupts program execution and prompts for input\\nof a value or expression for assignment to a variable. When the input command is\\nexecuted, “?” to appears on the display and the calculator stands by for input.\\n2. Input in response to the input command must be a value or an expression, and\\nthe expression cannot be a multi-statement.\\n^\\n^\\n^\\n^\\n^ (Output Command)\\nFunction: Displays and intermediate result during program execution.\\nDescription:\\n1. This command momentarily interrupts program execution and displays alpha\\ncharacter text or the result of the calculation immediately before it.\\n2. The output command should be used at locations where you would normally\\npress the w key during a manual calculation.\\n: (Multi-statement Command)\\nFunction: Connects two statements for sequential execution without stopping.\\nDescription:\\n1. Unlike the output command (^), statements connected with the multi-statement\\ncommand are executed non-stop.\\n2. The multi-statement command can be used to link two calculation expressions or\\ntwo commands.\\n3. You can also use a carriage return indicated by _ in place of the multi-statement\\ncommand.\\n_\\n_\\n_\\n_\\n_ (Carriage Return)\\nFunction: Connects two statements for sequential execution without stopping.\\n\\n\\n145\\nProgramming\\nChapter 8\\nDescription:\\n1. Operation of the carriage return is identical to that of the multi-statement com-\\nmand.\\n2. Using a carriage return in place of the multi-statement command makes the dis-\\nplayed program easier to read.\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Program Commands (COM)\\nIf~Then\\nFunction: The Then-statement is executed only when the If-condition is true (non-\\nzero).\\nSyntax:\\nParameters: condition, numeric expression\\nDescription:\\n1. The Then-statement is executed only when the If-condition is true (non-zero).\\n2. If the condition is false (0), the Then-statement is not executed.\\n3. An If-condition must always be accompanied by a Then-statement. Omitting the\\nThen-statement results in an error (Syn ERROR).\\nExample: If A = 0 _\\nThen ”A = 0”\\nIf~Then~IfEnd\\nFunction: The Then-statement is executed only when the If-condition is true (non-\\nzero). The IfEnd-statement is always executed: after the Then-statement is executed\\nor directly after the If-condition when the If-condition is false (0).\\nSyntax:\\nParameters: condition, numeric expression\\nDescription:\\nThis command is almost identical to If~Then. The only difference is that the IfEnd-\\nstatement is always executed, regardless of whether the If-condition is true (non-\\nzero) or false (0).\\nExample: If A = 0 _\\nThen ”A = 0” _\\nIfEnd_\\n”END”\\nIf\\n<condition>\\n_\\n:\\n^\\nThen <statement>\\nnumeric expression\\n \\n_\\n:\\n^\\n<statement>\\n \\n_\\n:\\n^\\nIfEnd\\n_\\n_\\nIf\\n<condition>\\n:\\nThen <statement>\\n:\\n<statement>\\nnumeric expression\\n^\\n^\\n\\n\\n146\\nChapter 8\\nProgramming\\nIf~Then~Else\\nFunction: The Then-statement is executed only when the If-condition is true (non-\\nzero). The Else-statement is executed when the If-condition is false (0).\\nSyntax:\\nParameters: condition, numeric expression\\nDescription:\\n1. The Then-statement is executed when the If-conditions is true (non-zero).\\n2. The Else-statement is executed when the If-conditions is false (zero).\\nExample: If A = 0 _\\nThen ”TRUE” _\\nElse ”FALSE”\\nIf~Then~Else~IfEnd\\nFunction: The Then-statement is executed only when the If-condition is true (non-\\nzero). The Else-statement is executed when the If-condition is false (0). The IfEnd-\\nstatement is always executed following either the Then-statement or Else-statement.\\nSyntax:\\nParameters: condition, numeric expression\\nDescription:\\nThis command is almost identical to If~Then~Else. The only difference is that the\\nIfEnd-statement is always executed, regardless of whether the If-condition is true\\n(non-zero) or false (0).\\nExample: ? → A _\\nIf A = 0 _\\nThen ”TRUE”_\\nElse ”FALSE”_\\nIfEnd_\\n”END”\\nIf\\n<condition>\\n_\\n:\\n^\\nThen <statement>\\n \\n_\\n:\\n^\\n<statement>\\nnumeric expression\\n_\\n:\\n^\\nElse <statement>\\n \\n_\\n:\\n^\\n<statement>\\nIf\\n<condition>\\n_\\n:\\n^\\nThen <statement>\\n \\n_\\n:\\n^\\n<statement>\\nnumeric expression\\n_\\n:\\n^\\nElse <statement>\\n \\n_\\n:\\n^\\n<statement>\\n_\\n:\\n^\\nIfEnd\\n\\n\\n147\\nProgramming\\nChapter 8\\nFor~To~Next\\nFunction: This command repeats everything between the For-statement and the\\nNext-statement. The starting value is assigned to the control variable with the first\\nexecution, and the value of the control variable is incremented by one with each\\nexecution. Execution continues until the value of the control variable exceeds the\\nending value.\\nSyntax:\\nParameters:\\n• control variable name: A to Z\\n• starting value: value or expression that produces a value (i.e. sin x, A, etc.)\\n• ending value: value or expression that produces a value (i.e. sin x, A, etc.)\\nDescription:\\n1. When the starting value of the control variable is greater than the ending value,\\nexecution continues from the statement following Next, without executing the state-\\nments between For and Next.\\n2. A For-statement must always have a corresponding Next-statement, and the Next-\\nstatement must always come after its corresponding For-statement.\\n3. The Next-statement defines the end of the loop created by For~Next, and so it\\nmust always be included. Failure to do so results in an error (Syn ERROR).\\nExample: For 1 → A To 10_\\nA × 3 → B_\\nB ^\\nNext\\nFor~To~Step~Next\\nFunction: This command repeats everything between the For-statement and the\\nNext-statement. The starting value is assigned to the control variable with the first\\nexecution, and the value of the control variable is changed according to the step\\nvalue with each execution. Execution continues until the value of the control variable\\nexceeds the ending value.\\nSyntax:\\nParameters:\\n• control variable name: A to Z\\n• starting value: value or expression that produces a value (i.e. sin x, A, etc.)\\n• ending value: value or expression that produces a value (i.e. sin x, A, etc.)\\n• step value: numeric value (omitting this value sets the step to 1)\\n_\\nFor <starting value> → <control variable name> To <ending value>\\n:\\n^\\n_\\n<statement>\\n:\\n \\nNext\\n^\\n_\\nFor <starting value> → <control variable name> To <ending value> Step <step value>\\n:\\n^\\nNext\\n\\n\\n148\\nChapter 8\\nProgramming\\n_\\nDo\\n:\\n~ LpWhile <expression>\\n^\\n_\\nWhile <expression>\\n:\\n~ WhileEnd\\n^\\nDescription:\\n1. This command is basically identical to For~To~Next. The only difference is that\\nyou can specify the step.\\n2. Omitting the step value automatically sets the step to 1.\\n3. Making the starting value less than the ending value and specifying a positive\\nstep value causes the control variable to be incremented with each execution.\\nMaking the starting value greater than the ending value and specifying a negative\\nstep value causes the control variable to be decremented with each execution.\\nExample: For 1 → A To 10 Step 0.1_\\nA × 3 → B _\\nB ^\\nNext\\nDo~LpWhile\\nFunction: This command repeats specific commands as long as its condition is true\\n(non-zero).\\nSyntax:\\nParameters: expression\\nDescription:\\n1. This command repeats the commands contained in the loop as long as its condi-\\ntion is true (non-zero). When the condition becomes false (0), execution pro-\\nceeds from the statement following the LpWhile-statement.\\n2. Since the condition comes after the LpWhile-statement, the condition is tested\\n(checked) after all of the commands inside the loop are executed.\\nExample: Do_\\n? → A_\\nA × 2 → B_\\nB ^\\nLpWhile B >10\\nWhile~WhileEnd\\nFunction: This command repeats specific commands as long as its condition is true\\n(non-zero).\\nSyntax:\\nParameters: expression\\n\\n\\n149\\nProgramming\\nChapter 8\\nDescription:\\n1. This command repeats the commands contained in the loop as long as its condi-\\ntion is true (non-zero). When the condition becomes false (0), execution pro-\\nceeds from the statement following the WhileEnd-statement.\\n2. Since the condition comes after the While-statement, the condition is tested\\n(checked) before the commands inside the loop are executed.\\nExample: 10 → A_\\nWhile A > 0_\\nA – 1 → A_\\n”GOOD”_\\nWhileEnd\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Program Control Commands (CTL)\\nBreak\\nFunction: This command breaks execution of a loop and continues from the next\\ncommand following the loop.\\nSyntax: Break _\\nDescription:\\n1. This command breaks execution of a loop and continues from the next command\\nfollowing the loop.\\n2. This command can be used to break execution of a For-statement, Do-state-\\nment, and While-statement.\\nExample: While A>0_\\nIf A > 2_\\nThen Break_\\nIfEnd_\\nWhileEnd_\\nA ^\\n← Executed after Break\\nProg\\nFunction: This command specifies execution of another program as a subroutine. In\\nthe RUN Mode, this command executes a new program.\\nSyntax: Prog ”file name” _\\nExample: Prog ”ABC” _\\nDescription:\\n1. Even when this command is located inside of a loop, its execution immediately\\nbreaks the loop and launches the subroutine.\\n2. This command can be used as many times as necessary inside of a main routine\\nto call up independent subroutines to perform specific tasks.\\n\\n\\n150\\nChapter 8\\nProgramming\\n3. A subroutine can be used in multiple locations in the same main routine, or it can\\nbe called up by any number of main routines.\\nD\\nC\\nE\\nI\\nJ\\nProg ”E”\\nProg ”I”\\nProg ”J”\\nA\\nProg ”D”\\nProg ”C”\\n4. Calling up a subroutine causes it to be executed from the beginning. After execu-\\ntion of the subroutine is complete, execution returns to the main routine, continu-\\ning from the statement following the Prog command.\\n5. A Goto~Lbl command inside of a subroutine is valid inside of that subroutine only.\\nIt cannot be used to jump to a label outside of the subroutine.\\n6. If a subroutine with the file name specified by the Prog command does not exist,\\nan error (Go ERROR) occurs.\\n7. In the RUN Mode, inputting the Prog command and pressing w launches the\\nprogram specified by the command.\\nReturn\\nFunction: This command returns from a subroutine.\\nSyntax: Return _\\nDescription:\\nExecution of the Return command inside a main routine causes execution of the\\nprogram to stop.\\nExample: Prog ”A”\\nProg ”B”\\n1 → A_\\nFor A → B T\\no 10_\\nProg ”B”_\\nB + 1 → C_\\nC ^\\nNext_\\nReturn\\nExecuting the program in File A displays the result of the operation (11).\\nStop\\nFunction: This command terminates execution of a program.\\nSyntax: Stop _\\nDescription:\\n1. This command terminates program execution.\\n2. Execution of this command inside of a loop terminates program execution with-\\nout an error being generated.\\nLevel 1\\nLevel 2\\nLevel 3\\nLevel 4\\nMain Routine\\nSubroutines\\n\\n\\n151\\nProgramming\\nChapter 8\\nExample: For 2 → I To 10_\\nIf I = 5_\\nThen ”STOP” : Stop_\\nIfEnd_\\nNext\\nThis program counts from 2 to 10. When the count reaches 5, however, it terminates\\nexecution and displays the message ”STOP.”\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Jump Commands (JUMP)\\nDsz\\nFunction: This command is a count jump that decrements the value of a control\\nvariable by 1, and then jumps if the current value of the variable is zero.\\nSyntax:\\nParameters:\\nVariable Name: A to Z\\n[Example] Dsz B : Decrements the value assigned to variable B by 1.\\nDescription:\\nThis command decrements the value of a control variable by 1, and then tests (checks)\\nit. If the current value is non-zero, execution continues with the next statement. If the\\ncurrent value is zero, execution jumps to the statement following the multi-statement\\ncommand (:), display command (^), or carriage return (_).\\nExample: 10 → A : 0 → C :\\nLbl 1 : ? → B : B+C → C :\\nDsz A : Goto 1 : C ÷ 10\\nThis program prompts for input of 10 values, and then calculates the\\naverage of the input values.\\nGoto~Lbl\\nFunction: This command performs an unconditional jump to a specified location.\\nSyntax: Goto <value or variable> ~ Lbl <value or variable>\\nParameters: Value (from 0 to 9), variable (A to Z)\\nDescription:\\n1. This command consists of two parts: Goto n (where n is a value from 0 to 9) and\\nLbl n (where n is the value specified for Goto). This command causes program\\nexecution to jump to the Lbl-statement  whose value matches that specified by\\nthe Goto-statement.\\n2. This command can be used to loop back to the beginning of a program or to jump\\nto any location within the program.\\nVariable Value G\\nG\\nG\\nG\\nG 0\\n_\\nDsz <variable name> : <statement>\\n:\\n<statement>\\n^\\nVariable Value = 0\\n\\n\\n152\\nChapter 8\\nProgramming\\n3. This command can be used in combination with conditional jumps and count\\njumps.\\n4. If there is no Lbl-statement whose value matches that specified by the Goto-\\nstatement, an error (Go ERROR) occurs.\\nExample: ? → A : ? → B : Lbl 1 :\\n? → X : A × X + B ^\\nGoto 1\\nThis program calculates y = AX + B for as many values for each variable that you\\nwant to input. T\\no quit execution of this program, press A.\\nIsz\\nFunction: This command is a count jump that increments the value of a control\\nvariable by 1, and then jumps if the current value of the variable is zero.\\nSyntax:\\nParameters:\\nVariable Name: A to Z\\n[Example] Isz A : Increments the value assigned to variable A by 1.\\nDescription:\\nThis command increments the value of a control variable by 1, and then tests (checks)\\nit. If the current value is non-zero, execution continues with the next statement. If the\\ncurrent value is zero, execution jumps to the statement following the multi-statement\\ncommand (:), display command (^), or carriage return (_).\\n⇒ (Jump Code)\\nFunction: This code is used to set up conditions for a conditional jump. The jump is\\nexecuted whenever the conditions are false.\\nSyntax:\\nParameters:\\nleft side/right side: variable (A to Z), numeric constant, variable expression (such as:\\nA × 2)\\nrelational operator: =, G\\nG\\nG\\nG\\nG, >, <, ≥, ≤\\nP.155\\nTrue\\n_\\n<left side> <relational operator> <right side> ⇒ <statement>\\n:\\n<statement>\\n^\\nFalse\\nVariable Value G\\nG\\nG\\nG\\nG 0\\n_\\nIsz <variable name> : <statement>\\n:\\n<statement>\\n^\\nVariable Value = 0\\n\\n\\n153\\nProgramming\\nChapter 8\\nDescription:\\n1. The conditional jump compares the contents of two variables or the results of two\\nexpressions, and a decision is made whether or not to execute the jump based\\non the results of the comparison.\\n2. If the comparison returns a true result, execution continues with the statement\\nfollowing the ⇒ command. If the comparison returns a false result, execution\\njumps to the statements following the multi-statement command (:), display com-\\nmand (^), or carriage return (_).\\nExample: Lbl 1 : ? → A :\\nA > 0 ⇒ \\nA ^\\nGoto 1\\nWith this program, inputting a value of zero or greater calculates and displays the\\nsquare root of the input value. Inputting a value less than zero returns to the input\\nprompt without calculating anything.\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Clear Commands (CLR)\\nClrGraph\\nFunction: This command clears the graph screen.\\nSyntax: ClrGraph_\\nDescription: This command clears the graph screen during program execution.\\nClrList\\nFunction: This command clears list data.\\nSyntax: ClrList_\\nDescription: This command clears the contents of the currently selected list (List 1\\nto List 6) during program execution.\\nClrText\\nFunction: This command clears the text screen.\\nSyntax: ClrText_\\nDescription:\\nThis command clears text from the screen during program execution.\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Display Commands (DISP)\\nDrawStat\\nFunction: This draws a statistical graph.\\nSyntax:\\nDrawStat_\\n\\n\\n154\\nChapter 8\\nProgramming\\nDescription:\\nThis command draws a statistical graph in accordance with conditions defined within\\nthe program.\\nDrawGraph\\nFunction: This command draws a graph.\\nSyntax: DrawGraph_\\nDescription: This command draws a graph in accordance with the drawing condi-\\ntions defined within the program.\\nDispTable\\nFunction: These commands display numeric tables.\\nSyntax:\\nDispTable_\\nDescription:\\nThese commands generate numeric tables during program execution in accordance\\nwith conditions defined within the program.\\nDrawTG-Con, DrawTG-Plt\\nFunction: These commands graph functions.\\nSyntax:\\nDrawTG-Con_\\nDrawTG-Plt_\\nDescription:\\n1. These commands graph functions in accordance with conditions defined within\\nthe program.\\n2. DrawTG-Con produces a connect type graph, while DrawTG-Plt produces a plot\\ntype graph.\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Input/Output Commands (I/O)\\nReceive (\\nFunction: This command receives data from an external device.\\nSyntax: Receive (<data>) (…ex. Receive (List 1))\\nDescription:\\n1. This command receives data from an external device.\\n2. The following types of data can be received by this command.\\n• Individual values assigned to variables\\n• List data (all values - individual values cannot be specified)\\n\\n\\n155\\nProgramming\\nChapter 8\\nSend (\\nFunction: This command sends data to an external device.\\nSyntax: Send (<data>) (…ex. Send (List 1))\\nDescription:\\n1. This command sends data to an external device.\\n2. The following types of data can be sent by this command.\\n• Individual values assigned to variables\\n• List data (all values - individual values cannot be specified)\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Conditional Jump Relational Operators (REL)\\n=, G\\nG\\nG\\nG\\nG, >, <, ≥, ≤\\nFunction: These relational operators are used in combination with the conditional\\njump command.\\nSyntax:\\nParameters:\\nleft side/right side: variable (A to Z), numeric constant, variable expression (such as:\\nA × 2)\\nrelational operator: =, G\\nG\\nG\\nG\\nG, >, <, ≥, ≤\\nDescription:\\n1. The following six relational operators can be used in the conditional jump com-\\nmand\\n<left side> = <right side> : true when <left side> equals <right side>\\n<left side> G\\nG\\nG\\nG\\nG <right side> : true when <left side> does not equal <right side>\\n<left side> > <right side> : true when <left side> is greater than <right side>\\n<left side> < <right side> : true when <left side> is less than <right side>\\n<left side> ≥ <right side> : true when <left side> is greater than or equal to <right\\nside>\\n<left side> ≤ <right side> : true when <left side> is less than or equal to <right side>\\n2. See “⇒ (Jump Code)” for details on using the conditional jump.\\n_\\n<left side> <relational operator> <right side> ⇒ <statement>\\n:\\n<statement>\\n^\\n(With Jump Code)\\nP.152\\n\\n\\n156\\nChapter 8\\nProgramming\\n11. Text Display\\nYou can include text in a program by simply enclosing it between double quotation\\nmarks. Such text appears on the display during program execution, which means\\nyou can add labels to input prompts and results.\\nProgram\\nDisplay\\n? → X\\n?\\n”X =” ? → X\\nX = ?\\n• If the text is followed by a calculation formula, be sure to insert a display com-\\nmand (^) or multi-statement command (:) between the text and calculation.\\n• Inputting more than 13 characters causes the text to move down to the next line.\\nThe screen scrolls automatically if the text causes the screen to become full.\\n12. Using Calculator Functions in\\nPrograms\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Using Graph Functions in a Program\\nYou can incorporate graph functions into a program to draw complex graphs and to\\noverlay graphs on top of each other. The following shows various types of syntax you\\nneed to use when programming with graph functions.\\n• View Window\\nView Window –5, 5, 1, –5, 5, 1 _\\n• Graph function input\\nY = Type_...... Specifies graph type.\\n”X2 – 3” → Y1_\\n• Graph draw operation\\nDrawGraph_\\nExample Program\\n1 ClrGraph_\\n1!W[32\\n2 View Window –10, 10, 2, –120, 150, 50_\\n2!31Q\\n3 Y = Type_\\n33321Q\\n”X ^ 4–X ^ 3–24X2 + 4X + 80” → Y1_\\n4J[21Q\\n5 G SelOn 1_\\n53311\\n6 DrawGraph\\n6!W[42\\n4\\nP.48\\n\\n\\n157\\nProgramming\\nChapter 8\\nExecuting this program produces the result shown here.\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Using Table & Graph Functions in a Program\\nTable & Graph functions in a program can generate numeric tables and perform\\ngraphing operations. The following shows various types of syntax you need to use\\nwhen programming with Table & Graph functions.\\n• T\\nable range setting\\n1 → F Start_\\n5 → F End_\\n1 → F pitch_\\n• Numeric table generation\\nDispTable_\\n• Graph draw operation\\nConnect type: DrawTG-Con_\\nPlot type: DrawTG-Plt_\\nExample Program\\nClrGraph_\\nClrText_\\nView Window 0, 6, 1, –2, 106, 20_\\nY = Type_\\n”3X2 – 2” → Y1_\\n1T SelOn 1_\\n1341Q\\n0 → 2 F Start_\\n2J[31\\n6 → 3 F End_\\n32\\n1 → 4 F pitch_\\n43Q\\n5DispTable^\\n5!W[431Q\\n6DrawTG-Con\\n6!W[432Q\\nP.74\\n\\n\\n158\\nChapter 8\\nProgramming\\nExecuting this program produces the results shown here.\\nNumeric Table\\nGraph\\nw\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Using List Sort Functions in a Program\\nThese functions let you sort the data in lists into ascending or descending order.\\n• Ascending order\\n1 SortA (2 List  1, List  2, List  3)\\nLists to be sorted (up to six can be specified)\\n1 321Q\\n2 K11\\n• Descending order\\nSortD (List  1, List  2, List  3)\\nLists to be sorted (up to six can be specified)\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Using Statistical Calculations and Graphs in a Program\\nIncluding statistical calculations and graphing operations into program lets you cal-\\nculate and graph statistical data.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo set conditions and draw a statistical graph\\nFollowing “StatGrph”, you must specify the following graph conditions:\\n• Graph draw/non-draw status (DrawOn/DrawOff)\\n• Graph Type\\n• x-axis data location (list name)\\n• y-axis data location (list name)\\n• Frequency data location (list name)\\n• Mark Type\\nP.82\\nP.96\\n\\n\\n159\\nProgramming\\nChapter 8\\nThe graph conditions that are required depends on the graph type. See “Changing\\nGraph Parameters”.\\n• The following is a typical graph condition specification for a scatter diagram or\\nxy line graph.\\nS-Gph1 DrawOn, Scatter, List1, List2, 1, Square_\\nIn the case of an xy line graph, replace “Scatter” in the above specification with\\n“xyLine”.\\n• The following is a typical graph condition specification for a pie chart.\\nS-Gph1 DrawOn, Pie, List1, % (data display format)_\\n• The following is a typical graph condition specification for a stacked bar chart, bar\\ngraph, or line graph.\\nStacked bar chart: ......... S-Gph1 DrawOn, StackedBar, List1_\\nBar graph: ...................... S-Gph1 DrawOn, Bar, List1_\\nLine graph: ..................... S-Gph1 DrawOn, LineG, List1_\\n• The following is a typical graph condition specification for a superimposed bar\\nand line graph.\\nS-Gph1 DrawOn, Both, List1 (bar graph list), List2 (line graph list),\\nSep. G(AutoWin setting)_\\n• The following is a typical graph condition specification for a single-variable graph.\\nS-Gph1 DrawOn, Hist, List1, List2_\\nThe same format can be used for the following types of graphs, by simply replac-\\ning “Hist” in the above specification with the applicable graph type.\\nHistogram: ..................... Hist\\nMedian Box:................... MedBox\\nNormal Distribution: ....... N-Dist\\n• The following is a typical graph condition specification for a regression graph.\\nS-Gph1 DrawOn, Linear, List1, List2, List3_\\nThe same format can be used for the following types of graphs, by simply replac-\\ning “Linear” in the above specification with the applicable graph type.\\nLinear Regression: ........ Linear\\nMed-Med: ...................... Med-Med\\nQuadratic Regression: ... Quad\\nLogarithmic Regression: . Log\\nExponential Regression: Exp\\nPower Regression : ....... Power\\n\\n\\n160\\nChapter 8\\nProgramming\\nExample Program\\nClrGraph_\\n1!Z[[[1Q\\n1S-WindAuto_\\n2K11\\n{1, 2, 3} → 2 List  1_\\n31Q\\n{1, 2, 3} → 3 List  2_\\n43121Q\\n4S-Gph1 5 DrawOn,\\n53111Q\\n6Scatter, List1, List2, 1, 7 Square_\\n6312[1Q\\n8DrawStat\\n73141Q\\n8!W[41Q\\nExecuting this program produces the scatter diagram shown here.\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Performing Statistical Calculations\\n• Single-variable statistical calculation\\n11-Variable List 1, List 2\\nFrequency data (Frequency)\\nx-axis data (XList)\\n1 31[11Q\\n• Paired-variable statistical calculation\\n2-Variable List 1, List 2, List 3\\nFrequency data (Frequency)\\ny-axis data (YList)\\nx-axis data (XList)\\n\\n\\n161\\nProgramming\\nChapter 8\\n• Regression statistical calculation\\n1LinearReg List 1, List 2, List 3\\nCalculation\\nFrequency data (Frequency)\\ntype*\\ny-axis data (YList)\\nx-axis data (XList)\\n1 31[1[1Q\\n* Any one of the following can be specified as the calculation type.\\nLinearReg ....... linear regression\\nMed-MedLine .. Med-Med calculation\\nQuadReg ........ quadratic regression\\nLogReg ........... logarithmic regression\\nExpReg ........... exponential regression\\nPowerReg ....... power regression\\n\\n\\n162\\nChapter 8\\nProgramming\\n\\n\\nData Communications\\nChapter 9\\n163\\nData Communications\\nThis chapter tells you everything you need to know to transfer pro-\\ngrams between the fx-7400G PLUS and certain CASIO Graphic Sci-\\nentific Calculator models connected with an optionally available SB-\\n62 cable. To transfer data between a unit and a personal computer,\\nyou will need to purchase the separately available CASIO Interface\\nUnit.\\nThis chapter also contains information on how to use the optional\\nSB-62 cable to connect to a CASIO Label Printer to transfer screen\\ndata for printing.\\n1. Connecting Two Units\\n2. Connecting the Unit with a Personal Computer\\n3. Connecting the Unit with a CASIO Label Printer\\n4. Before Performing a Data Communication Operation\\n5. Performing a Data Transfer Operation\\n6. Screen Send Function\\n7. Data Communications Precautions\\nChapter\\n9\\n\\n\\nChapter 9\\nData Communications\\n164\\n          1. Connecting Two Units\\nThe following procedure describes how to connect two units with an optional SB-62\\nconnecting cable for transfer of programs between them.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo connect two units\\n1. Check to make sure that the power of both units is off.\\n2. Remove the covers from the connectors of the two units.\\n• Be sure you keep the connector covers in a safe place so you can replace them\\nafter you finish your data communications.\\n3. Connect the two units using the SB-62 cable.\\nSB-62 cable\\n• Keep the connectors covered when you are not using them.\\n\\n\\nData Communications\\nChapter 9\\n165\\n      2. Connecting the Unit with a\\nPersonal Computer\\nT\\no transfer data between the unit and a personal computer, you must connect them\\nthrough a separately available CASIO Interface Unit.\\nFor details on operation, the types of computer that can be connected, and hardware\\nlimitations, see the user’s guide that comes with the Interface Unit.\\nSome types of data may not be able to be exchanged with a personal computer.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo connect the unit with a personal computer\\n1. Check to make sure that the power of the unit and the personal computer is off.\\n2. Connect the personal computer to the Interface Unit.\\n3. Remove the cover from the connector of the unit.\\n• Be sure you keep the connector cover in a safe place so you can replace it after\\nyou finish your data communications.\\n4. Connect the unit to the Interface Unit.\\n5. Turn on the power of the unit, followed by the personal computer.\\n• After you finish data communications, turn off power in the sequence: the unit\\nfirst, and then the personal computer. Finally, disconnect the equipment.\\n\\n\\nChapter 9\\nData Communications\\n166\\n      3. Connecting the Unit with a CASIO\\nLabel Printer\\nAfter you connect the unit to a CASIO Label Printer with an optional SB-62 cable,\\nyou can use the Label Printer to print screen shot data from the unit. See the user’s\\nguide that comes with your Label Printer for details on how to perform this operation.\\n• The operation described above can be performed using the following Label Printer\\nmodels: KL-2000, KL-2700, KL-8200, KL-8700 (as of February 2002).\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo connect the unit with a Label Printer\\n1. Check to make sure that the power of the unit and the Label Printer is off.\\n2. Connect the optional SB-62 cable to the Label Printer.\\n3. Remove the cover from the connector of the unit.\\n• Be sure you keep the connector cover in a safe place so you can replace it after\\nyou finish your data communications.\\n4. Connect the other end of the SB-62 cable to the unit.\\n5. Turn on the power of the unit, followed by the Label Printer.\\n• After you finish data communications, turn off power in the sequence: the unit\\nfirst, and then the Label Printer. Finally, disconnect the equipment.\\nSB-62 cable\\nLabel Printer\\n\\n\\nData Communications\\nChapter 9\\n167\\n4. Before Performing a Data\\nCommunication Operation\\nIn the Main Menu, select the LINK icon and enter the LINK Mode. The following data\\ncommunication main menu appears on the display.\\nImage Set: ........... Indicates the status of the graphic image send features.\\nOff:\\nGraphic images not sent.\\nOn:\\nPressing M sends graphic images.\\n1 (TRAN) ..... Menu of send settings\\n2 (RECV) ..... Menu of receive settings\\n4 (IMGE)...... Menu of graphic image transfer settings\\nCommunication parameters are fixed at the following settings.\\n• Speed (BPS):\\n9600 bits per second\\n• Parity (PARITY): NONE\\nP.172\\n1\\n2\\n4\\n\\n\\nChapter 9\\nData Communications\\n168\\n5. Performing a Data Transfer Operation\\nConnect the two units and then perform the following procedures.\\nReceiving unit\\nT\\no set up the calculator to receive data, press 2 (RECV) while the data communi-\\ncation main menu is displayed.\\n2(RECV)\\nThe calculator enters a data receive standby mode and waits for data to arrive. Ac-\\ntual data receive starts as soon as data is sent from the sending unit.\\nSending unit\\nT\\no set up the calculator to send data, press 1 (TRAN) while the data communica-\\ntion main menu is displayed.\\n1 (TRAN)\\nPress the function key that corresponds to the type of data you want to send.\\n1 (SEL) ........ Selects data items and sends them\\n4 (BACK) ..... All memory contents, including mode settings\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo send selected data items\\nPress 1 (SEL) to display a data item selection screen.\\n1(SEL)\\nData items\\n1\\n2\\n4\\n1\\n2\\n4\\n\\n\\nData Communications\\nChapter 9\\n169\\n1 (SEL) ........ Selects data item where cursor is located.\\n4 (TRAN) ..... Sends selected data items.\\nUse the f and c cursor keys to move the cursor to the data item you want to\\nselect and press 1 (SEL) to select it. Currently selected data items are marked\\nwith “'”. Pressing 4 (TRAN) sends all the selected data items.\\n• T\\no deselect a data item, move the cursor to it and press 1 (SEL) again.\\nOnly items that contain data appear on the data item selection screen. If there are\\ntoo many data items to fit on a single screen, the list scrolls when you move the\\ncursor to the bottom line of the items on the screen.\\nThe following types of data items can be sent.\\nData Item\\nContents\\nOverwrite\\nPassword\\nCheck*1\\nCheck*2\\nProgram\\nProgram contents\\nYes\\nY\\nes\\nList n\\nList memory (1 to 6) contents\\nYes\\nY=Data\\nGraph expressions, graph write/\\nnon-write status, View Window\\nNo\\ncontents, zoom factors\\nV-Win\\nView Window memory contents\\nNo\\nVariable\\nVariable assignments\\nNo\\n*1 No overwrite check: If the receiving unit already contains the same type of data, the existing\\ndata is overwritten with the new data.\\nWith overwrite check: If the receiving unit already contains the same type of data, a mes-\\nsage appears to ask if the existing data should be overwritten with the new data.\\n\\n\\nChapter 9\\nData Communications\\n170\\n1 (YES) ........ Replaces the receiving unit’s existing data with the new data.\\n4 (NO) ......... Skips to next data item.\\n*2 With password check: If a file is password protected, a message appears asking\\nfor input of the password.\\nName of password protected file\\nPassword input field\\n4 (SYBL)...... Symbol input\\nAfter inputting the password, press w.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo execute a send operation\\nAfter selecting the data items to send, press 4 (TRAN). A message appears to\\nconfirm that you want to execute the send operation.\\n4(TRAN)\\n1 (YES) ........ Sends data.\\n4 (NO) ......... Returns to data selection screen.\\nData item name\\n1\\n2\\n4\\n1\\n2\\n4\\n1\\n2\\n4\\n\\n\\nData Communications\\nChapter 9\\n171\\nPress 1 (YES) to send the data.\\n1(YES)\\n• You can interrupt a data operation at any time by pressing A.\\nThe following shows what the displays of the sending and receiving units look like\\nafter the data communication operation is complete.\\nSending Unit\\nReceiving Unit\\nPress A to return to the data communication main menu.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo send backup data\\nThis operation allows you to send all memory contents, including mode settings.\\nWhile the send data type selection menu is on the screen, press 4 (BACK), and\\nthe back up send menu shown below appears.\\n4(BACK)\\nPress 4 (TRAN) to start the send operation.\\n4(TRAN)\\nThe following shows what the displays of the sending and receiving units look like\\nafter the data communication operation is complete.\\n1\\n2\\n4\\n\\n\\nChapter 9\\nData Communications\\n172\\nSending Unit\\nReceiving Unit\\nPress A to return to the data communication main menu.\\n• Data can become corrupted, necessitating a RESET of the receiving unit, should\\nthe connecting cable become disconnected during data transfer. Make sure\\nthat the cable is securely connected to both units before performing any data\\ncommunication operation.\\n6. Screen Send Function\\nThe following procedure sends a bit mapped screen shot of the display to a con-\\nnected computer.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo send the screen\\n1. Connect the unit to a personal computer or to a CASIO Label Printer.\\n2. In the data communication main menu, press 4 (IMGE), and the following dis-\\nplay appears.\\n4(IMGE)\\n1(Off) ........... Graphic images not sent\\n2(On) ........... Bitmap\\n3. Display the screen you want to send.\\n4. Set up the personal computer or Label Printer to receive data. When the other\\nunit is ready to receive, press M to start the send operation.\\nP.165\\nP.167\\n1\\n2\\n4\\n\\n\\nData Communications\\nChapter 9\\n173\\nYou cannot send the following types of screens to a computer.\\n• The screen that appears while a data communication operation is in progress.\\n• A screen that appears while a calculation is in progress.\\n• The screen that appears following the reset operation.\\n• The low battery message.\\n• The flashing cursor is not included in the screen image that is sent from the\\nunit.\\n• If you send a screen shot of any of the screens that appear during the data\\nsend operation, you will not be able to then use the sent screen to proceed with\\nthe data send operation. You must exit the data send operation that produced\\nthe screen you sent and restart the send operation before you can send addi-\\ntional data.\\n• You cannot use 6mm wide tape to print a screen shot of a graph.\\n7. Data Communications Precautions\\nNote the following precautions whenever you perform data communications.\\n• An error occurs whenever you try to send data to a receiving unit that is not yet\\nstanding by to receive data. When this happens, press A to clear the error and\\ntry again, after setting up the receiving unit to receive data.\\n• An error occurs whenever the receiving unit does not receive any data approxi-\\nmately six minutes after it is set up to receive data. When this happens, press A\\nto clear the error.\\n• An error occurs during data communications if the cable becomes disconnected,\\nthe parameters of the two units do not match, or if any other communications\\nproblem occurs. When this happens, press A to clear the error, then correct the\\nproblem before trying data communications again. If data communications are\\ninterrupted by the A key operation or an error, any data successfully received\\nup to the interruption will be in the memory of the receiving unit.\\n• An error occurs if the receiving unit memory becomes full during data communi-\\ncations. When this happens, press A to clear the error and delete unneeded\\ndata from the receiving unit to make room for the new data, and then try again.\\n• To send picture (graph) memory data, the receiving unit need 1-kbytes of memory\\nfor use as a work area in addition to the data being received.\\n\\n\\nChapter 9\\nData Communications\\n174\\n\\n\\nProgram Library\\n1\\nPrime Factor Analysis\\n2\\nGreatest Common Measure\\n3\\nt-Test Value\\n4\\nCircle and Tangents\\n5\\nRotating a Figure\\nBefore using the Program Library\\n• Be sure to check how many bytes of unused memory are remain-\\ning before attempting to perform any programming.\\n• This Program Library is divided into two sections: a numeric cal-\\nculation section and a graphics section. Programs in the numeric\\ncalculation section produce results only, while graphics programs\\nuse the entire display area for graphing. Also note that calcula-\\ntions within graphics programs do not use the multiplication sign\\n(×) wherever it can be dropped (i.e. in front of open parenthesis).\\nChapter\\n10\\n\\n\\n176\\nPROGRAM SHEET\\nProgram for\\nPrime Factor Analysis\\nDescription\\nProduces prime factors of arbitrary positive integers\\nFor 1 < m < 1010\\nPrime numbers are produced from the lowest value first. “END” is displayed at the end\\nof the program.\\n(Overview)\\nm is divided by 2 and by all successive odd numbers (d = 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, ....) to check\\nfor divisibility.\\nWhere d is a prime factor, mi = mi–1/d is assumed, and division is repeated until\\nmi + 1 < d.\\nExample\\n[1]\\n119 = 7 × 17\\n[2]\\n440730 = 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 59 × 83\\n[3]\\n262701 = 3 × 3 × 17 × 17 × 101\\nPreparation and operation\\n• Store the program written on the next page.\\n• Execute the program as shown below.\\nStep Key operation\\nDisplay\\nStep Key operation\\nDisplay\\nNo.\\n1\\n\\n\\n177\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n5\\n6\\n7\\n8\\n9\\n10\\n11\\n12\\n13\\n14\\n15\\n16\\n17\\n18\\n19\\n20\\n21\\n22\\n23\\n24\\n25\\n26\\n27\\nP\\nLbl\\nLbl\\nLbl\\nLbl\\nLbl\\nGoto\\nLbl\\nLbl\\nLbl\\nLbl\\nLbl\\nR\\n0\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n6\\n5\\n6\\n7\\n8\\n9\\nM\\n:\\n:\\n:\\n:\\n:\\n:\\n:\\n:\\n:\\n:\\n:\\n\\\"\\n2\\nFrac\\nB\\nB\\nA\\nB\\nA\\n\\\"\\nF\\nM\\n^\\n(\\nA\\nI\\n+\\n÷\\n^\\n^\\nE\\nA\\n\\\"\\nA\\nA\\n+\\nC\\n2\\nB\\nA\\nN\\nC\\n?\\n÷\\n÷\\n1\\n⇒\\n→\\n×\\n÷\\nD\\nT\\n→\\n2\\n2\\n→\\nGoto\\nB\\nB\\nB\\n\\\"\\n:\\nA\\n=\\n:\\n:\\nGoto\\nA\\nA\\nGoto\\nA\\n→\\n)\\nC\\n8\\n:\\n–\\n→\\n^\\nGoto\\n:\\n0\\nFrac\\n4\\n=\\n:\\n0\\n2\\nA\\n⇒\\n(\\n:\\n0\\nGoto\\n:\\n=\\nGoto\\nA\\n⇒\\n3\\n1\\n1\\n÷\\nGoto\\n:\\n⇒\\n:\\nB\\n7\\nA\\nB\\nC\\nD\\nE\\nF\\nG\\nH\\nI\\nJ\\nK\\nL\\nM\\nN\\nO\\nP\\nQ\\nR\\nS\\nT\\nU\\nV\\nW\\nX\\nY\\nZ\\nmi\\nd\\nmi +1\\nGoto\\n3\\n)\\n:\\n9\\n→\\n=\\nGoto\\n:\\nB\\n0\\n5\\n:\\n⇒\\n:\\nNo.\\n1\\nLine\\nProgram\\nFile\\nname\\nMemory Contents\\n\\n\\n178\\nPROGRAM SHEET\\nProgram for\\nGreatest Common Measure\\nDescription\\nEuclidean general division is used to determine the greatest common measure for two interers\\na and b.\\nFor |a|, |b| < 109, positive values are taken as < 1010\\n(Overview)\\nn0 = max (|a|, |b|)\\nn1 = min (|a|, |b|)\\nnk–2\\nnk = nk–2 – –––\\nnk–1\\nnk–1\\nk = 2, 3....\\nIf nk = 0, then the greatest common measure (c) will be nk–1.\\nExample\\n[1]\\n[2]\\n[3]\\nWhen\\na = 238\\na = 23345\\na = 522952\\nb = 374\\nb = 9135\\nb = 3208137866\\n↓\\n↓\\n↓\\nc = 34\\nc = 1015\\nc = 998\\nPreparation and operation\\n• Store the program written on the next page.\\n• Execute the program as shown below.\\nStep Key operation\\nDisplay\\nStep Key operation\\nDisplay\\nNo.\\n2\\n\\n\\n179\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n5\\n6\\n7\\n8\\n9\\n10\\n11\\n12\\n13\\n14\\n15\\n16\\n17\\n18\\n19\\n20\\n21\\n22\\n23\\n24\\n25\\n26\\n27\\nC\\nLbl\\nAbs\\nB\\nA\\nLbl\\nC\\nB\\nLbl\\nM\\n1\\nA\\n<\\n→\\n2\\n=\\n→\\n3\\nN\\n:\\n→\\nA\\nC\\n:\\n0\\nA\\n:\\n\\\"\\nA\\n⇒\\n:\\n(–)\\n⇒\\n:\\nB\\nF\\nA\\n:\\nGoto\\nB\\n(\\nGoto\\nC\\n^\\nA\\n\\\"\\nAbs\\n2\\n→\\nlnt\\n3\\n→\\nGoto\\nC\\n?\\nB\\n:\\nA\\n(\\n:\\nB\\n1\\nT\\n→\\n→\\n:\\nA\\n:\\n:\\n:\\n→\\nB\\n2\\nA\\nB\\nC\\n÷\\nGoto\\n\\\"\\nB\\n)\\n:\\nB\\n:\\n×\\n\\\"\\nB\\n?\\n–\\n→\\nA\\nA\\nB\\nC\\nD\\nE\\nF\\nG\\nH\\nI\\nJ\\nK\\nL\\nM\\nN\\nO\\nP\\nQ\\nR\\nS\\nT\\nU\\nV\\nW\\nX\\nY\\nZ\\na, n0\\nb, n1\\nnk\\nB\\n)\\n:\\n→\\nC\\n:\\nNo.\\n2\\nLine\\nProgram\\nFile\\nname\\nMemory Contents\\n\\n\\n180\\nProgram for\\nt-Test Value\\nDescription\\nThe mean (sample mean) and sample standard deviation can be used to obtain a t-test value.\\nx\\n: mean of x data\\nxσn–1 : sample standard deviation of x data\\nn\\n: number of data items\\nm\\n: hypothetical population standard deviation (normally repre-\\nsented by µ, but m is used here because of variable name\\nlimitations)\\nExample\\nTo determine whether the population standard deviation for sample data 55, 54, 51,\\n55, 53, 53, 54, 52, is 53.\\nPerform a t-test with a level of significance of 5%.\\nPreparation and operation\\n• Store the program written on the next page.\\n• Execute the program as shown below.\\nPROGRAM SHEET\\nNo.\\n3\\nStep Key operation\\nDisplay\\nStep Key operation\\nDisplay\\nThe above operation produces a t-test value of t(53) = 0.7533708035. According to the t-distribution\\ntable in the next page, a level of significance of 5% and a degree of freedom of 7 (n – 1 = 8 – 1 = 7)\\nproduce a two-sided t-test value of approximately 2.365. Since the calculated t-test value is lower\\nthan the table value, the hypothesis that population mean m equals 53 is accepted.\\nt =\\n(x – m)\\nx  n–1\\n n\\n\\n\\n181\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n5\\n6\\n7\\n8\\n9\\n10\\n15\\n20\\n25\\n30\\n35\\n40\\n45\\n50\\n60\\n80\\n120\\n240\\n∞\\n0.2\\n3.078\\n1.886\\n1.638\\n1.533\\n1.476\\n1.440\\n1.415\\n1.397\\n1.383\\n1.372\\n1.341\\n1.325\\n1.316\\n1.310\\n1.306\\n1.303\\n1.301\\n1.299\\n1.296\\n1.292\\n1.289\\n1.285\\n1.282\\n0.1\\n6.314\\n2.920\\n2.353\\n2.132\\n2.015\\n1.943\\n1.895\\n1.860\\n1.833\\n1.812\\n1.753\\n1.725\\n1.708\\n1.697\\n1.690\\n1.684\\n1.679\\n1.676\\n1.671\\n1.664\\n1.658\\n1.651\\n1.645\\n12.706\\n4.303\\n3.182\\n2.776\\n2.571\\n2.447\\n2.365\\n2.306\\n2.262\\n2.228\\n2.131\\n2.086\\n2.060\\n2.042\\n2.030\\n2.021\\n2.014\\n2.009\\n2.000\\n1.990\\n1.980\\n1.970\\n1.960\\n63.657\\n9.925\\n5.841\\n4.604\\n4.032\\n3.707\\n3.499\\n3.355\\n3.250\\n3.169\\n2.947\\n2.845\\n2.787\\n2.750\\n2.724\\n2.704\\n2.690\\n2.678\\n2.660\\n2.639\\n2.617\\n2.596\\n2.576\\n0.05\\n0.01\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n5\\n6\\n7\\nT\\n{\\n5\\nl-Var\\nLbl\\n(\\n\\\"\\nGoto\\n5\\n4\\nList\\n0\\nx\\nT\\n0\\nT\\n5\\n,\\n1\\n:\\n–\\n=\\nE\\n,\\n5\\n,\\n\\\"\\nM\\n\\\"\\nS\\n5\\n2\\n1\\nM\\n)\\n:\\nT\\n4\\n}\\n_\\n\\\"\\n÷\\nT\\n,\\n→\\n?\\n(\\n^\\n5\\nList\\n→\\nxσn–1\\n,\\n_\\n_\\n1\\n1\\nM\\n÷\\n5\\nn\\n5\\n)\\n,\\n→\\n5\\nT\\n3\\n_\\nA\\nB\\nC\\nD\\nE\\nF\\nG\\nH\\nI\\nJ\\nK\\nL\\nM\\nN\\nO\\nP\\nQ\\nR\\nS\\nT\\nU\\nV\\nW\\nX\\nY\\nZ\\nm\\nt\\n,\\n5\\n3\\n,\\nP (Probability)\\nDegree\\nof Freedom\\nNo.\\n3\\nLine\\nProgram\\n• t-distribution table\\nThe values in the top row of the table show the probability (two-sided\\nprobability) that the absolute value of t is greater than the table values\\nfor a given degree of freedom.\\nMemory Contents\\nFile\\nname\\nM :aM\\nT :aT\\n\\n\\n182\\nPROGRAM SHEET\\nProgram for\\nCircle and Tangents\\nDescription\\nFormula for circle:\\nx2 + y2 = r2\\nFormula for tangent line passing\\nthrough point A (x', y'):\\ny – y' = m (x – x')\\n* m represents the slope of the\\ntangent line\\nWith this program, slope m and intercept b (= y' – mx') are obtained for lines drawn from point\\nA (x', y') and are tangent to a circle with a radius of r. The trace function is used to read out the\\ncoordinates at the points of tangency, and factor zoom is used to enlarge the graph.\\nExample\\nT\\no determine m and b for the following values:\\nr = 1\\nx'= 3\\ny'= 2\\nNotes\\n• The point plotted for A cannot be moved. Even if it is moved on the graph, the calculation is\\nperformed using the original value.\\n• An error (Ma ERROR) occurs when r = x'.\\n• Be sure to always perform a trace operation whenever you select trace and the message\\nTRACE is on the display.\\nPreparation and operation\\n• Store the program written on the next page.\\n• Execute the program as shown below.\\nNo.\\n4\\n0\\nX\\nY\\nA\\n(x',y')\\nr\\nA\\nB\\nC\\nD\\nE\\nF\\nG\\nH\\nI\\nJ\\nK\\nL\\nM\\nN\\nO\\nP\\nQ\\nR\\nS\\nT\\nU\\nV\\nW\\nX\\nY\\nZ\\nMemory Contents\\n\\n\\n183\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n5\\n6\\n7\\n8\\n9\\n10\\n11\\n12\\n13\\n14\\n15\\n16\\n17\\n18\\n19\\n20\\n21\\n22\\n23\\n24\\n25\\n26\\n27\\n28\\n29\\n30\\n31\\n32\\n33\\n34\\nT\\nProg\\n\\\"\\nR\\nProg\\n\\\"\\nX\\n\\\"\\nPlot\\nR\\n(\\nLbl\\nGraph Y=\\n\\\"\\n\\\"\\nLbl\\n\\\"\\nY\\nN\\n1\\nZ\\nLbl\\n(\\nGraph Y=\\n\\\"\\n\\\"\\nLbl\\n\\\"\\nY\\nN\\n2\\nZ\\nLbl\\n\\\"\\n\\\"\\nA\\n\\\"\\nX\\n=\\n\\\"\\n(\\n=\\nY\\nA\\nx2\\n6\\nM\\nM\\nB\\n0\\nT\\nE\\nO\\n→\\n=\\n2\\n(–)\\nN\\nM\\nB\\n5\\nT\\nE\\nO\\n→\\n=\\n1\\nT\\nFactor\\nN\\nW\\nx2\\n\\\"\\nC\\nX\\n\\\"\\n=\\n,\\n(\\nP\\n_\\n(\\n=\\n=\\n_\\nR\\nS\\n⇒\\nS\\n0\\n_\\nA\\n(\\n=\\n=\\n_\\nR\\nS\\n⇒\\nS\\n0\\n_\\nR\\nN\\nG\\nI\\n+\\n?\\nI\\n,\\n?\\n\\\"\\nB\\nA\\n–\\nX\\n\\\"\\n\\\"\\nA\\n⇒\\n0\\n:\\n⇒\\nB\\nX\\n\\\"\\n\\\"\\nA\\n⇒\\n0\\n:\\n⇒\\nA\\n:\\nE\\nN\\nY\\n→\\nR\\nY\\n→\\n?\\n^\\nx2\\nA\\n–\\n:\\n:\\nC\\n1\\n\\\"\\nZ\\nGoto\\n–\\n–\\n:\\n:\\nC\\n1\\n\\\"\\nZ\\nGoto\\nC\\nN\\nN\\nD\\nx2\\nR\\nC\\n)\\nA\\n→\\n+\\nB\\nA\\nM\\nB\\nE\\n_\\n:\\n=\\n2\\nA\\nN\\nB\\nE\\n_\\n:\\n=\\n3\\nE\\n=\\nT\\nO\\n=\\n_\\nL\\n_\\n_\\nB\\nB\\n)\\n)\\n^\\n–\\n?\\n?\\n1\\n:\\nP\\n)\\n^\\n–\\n?\\n?\\n1\\n:\\n\\\"\\n\\\"\\nW\\nR\\nE\\n_\\nx2\\n(\\n+\\nM\\n_\\n→\\n⇒\\nGoto\\n)\\n+\\nN\\n_\\n→\\n⇒\\nGoto\\n^\\n?\\n_\\n_\\n^\\nR\\nx2\\n^\\n^\\n_\\n1\\n_\\nR\\n^\\n^\\n_\\n1\\n_\\nF\\n\\\"\\nx2\\n\\\"\\n–\\nR\\nB\\nA\\nZ\\nGoto\\n0\\n(\\nB\\nA\\nZ\\nGoto\\n5\\n→\\nx2\\n–\\n)\\nA\\n→\\nx2\\nP\\n)\\n_\\nx–1\\n_\\n_\\n:\\nx2\\n–\\nFactor\\nA\\nF\\nx2\\n_\\n)\\n→\\nx–1\\nM\\n→\\n_\\nN\\n_\\nNo.\\n4\\nLine\\nProgram\\nFile\\nname\\n\\n\\n184\\nView\\nWindow\\n35\\n36\\n37\\n38\\n39\\n40\\n41\\n42\\n43\\n44\\n1\\n2\\n1\\n2\\nProg\\nS\\nGraph Y=\\nGoto\\nLbl\\nGraph Y=\\nProg\\n:\\nLbl\\n\\\"\\nW\\n3\\nC\\nGraph Y=\\nGraph Y=\\n\\\"\\n=\\nN\\n3\\n9\\nM\\n\\\"\\nGoto\\n3\\nE\\nI\\n(–)\\n,\\nI\\n(–)\\nC\\n2\\n(\\n_\\n_\\n(\\nW\\n6\\n_\\nN\\nN\\n3\\n1\\nR\\n(\\nI\\n⇒\\nX\\nX\\nI\\n_\\nD\\nD\\n.\\nC\\nR\\n(\\nR\\nGraph Y=\\n–\\n–\\nN\\n\\\"\\nO\\n9\\nL\\nx2\\nR\\nC\\nM\\nA\\nA\\nD\\nW\\n,\\nE\\n–\\nx2\\nL\\n(\\n)\\n)\\nO\\n3\\nX\\n–\\nE\\nX\\n+\\n+\\nW\\n.\\nx2\\nX\\n:\\nA\\n^\\n^\\n:\\n,\\n_\\n)\\n\\\"\\n–\\nB\\nB\\n\\\"\\n9\\n)\\nx2\\nS\\n)\\nProg\\n1\\n=\\n+\\n\\\"\\n,\\n1\\nB\\nC\\n(–)\\n⇒\\n_\\nI\\n2\\nGoto\\nR\\n.\\n9\\nC\\n3\\n_\\nL\\n,\\nE\\n2\\n\\\"\\n.\\nNo.\\n4\\nLine\\nProgram\\nFile\\nname\\nFile\\nname\\n\\n\\n185\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n5\\nProgram for\\nCircle and Tangents\\nNo.\\n4\\nStep\\nKey Operation\\nDisplay\\n\\n\\n186\\nProgram for\\nCircle and Tangents\\nNo.\\n4\\nStep\\nKey Operation\\nDisplay\\n6\\n7\\n8\\n9\\n10\\n\\n\\n187\\n11\\n12\\n13\\n14\\n15\\nProgram for\\nCircle and Tangents\\nNo.\\n4\\nStep\\nKey Operation\\nDisplay\\n\\n\\n188\\n16\\n17\\n18\\nProgram for\\nCircle and Tangents\\nNo.\\n4\\nStep\\nKey Operation\\nDisplay\\n\\n\\n189\\nPROGRAM SHEET\\nProgram for\\nRotating a Figure\\nDescription\\nFormula for coordinate transforma-\\ntion:\\n(x, y) → (x', y')\\nx' = x cos θ – y sin θ\\ny' = x sin θ + y cos θ\\nGraphing of rotation of any geometric figure by θ degrees.\\nExample\\nT\\no rotate by 30° the triangle defined by points A (2, 0.5), B (6, 0.5), and C (5, 1.5)\\nNotes\\n• Use the cursor keys to move the pointer around the display.\\n• To interrupt program execution, press A while the graphic screen is on the display.\\n• The triangle cannot be drawn if the result of the coordinate transformation operation exceeds\\nView Window parameters.\\nPreparation and operation\\n• Store the program written on the next page.\\n• Execute the program as shown below.\\nNo.\\n5\\nMemory Contents\\nA\\nB\\nC\\nD\\nE\\nF\\nG\\nx1\\ny1\\nx2\\ny2\\nx3\\ny3\\nx'1\\ny'1\\nx'2\\ny'2\\nx'3\\ny'3\\nH\\nI\\nJ\\nK\\nL\\nM\\nN\\nO\\nP\\nQ\\nR\\nS\\nT\\nU\\nV\\nW\\nX\\nY\\nZ\\n0\\nX\\nY\\nB(x2, y2)\\nA(x1, y1)\\nC(x3, y3)\\n\\n\\n190\\nNo.\\n5\\nLine\\nProgram\\nFile\\nname\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n5\\n6\\n7\\n8\\n9\\n10\\n11\\n12\\n13\\n14\\n15\\n16\\n17\\n18\\n19\\n20\\n21\\n22\\n23\\n24\\n25\\n26\\n27\\n28\\n29\\n30\\n31\\n32\\n33\\n34\\nR\\n8\\n\\\"\\nX\\n\\\"\\nPlot\\nX\\n\\\"\\nX\\n\\\"\\nPlot\\nX\\n\\\"\\nX\\n\\\"\\nPlot\\nX\\nLbl\\nLine\\n\\\"\\nA\\nA\\nPlot\\nC\\nC\\nPlot\\nE\\nE\\nPlot\\nPlot\\nCls\\nO\\n(–)\\n,\\n(\\n1\\nY\\nA\\n→\\n(\\n2\\nY\\nC\\n→\\n(\\n3\\nY\\nE\\n→\\n1\\n:\\nA\\ncos\\nsin\\nG\\ncos\\nsin\\nI\\ncos\\nsin\\nK\\nG\\n:\\nT\\n0\\n1\\nX\\n=\\n1\\n,\\nA\\nX\\n=\\n2\\n,\\nC\\nX\\n=\\n3\\n,\\nE\\n_\\nPlot\\nN\\nQ\\nQ\\n,\\nQ\\nQ\\n,\\nQ\\nQ\\n,\\n,\\nPlot\\nA\\n.\\n:\\n1\\n\\\"\\n=\\nB\\n:\\n2\\n\\\"\\n=\\nD\\n:\\n3\\n\\\"\\n=\\nF\\n:\\nA\\nG\\n–\\n+\\nH\\n–\\n+\\nJ\\n–\\n+\\nL\\nH\\nC\\nT\\n4\\nDeg\\n,\\n?\\n\\\"\\n^\\nY\\n,\\n?\\n\\\"\\n^\\nY\\n,\\n?\\n\\\"\\n^\\nY\\n,\\nL\\nB\\nB\\n_\\nD\\nD\\n:\\nF\\nF\\n:\\n:\\n,\\nE\\n,\\n_\\nY\\n→\\n?\\n→\\nY\\n→\\n?\\n→\\nY\\n→\\n?\\n→\\nB\\nE\\nsin\\ncos\\nsin\\ncos\\nLine\\nsin\\ncos\\nLine\\nLine\\nD\\n7\\n1\\nA\\n→\\nB\\n2\\nC\\n→\\nD\\n3\\nE\\n→\\nF\\n:\\n:\\nQ\\nQ\\nQ\\nQ\\n_\\nQ\\nQ\\n_\\n^\\n:\\n.\\n)\\n_\\nB\\n_\\n)\\n_\\nD\\n_\\n)\\n_\\nF\\n_\\nLine\\nDeg\\n→\\n→\\n→\\n→\\n→\\n→\\nPlot\\n,\\nPlot\\n?\\n_\\n_\\n_\\n_\\n_\\n_\\n,\\n4\\n_\\n_\\n_\\n_\\n_\\n_\\n:\\n\\\"\\nG\\nH\\nI\\nJ\\nK\\nL\\nE\\n1\\nC\\n→\\n,\\n,\\nQ\\n(–)\\nD\\n_\\n0\\n:\\n.\\nLine\\nF\\nView\\nWindow\\n:\\nGoto 1\\n8\\n,\\n3\\n.\\n^\\n\\n\\n191\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n5\\nProgram for\\nRotating a Figure\\nNo.\\n5\\nStep\\nKey Operation\\nDisplay\\n\\n\\n192\\n6\\n7\\n8\\n9\\n10\\nProgram for\\nRotating a Figure\\nNo.\\n5\\nStep\\nKey Operation\\nDisplay\\n(Locate the pointer at X = 5)\\nContinue, repeating from step 8.\\n\\n\\nAppendix\\nAppendix A\\nResetting the Calculator\\nAppendix B\\nPower Supply\\nAppendix C\\nError Message Table\\nAppendix D\\nInput Ranges\\nAppendix E\\nSpecifications\\n\\n\\n194\\nAppendix\\nAppendix A\\nResetting the Calculator\\nWarning!\\nThe procedure described here clears all memory contents. Never perform this op-\\neration unless you want to totally clear the memory of the calculator. If you need\\nthe data currently stored in memory, be sure to write it down somewhere before\\nperforming the RESET operation.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo reset the calculator\\n1. Press m to display the main menu.\\n2. Highlight the MEM icon and press w, or press j.\\n3. Use c to move the highlighting down to “Reset” and then press w.\\n4. Press 1 (YES) to reset the calculator or 4 (NO) to abort the operation without\\nresetting anything.\\n• If the display appears to dark or dim after you reset the calculator, adjust contrast.\\n1\\n2\\n3\\n4\\n\\n\\n195\\nAppendix\\nResetting the calculator initializes it to the following settings.\\nItem\\nInitial Setting\\nIcon\\nRUN\\nAngle Unit\\nRad\\nExponent Display Range\\nNorm 1\\nFraction Reduction\\nAutomatic\\nMixed Fraction\\nDisplay\\nGraph Type\\nRectangular coordinate (Y=)\\nStatistical Graph\\nAutomatic\\nVariable Memory\\nClear\\nAnswer Memory (Ans)\\nClear\\nGraphic Display/Text Display\\nClear\\nView Window\\nClear (initialized)\\nView Window Memory\\nClear\\nGraph Function\\nClear\\nEnlargement/Reduction Factor\\nClear (initialized)\\nT\\nable & Graph Data\\nClear\\nList Data\\nClear\\nStatistical Calculation/Graph Memory\\nClear\\nProgram\\nClear\\nInput Buffer/AC Replay\\nClear\\n• Performing the RESET operation while an internal calculation is being per-\\nformed will cause all data in memory to be deleted. Make sure that no calcula-\\ntion be being performed before starting a RESET operation.\\n• If the calculator stops operating correctly for some reason, use a thin, pointed\\nobject to press the P button on the back of the calculator. This should make the\\nRESET confirmation screen appear on the display. Perform the procedure to\\ncomplete the RESET operation.\\nP button\\n\\n\\n196\\nAppendix\\nAppendix B\\nPower Supply\\nThis unit is powered by two AAA-size (LR03 (AM4) or R03 (UM-4)) batteries. In addi-\\ntion, it uses a single CR2032 lithium battery as a back up power supply for the memory.\\nIf the following message appears on the display, immediately stop using the calcula-\\ntor and replace batteries.\\nIf you try to continue using the calculator, it will automatically switch power off, in\\norder to protect memory contents. You will not be able to switch power back on until\\nyou replace batteries.\\nBe sure to replace the main batteries at least once every two years, no matter how\\nmuch you use the calculator during that time.\\nWarning!\\nIf you remove both the main power supply and the memory back up batteries at the\\nsame time, all memory contents will be erased. If you do remove both batteries,\\ncorrectly reload them and then perform the reset operation.\\nThe batteries that come with this unit discharge slightly during shipment and\\nstorage. Because of this, they may require replacement sooner than the normal\\nexpected battery life.\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk Replacing Batteries\\nPrecautions:\\nIncorrectly using batteries can cause them to burst or leak, possibly damaging the\\ninterior of the unit. Note the following precautions:\\n• Be sure that the positive (+) and negative (–) poles of each battery are facing in\\nthe proper directions.\\n• Never mix batteries of different types.\\n• Never mix old batteries and new ones.\\n• Never leave dead batteries in the battery\\ncompartment.\\n• Remove the batteries if you do not plan to\\nuse the unit for long periods.\\n• Never try to recharge the batteries sup-\\nplied with the unit.\\n• Do not expose batteries to direct heat, let\\nthem become shorted, or try to take them\\napart.\\n\\n\\n197\\nAppendix\\n(Should a battery leak, clean out the battery compartment of the unit immedi-\\nately, taking care to avoid letting the battery fluid come into direct contact with\\nyour skin.)\\nKeep batteries out of the reach of small children. If swallowed, consult with a\\nphysician immediately.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo replace the main power supply batteries\\n* Never remove the main power supply and the memory back up batteries from\\nthe unit at the same time.\\n* Be sure to switch the unit off before replacing batteries. Replacing batteries\\nwith power on will cause data in memory to be deleted.\\n* Never replace the back cover or switch the calculator on while the main power\\nsupply batteries are removed from the calculator or not loaded correctly. Doing\\nso can cause memory data to be deleted and malfunction of the calculator. If\\nmishandling of batteries causes such problems, correctly load batteries and\\nthen perform the RESET operation to resume normal operation.\\n* Be sure to replace all two batteries with new ones.\\n1. Press !O to turn the calculator off.\\n2. Making sure that you do not accidently press the o key, attach the case to the\\ncalculator and then turn the calculator over.\\n3. Remove the back cover from the unit by pull-\\ning with your finger at the point marked ✩.\\n4. Remove the two old batteries.\\n5. Load a new set of two batteries, making sure\\nthat their positive (+) and negative (–) ends\\nare facing in the proper directions.\\n6. Replace the back cover and press o to turn\\npower on. The memory back-up battery pro-\\nvides power to the memory while the main\\nbatteries are removed, so memory data is not\\nlost.\\n\\n\\n198\\nAppendix\\n• Power will not switch on if you press o while the back cover is open.\\n• Do not leave the unit without main power supply batteries loaded for long periods.\\nDoing so can cause deletion of data stored in memory.\\n• If the figures on the display appear too light and hard to see after you turn on\\npower, adjust the contrast.\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nu\\nuTo replace the memory back up battery\\n* Before replacing the memory back up battery, switch on the unit and check to see\\nif the “Low battery!” message appears on the display. If it does, replace the main\\npower supply batteries before replacing the back up power supply battery.\\n* Never remove the main power supply and the memory back up batteries from the\\nunit at the same time.\\n* Be sure to switch the unit off before replacing battery. Replacing battery with\\npower on will cause data in memory to be deleted.\\n* Be sure to replace the back up power supply battery at least once 2 years, re-\\ngardless of how much you use the unit during that time. Failure to do so can\\ncause data in memory to be deleted.\\n1. Press !O to turn the calculator off\\n2.  Making sure that you do not accidently press the o key, attach the case to the\\ncalculator and then turn the calculator over.\\ni\\n3. Remove the back cover from the unit by pull-\\ning with your finger at the point marked ✩.\\n4. Remove screw i on the back of the calcula-\\ntor, and remove the back up battery holder.\\n5. Remove the old battery.\\nP.11\\n\\n\\n199\\nAppendix\\n6. Wipe off the surfaces of a new battery with a\\nsoft, dry cloth. Load it into the calculator so\\nthat its positive (+) side is facing up.\\n7. Pressing down on the battery with the battery\\nholder, replace the screw that secures the\\nholder in place.\\n8. Replace the back cover and press o to turn power on. The main batteries\\nprovide power to the memory while the back-up battery is removed, so memory\\ndata is not lost.\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk\\nk About the Auto Power Off Function\\nThe calculator switches power off automatically if you do not perform any key opera-\\ntion for about 6 minutes. To restore power, press o.\\nThe calculator automatically turns off it is left for about 60 minutes with a calculation\\nstopped by an output command (^), which is indicated by the “–Disp–” message on\\nthe display.\\n\\n\\n200\\nAppendix\\nMeaning\\n1 Calculation formula contains an\\nerror.\\n2 Formula in a program contains\\nan error.\\n1 Calculation result exceeds\\ncalculation range.\\n2 Calculation is outside the input\\nrange of a function.\\n3 Illogical operation (division by\\nzero, etc.)\\n4 Poor precision in differential\\ncalculation results.\\n1 No corresponding Lbl n for\\nGoto n.\\n2 No program stored in program\\narea Prog “file name”.\\n3 No corresponding “Next” for\\n“For”, no corresponding\\n“LpWhile” for “Do”, or no\\ncorresponding “WhileEnd” for\\n“While”.\\n•\\nNesting of subroutines exceeds\\n10 levels.\\nCountermeasure\\n1 Use d or e to display the\\npoint where the error was\\ngenerated and correct it.\\n2 Use d or e to display the point\\nwhere the error was generated\\nand then correct the program.\\n123\\nCheck the input numeric value\\nand correct it.\\nWhen using memories, check\\nthat the numeric values stored\\nin memories are correct.\\n4 Try using a smaller value for ∆x\\n(x increment/decrement).\\n1 Correctly input a Lbl n to corres-\\npond to the Goto n , or delete\\nthe Goto n if not required.\\n2 Store a program in program\\narea Prog “file name”, or delete\\nthe Prog “file name” if not\\nrequired.\\n3 Correctly match “Next” with\\n“For”, “LpWhile” with “Do”, or\\n“WhileEnd” with “While”.\\n•\\nEnsure that Prog “file name” is\\nnot used to return from\\nsubroutines to main routine. If\\nused, delete any unnecessary\\nProg “file name”.\\n • Trace the subroutine jump\\ndestinations and ensure that no\\njumps are made back to the\\noriginal program area. Ensure\\nthat returns are made correctly.\\nAppendix C\\nError Message Table\\nMessage\\nSyn ERROR\\nMa ERROR\\nGo ERROR\\nNe ERROR\\n\\n\\n201\\nAppendix\\nMeaning\\n•\\nExecution of calculations that\\nexceed the capacity of the stack\\nfor numeric values or stack for\\ncommands.\\n1 Not enough memory to hold\\nfunction input in the Graph\\nMode for graph drawing.\\n2 Not enough memory to hold\\nfunction input in the TABLE\\nMode.\\n3 Not enough memory to store\\ndata in list function.\\n•\\nIncorrect argument specification\\nfor a command that requires an\\nargument.\\n•\\nIllegal dimension used during\\nlist calculations.\\n•\\nProblem with cable connection\\nor parameter setting during\\nprogram data communications.\\n•\\nProblem with cable connection\\nor parameter setting during\\ndata communications.\\n•\\nProblem with cable connection\\nor parameter setting during\\ndata communications.\\n•\\nMemory of receiving unit\\nbecame full during program\\ndata communications.\\nCountermeasure\\n•\\nSimplify the formulas to keep\\nstacks within 10 levels for the\\nnumeric values and 26 levels\\nfor the commands.\\n•\\nDivide the formula into two or\\nmore parts.\\n123\\n•\\nKeep the number of variables\\nyou use for the operation within\\nthe number of variables\\ncurrently available.\\n•\\nSimplify the data you are trying\\nto store to keep it within the\\navailable memory capacity.\\n•\\nDelete no longer needed data\\nto make room for the new data.\\nCorrect the argument.\\n•\\nFix n, Sci n : n = integer from 0\\nthrough 9.\\n•\\nLbl n , Goto n : n = integer from\\n0 through 9.\\n•\\nCheck list dimension.\\n•\\nCheck cable connection.\\n•\\nCheck cable connection.\\n•\\nCheck cable connection.\\n•\\nDelete some data stored in the\\nreceiving unit and try again.\\nMessage\\nStk ERROR\\nMem ERROR\\nArg ERROR\\nDim ERROR\\nCom ERROR\\nTransmit\\nERROR!\\nReceive ERROR!\\nMemory Full!\\n\\n\\n202\\nAppendix\\nFunction\\nsinx\\ncosx\\ntanx\\nsin–1x\\ncos–1x\\ntan–1x\\nlogx\\nInx\\n10x\\nex\\nx\\nx2\\n1/x\\n3 x\\nx!\\nnPr\\nnCr\\nPol (x, y)\\nRec\\n(r ,θ)\\nInternal\\ndigits\\n15 digits\\n\\\"\\n\\\"\\n\\\"\\n\\\"\\n\\\"\\n\\\"\\n\\\"\\n\\\"\\n\\\"\\nPrecision\\nAs a rule,\\nprecision is\\n±1 at the\\n10th digit.*\\n\\\"\\n\\\"\\n\\\"\\n\\\"\\n\\\"\\n\\\"\\n\\\"\\n\\\"\\n\\\"\\nNotes\\nHowever, for tanx:\\n|x| G\\nG\\nG\\nG\\nG 90(2n+1):DEG\\n|x| G\\nG\\nG\\nG\\nG π/2(2n+1):RAD\\n|x| G\\nG\\nG\\nG\\nG 100(2n+1):GRA\\nInput ranges\\n(DEG) |x| < 9 × 109°\\n(RAD) |x| < 5 × 107πrad\\n(GRA) |x| < 1 × 1010grad\\n|x| < 1\\n|x| < 1 × 10100\\n1 × 10–99 < x < 1 × 10100\\n–1 × 10100 < x < 100\\n–1 × 10100\\n< x < 230.2585092\\n0 < x < 1 × 10100\\n|x| <1 × 1050\\n|x| < 1 × 10100, x G\\nG\\nG\\nG\\nG 0\\n|x| < 1 × 10100\\n0 < x < 69\\n(x is an integer)\\nResult < 1 × 10100\\nn, r (n and r are integers)\\n0 < r < n,\\nn < 1 × 1010\\n < 1 × 10100\\nx2 + y2\\n|r| < 1 × 10100\\n(DEG) |θ | < 9 × 109°\\n(RAD) |θ | < 5 × 107π rad\\n(GRA) |θ | < 1 × 1010grad\\nAppendix D\\nInput Ranges\\nHowever, for tanθ :\\n|θ | G\\nG\\nG\\nG\\nG 90(2n+1):DEG\\n|θ | G\\nG\\nG\\nG\\nG π/2(2n+1):RAD\\n|θ | G\\nG\\nG\\nG\\nG 100(2n+1):GRA\\n\\n\\n203\\nAppendix\\nInternal\\ndigits\\n15 digits\\n\\\"\\n\\\"\\n\\\"\\n\\\"\\nPrecision\\nAs a rule,\\nprecision is\\n±1 at the\\n10th digit.*\\n\\\"\\n\\\"\\n\\\"\\n\\\"\\nNotes\\nInput ranges\\n|a|, b, c < 1 × 10100\\n0 < b, c\\n|x| < 1 × 10100\\nSexagesimal display:\\n|x| < 1 × 107\\nx > 0:\\n–1 × 10100 < ylogx < 100\\nx = 0 : y > 0\\nx < 0 :\\ny = n,          (n is an integer)\\nHowever;\\n–1 × 10100 < ylog |x| < 100\\ny > 0 : x G\\nG\\nG\\nG\\nG 0\\n–1 × 10100 < \\n logy < 100\\ny = 0 : x > 0\\ny < 0 : x = 2n +1,\\n(n G\\nG\\nG\\nG\\nG 0, n is an integer)\\nHowever;\\n–1 × 10100 < \\nlog |y| < 100\\nT\\notal of integer, numerator\\nand denominator must be\\nwithin 10 digits (includes di-\\nvision marks).\\n|x| < 1 × 1050\\n|y| < 1 × 1050\\n|n| < 1 × 10100\\nxσn, yσn, x, y, a, b, c, r :\\nn G\\nG\\nG\\nG\\nG 0\\nxσn–1, yσn–1: n G\\nG\\nG\\nG\\nG 0, 1\\n1\\n––––\\n–\\n2n+1\\n1\\n––\\nx\\n1\\n––\\nn\\n1\\n––\\nx\\nFunction\\n° ’ ”\\n←\\n° ’ ”\\n^ (xy)\\nx y\\nab/c\\nSTAT\\n*For a single calculation, calculation error is ±1 at the 10th digit. (In the case of exponential display,\\ncalculation error is ±1 at the last significant digit.) Errors are cumulative in the case of consecutive\\ncalculations, which can also cause them to become large. (This is also true of internal consecutive\\ncalculations that are performed in the case of ^(xy), x y, x!, 3   , nPr, nCr, etc.)\\nIn the vicinity of a function’s singular point and point of inflection, errors are cumulative and may\\nbecome large.\\n\\n\\n204\\nAppendix\\nAppendix E\\nSpecifications\\nVariables: 26\\nCalculation range:\\n±1 × 10–99 to ±9.999999999 × 1099 and 0. Internal operations use 15-digit mantissa.\\nExponential display range:\\nNorm 1:\\n10–2 > |x|, |x| > 1010\\nNorm 2:\\n10–9 > |x|, |x| > 1010\\nProgram capacity:\\n20,000 bytes (max.)\\nPower supply:\\nMain: Two AAA-size batteries (LR03 (AM4) or R03 (UM-4))\\nBack-up: One CR2032 lithium battery\\nPower consumption: 0.05W\\nBattery life\\nMain:\\nLR03 (AM4): Approximately 1,500 hours (continuous display of main menu)\\nApproximately 700 hours (continuous operation)\\nR03 (UM-4): Approximately 900 hours (continuous display of main menu)\\nApproximately 400 hours (continuous operation)\\nBack-up: Approximately 2 years (when main batteries are not supplying power)\\nAuto power off:\\nPower is automatically turned off approximately six minutes after last operation.\\nThe calculator automatically turns off if it is left for about 60 minutes with a calcula-\\ntion stopped by an output command (^), which is indicated by the “–Disp–” mes-\\nsage on the display.\\nAmbient temperature range: 0°C to 40°C\\nDimensions: 23 mm (H) × 85.5 mm (W) × 169 mm (D)\\n15/16\\\" (H) × 3 7/16\\\" (W) × 6 3/4\\\" (D)\\nWeight: 185g (including batteries)\\nData Communications\\nFunctions:\\nProgram contents and file names; function memory data; list data; variable data;\\nTable & Graph data; graph functions\\nMethod: Start-stop (asynchronous), half-duplex\\nTransmission speed (BPS): 9600 bits/second\\nParity: none\\nBit length: 8 bits\\nStop bit:\\nSend: 2 bits\\nReceive: 1 bit\\n\\n\\nProgram Mode Command List\\nMENU\\n[OPTN]key\\nSTAT\\nLIST\\nDRAW\\nList\\nList_\\nOn\\nDrawOn\\nOff\\nDrawOff\\nDim\\nDim_\\n[PRGM]key\\n[VARS]key\\nGRPH\\nFill\\nFill(\\nCOM\\nV-WIN\\nGPH1\\nS-Gph1_\\nSeq\\nSeq(\\nIf\\nIf_\\nXmin\\nXmin\\nGPH2\\nS-Gph2_\\nThen\\nThen_\\nXmax\\nXmax\\nGPH3\\nS-Gph3_\\nMin\\nMin(\\nElse\\nElse_\\nXscl\\nXscl\\nScat\\nScatter\\nMax\\nMax(\\nI·End\\nIfEnd\\nFACT\\nxy\\nxyLine\\nPie\\nPie\\nStck\\nStackedBar\\nMean\\nMean(\\nXfct\\nXfct\\nMed\\nMedian(\\nFor\\nFor_\\nYfct\\nYfct\\nHist\\nHist\\nTo\\n_To_\\nSTAT\\nBox\\nMedBox\\nSum\\nSum_\\nStep\\n_Step_\\nX\\nN-Dis\\nN-Dist\\nCALC\\nNext\\nNext\\nn\\nn\\nSimp\\nSimp\\no\\no\\nInt÷\\n_Int÷_ \\nW·End\\nWhile_\\nΣx\\nΣx\\nX\\nLinear\\nRmdr\\n_Rmdr_\\nWhle\\nWhileEnd\\nΣx2\\nΣx2\\nMed\\nMed-Med\\nSTAT\\nDo\\nDo\\nxσn\\nxσn\\nX^2\\nQuad\\nx^\\nx^\\nLp·W\\nLpWhile_\\ny^\\ny^\\nCTL\\nxσn-1\\nxσn-1\\nLog\\nLog\\nProg\\nProg_\\nminX\\nminX\\nExp\\nExp\\nPROB\\nRtrn\\nReturn\\nmaxX\\nmaxX\\nPwr\\nPower\\nBar\\nBar\\nLine\\nLineG\\nBoth\\nBoth\\nX!\\n!\\nBrk\\nBreak\\nY\\nLIST\\nnPr\\nP\\nStop\\nStop\\np\\np\\nList1\\nList1\\nnCr\\nC\\nΣy\\nΣy\\nList2\\nList2\\nRan#\\nRan#\\nJUMP\\nΣy2\\nΣy2\\nList3\\nList3\\nNUM\\nLbl\\nLbl_\\nΣxy\\nΣxy\\nList4\\nList4\\nAbs\\nAbs_\\nGoto\\nGoto_\\nyσn\\nyσn\\nList5\\nList5\\nInt\\nInt_\\n⇒\\n⇒\\nList6\\nList6\\nFrac\\nFrac_\\nIsz\\nIsz_\\nyσn-1\\nyσn-1\\nMARK\\nRnd\\nRnd\\nDsz\\nDsz_\\nminY\\nminY\\nSquare\\nIntg\\nIntg_\\n?\\n?\\nmaxY\\nmaxY\\n×\\nCross\\nANGL\\n^\\n^\\nGRPH\\n•\\nDot\\no\\no\\na\\na\\nCALC\\nr\\nr\\nCLR\\nb\\nb\\n1VAR\\n1-Variable_\\ng\\ng\\nText\\nClrText\\nc\\nc\\n2VAR\\n2-Variable_\\no'''\\nGrph\\nClrGraph\\nList\\nClrList\\nr\\nr\\nX\\nLinearReg_\\nPol(\\nPol(\\nDISP\\nQ1\\nQ1\\nMed\\nMed-MedLine_\\nRec(\\nRec(\\nStat\\nDrawStat\\nMed\\nMed\\nX^2\\nQuadReg_\\nGrph\\nDrawGraph\\nQ3\\nQ3\\nTABL\\nMod\\nMod\\nLog\\nLogReg_\\nTabl\\nDispTable\\nPTS\\nExp\\nExpReg_\\nG-Con\\nDrawTG-Con\\nx1\\nx1\\nPwr\\nPowerReg_\\nG-Plt\\nDrawTG-Plt\\ny1\\ny1\\nLIST\\nREL\\nI/O\\n:\\n:\\nx2\\nx2\\nSRT-A\\nSortA(\\n=\\n=\\nSRT-D\\nSortD(\\n%\\nData\\n≠\\n≠\\ny2\\ny2\\nGRPH\\n>\\n>\\nx3\\nx3\\nSEL\\nDISP\\n%\\nData\\nSep.G\\nO.Lap\\nWIN\\nSep.G\\nNormWin\\nNorm\\nO.Lap\\n<\\n<\\ny3\\ny3\\nOn\\nG_SelOn_\\n>\\n>\\nGRPH\\nOff\\nG_SelOff_\\n<\\n<\\nSend\\nSend(\\nRecv\\nReceive(\\nY\\nY\\nTYPE\\nXt\\nXt\\nY=\\nY=Type\\nYt\\nYt\\nParm\\nParamType\\nTABL\\nStrt\\nF_Start\\nY>\\nY>Type\\nEnd\\nF_End\\nY<\\nY<Type\\npitch\\nF_pitch\\nY>\\nY>Type\\nY<\\nY<Type\\nTABL\\n[SETUP]key\\nOn\\nT_SelOn_\\nOff\\nT_SelOff_\\nDeg\\nDeg\\n[SHIFT]key\\nRad\\nRad\\nZOOM\\n '\\n'\\nGra\\nGra\\nFact\\nFactor_\\n\\\"\\n\\\"\\nV-WIN\\n~\\n~\\nV-Win\\nViewWindow_\\n*\\n*\\nSto\\nStoV-Win\\n/\\n/\\nRcl\\nRclV-Win\\n#\\n#\\nSKTCH\\nFix\\nFix_\\nCls\\nCls\\nSci\\nSci_\\nGRPH\\nNorm\\nNorm\\nY=\\nGraph_Y=\\nParm\\nGraph(X,Y)=(\\nAuto\\nS-WindAuto\\n Y>\\nGraph_Y>\\nMan\\nS-WindMan\\n Y<\\nGraph_Y<\\nRang\\nVarRange\\n Y>\\nGraph_Y >\\nList1\\nVarList1\\n Y<\\nGraph_Y <\\nList2\\nVarList2\\nList3\\nVarList3\\nPlot\\nPLOT\\nLINE\\nPlot\\nP-On\\nPlotOn\\nP-Off\\nPlotOff\\nP-Chg\\nPlotChg\\n[ALPHA]key\\nList4\\nVarList4\\nLine\\nLine\\nF-Lin\\nF-Line\\n '\\n '\\nList5\\nVarList5\\n\\\"\\n”\\nList6\\nVarList6\\nHztl\\nHorizontal_\\nVert\\nVertical_\\n~\\n~\\nd/dx\\nd/dx(\\nCon\\nG-Connect\\nPlot\\nG-Plot\\nYmin\\nYmin\\nYmax\\nYmax\\nYscl\\nYscl\\nTmin\\nTmin\\nTmax\\nTmax\\nTpth\\nTptch\",\"difficulty\":\"hard\",\"domain\":\"Long In-context Learning\",\"length\":\"medium\",\"question\":\"Recently, I bought a Casio scientific calculator, and its functions are quite complex. Which of the following features has an error?\",\"sub_domain\":\"User guide QA\"}","display_format":"text","language":"","answer_status":"published","assets":[],"source_url":"https://huggingface.co/datasets/zai-org/LongBench-v2","history":"initial import","indexing_mode":"noindex","subproblems":[],"grids":[]}