{"kind":"task","effective_mode":"full","benchmark":{"kind":"benchmark","effective_mode":"full","slug":"longbench-v2","formal_name":"LongBench v2","introduction":"LongBench v2 evaluates deep understanding and reasoning over long contexts through multiple-choice questions. Its official description lists 503 questions spanning tasks such as single-document and multi-document QA and code-repository understanding.","introduction_ja":"","introduction_en":"","category":"Category not supplied","task_count":null,"acquisition_status":"Acquisition status not supplied","official_url":"https://huggingface.co/datasets/zai-org/LongBench-v2","indexing_mode":"noindex","profile":{"resources":[],"task_format":"","scoring":"","metric":"","size":"","answer_access":"","license":"","citation":"","maintainer":"","released":"","why_hard":"","related":[]}},"task_id":"c5dc39e6-623a-5784-8042-32fad7470cbf","task_key":"train--66f2b11c821e116aacb2aeb6","task_revision_id":"3","upstream_id":"66f2b11c821e116aacb2aeb6","short_description":"In the 2023 National Population Health Survey, multiple factors affecting public…","config":"","split":"train","body":"{\"choice_A\":\"The psychological association between physical activity and alcohol consumption as rewards for enduring the stress of daily life creates conflicting motivations.\",\"choice_B\":\"The tendency to treat both physical activity and alcohol consumption as outlets for stress management makes it harder for middle-aged adults to balance these behaviors consistently.\",\"choice_C\":\"Viewing physical activity and alcohol consumption as coping mechanisms for work-related stress leads to a cycle where neither behavior is fully moderated.\",\"choice_D\":\"The use of physical activity and social drinking as simultaneous methods for stress relief creates a dilemma, making it difficult for middle-aged adults to prioritize one healthy behavior over the other.\",\"context\":\"CONTENTS \\n \\nForeword \\n1 \\n \\n \\nExecutive Summary \\n2 \\n \\n \\nMain Report \\nBased on annual data \\n \\n \\n1 \\nAlcohol Consumption  \\n11 \\n \\n2 \\nCigarette Smoking  \\n19 \\n \\n3 \\nPhysical Activity \\n24 \\n \\n4 \\nSelf-reported Diabetes Mellitus  \\n31 \\n \\n5 \\nSelf-reported Hypertension  \\n35 \\n \\n6 \\nSelf-reported Hyperlipidaemia  \\n39 \\n \\n7 \\nChronic Disease Screening \\n43 \\n \\n8 \\nBreast Cancer Screening  \\n50 \\n \\n9 \\nCervical Cancer Screening  \\n53 \\n \\n10 Colorectal Cancer Screening  \\n56 \\n \\n11 Self-reported Vaccination Uptake \\n60 \\n \\n12 Mental Health  \\n65 \\n \\n13 Survey Methodology  \\n72 \\n \\n \\nReferences \\n79 \\n \\n \\nAcknowledgements \\n81 \\n \\n \\nAnnexes \\n \\n \\nA \\nSurvey Questionnaire  \\n82 \\n \\nB \\nProject Team  \\n160 \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n1 \\n \\nForeword \\n \\n \\nThe National Population Health Survey (NPHS) is a cross-sectional population health \\nsurvey series to track the health and risk factors, as well as lifestyle practices of Singapore \\nresidents. This survey replaces the three population health surveys (i.e., National Health \\nSurvey (NHS), National Health Surveillance Survey (NHSS) and Health Behaviour \\nSurveillance of Singapore (HBSS)) previously conducted by the Ministry of Health and \\nHealth Promotion Board respectively. \\n \\nThe NPHS is conducted annually to provide timely and regular information on the \\nprevalence of non-communicable diseases such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension and \\nhyperlipidaemia, and related risk factors like smoking, alcohol consumption and physical \\ninactivity from a representative sample of the resident population. The NPHS also \\ncaptures information on practice of chronic disease and cancer screenings, mental health \\nas well as influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations among Singapore residents.   \\n \\nAs we live with COVID-19 as an endemic disease, many of the health indicators have \\ncontinued to show improvements in 2023. There were more residents who participated in \\nchronic disease and cancer screening; and had sufficient total physical activity compared \\nto 2022. The proportion of residents who reported having received vaccinations against \\ninfluenza and pneumococcal; and showed willingness to seek help from healthcare \\nprofessionals (when unable to cope with stress) continued to increase in 2023. Though \\nthere was a sustained decline in the prevalence of smoking, the prevalence of binge-\\ndrinking increased slightly in 2023. The findings from the survey will help the Ministry of \\nHealth and Health Promotion Board develop and evaluate health policies and \\nprogrammes and improve the health of Singapore residents. \\n \\nI would like to gratefully acknowledge and thank all who have, in one way or another, \\ncontributed to the successful completion of the survey. In particular, I would like to thank \\nall respondents who have given their time to take part in the survey, and whose support \\nmakes this report possible. \\n \\n \\n \\nPROFESSOR KENNETH MAK \\nDirector-General of Health \\nAugust 2024 \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n2 \\n \\nExecutive Summary \\n \\nThe National Population Health Survey (NPHS) is a cross-sectional population health \\nsurvey, conducted annually by the Ministry of Health and Health Promotion Board, to \\ntrack the health and risk factors, as well as lifestyle practices of Singapore residents. This \\nsurvey replaces the three population health surveys (i.e., National Health Survey (NHS), \\nNational Health Surveillance Survey (NHSS) and Health Behaviour Surveillance of \\nSingapore (HBSS)) that were conducted in the earlier years.  \\n \\nThe NPHS monitors behavioural risk factors such as smoking and alcohol consumption; \\nchronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia as well as \\npreventive health behaviour such as the practice of health screening. The survey findings \\nwill be used by the Ministry of Health and Health Promotion Board to track progress \\ntowards national heath targets and for planning and evaluation of health policies, \\nprogrammes, and health care services. \\n \\nThe NPHS consists of two components 1 : (i) Household Interview and (ii) Health \\nExamination. This report presents the survey findings from the Household Interview of  \\nSingapore residents aged 18 to 74 years. The Health Examination, which comprises \\nmainly measured indicators such as obesity and chronic disease prevalence, is \\nconducted on a two-year survey cycle to ensure that there is enough data for a detailed \\nanalysis2. The findings from the Health Examination (NPHS 2023 – 2024) will be reported \\nin 2025. The reporting coverage in terms of age differs from previous national health \\nsurveys reflecting the growing size of the older population. While the survey results in the \\nearlier publications of the national health surveys were based on Chinese, Malay and \\nIndian residents aged 18 to 69 years, the NPHS report is based on all Singapore residents \\naged 18 to 74 years. Time-series data for the extended reporting coverage are available \\nfrom 2007 onwards3.  \\n \\n \\n \\n1  More details on the survey design, method and fieldwork are covered in “Chapter 13: Survey \\nMethodology”. \\n \\n2 Data collection for the “Health Examination” component requires a longer time duration for completion. \\nThis is because it requires respondents to attend a health examination/screening at designated locations \\nand hence there are relatively fewer respondents as compared to the “Household Interview” component.  \\n \\n3 Data from the earlier national health surveys are presented for trend analysis over a longer time period. \\nHowever, there are differences in the survey design across the health surveys and examination of \\ndifferences across the survey series should take this into consideration.  \\n\\n\\n \\n3 \\n \\nTrend analysis is presented when there are sufficient data (inclusive of NHS, NHSS and \\nNPHS) to gauge the directional change of an indicator. A comparison of survey results \\nbetween 2019 and 2023 is also carried out to highlight changes in the health behaviours \\nand health practices among Singapore residents, possibly due to COVID-19 pandemic4.  \\n \\n \\nAlcohol consumption  \\n• In 2023, 2.1% of Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years consumed alcohol regularly, \\nwith 3.2% of males and 1.0% of females being regular drinkers.  \\n• Regular alcohol consumption was most common among males in the 50 to 59 years \\nage group (4.7%).  \\n• The crude and age-standardised prevalence of regular alcohol consumption \\nincreased significantly from 2007 to 2023 (crude: 1.2% in 2007, 2.1% in 2023; age-\\nstandardised: 1.2% in 2007, 2.1% in 2023).  \\n• However, the prevalence of regular drinking remained the same between 2019 and \\n2023 (crude: 2.1% in 2019, 2.1% in 2023; age-standardised: 2.1% in 2019, 2.1% in \\n2023). \\n• The prevalence of binge drinking was 10.3% in 2023, and it was more common among \\nmales (13.7%) than females (7.1%). \\n• Males aged 30 to 39 years and females aged 18 to 29 years had the highest proportion \\nof binge drinkers at 17.5% and 13.7% respectively. \\n• The rise in both the crude and age-standardised prevalence of binge drinking was \\nsignificant between 2007 and 2023 (crude: 4.3% in 2007, 10.3% in 2023; age-\\nstandardised: 3.9% in 2007, 10.4% in 2023). \\n• The overall prevalence of binge drinking remained the same between 2019 and 2023 \\nperiod (crude: 10.2% in 2019, 10.3% in 2023; age-standardised: 10.2% in 2019, 10.4% \\nin 2023). \\n \\n \\n4 NPHS 2020, 2021, 2022 and 2023 results are compared with NPHS 2019 results to highlight changes in \\nthe health behaviours and health practices among Singapore residents possibly due to COVID-19. \\nFieldwork for NPHS 2019 was conducted from August 2018 to July 2019 where COVID-19 pandemic had \\nnot started yet (pre-COVID-19). Fieldwork for NPHS 2020 was affected by COVID-19 as data were \\ncollected for only three-quarter of the survey year (July 2019 to March 2020) and fieldwork from April to \\nJune 2020 was cancelled due to the Circuit Breaker from 7 April to 1 June 2020 (inclusive). Fieldwork for \\nNPHS 2021 to NPHS 2023 was typically carried out from preceding July to June of the reporting year, \\nunless stated otherwise (e.g. for NPHS 2021, the fieldwork was carried from July 2020 to June 2021). \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n4 \\n \\nCigarette Smoking \\n• The crude prevalence of daily smoking has decreased further from 9.2% in 2022 to \\n8.8% in 2023, continuing the declining trend of smoking rates over the past decade.   \\n• The prevalence of daily smoking was higher among males (15.7%) than females \\n(2.3%) in 2023.  \\n• Daily smoking was most prevalent in adults aged 50 to 59 years (11.5%) and least \\nprevalent among younger adults aged 18 to 29 years (5.0%) in 2023.   \\n• Male daily smokers smoked an average of 12 cigarettes a day while female daily \\nsmokers smoked an average of 8 cigarettes a day.  \\n• About half (46.5%) of the daily smokers in 2023 had intention to quit smoking. \\nHowever, only 18.2% of them planned to quit smoking within the next 12 months or \\nless. \\n• The crude and age-standardised prevalence of daily smoking decreased significantly \\nbetween 2007 and 2023 (crude: 13.3% in 2007, 8.8% in 2023; age-standardised: 13.0% \\nin 2007; 8.9% in 2023).  \\n• Between 2019 and 2023, the overall crude and age-standardised prevalence of daily \\nsmoking also showed a significant decrease over the last five years (crude: 10.6% in \\n2019, 8.8% in 2023; age-standardised: 10.6% in 2019, 8.9% in 2023).   \\n \\n \\nPhysical Activity \\n• With COVID-19 being an endemic disease, the proportion of residents with sufficient \\ntotal physical activity increased significantly from 74.9% in 2022 to 78.5% in 2023 after \\nseveral years of declining participation, likely primarily due to COVID-19.  \\n• In 2023, more males (80.0%) compared with females (76.9%) were able to meet the \\nrecommended total physical activity level.  \\n• Young adults in the 18 to 29 years age group (85.5%) had the highest level of sufficient \\ntotal physical activity while the older adults aged 60 to 74 years had the lowest \\nproportion at 74.2%.  \\n• The largest contributor to total physical activity per week was commuting (45.6%), \\nfollowed by leisure-time physical activity (29.1%) and work-related physical activity \\n(25.3%).   \\n\\n\\n \\n5 \\n \\n• About one in three (33.7%) Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years reported having \\nsufficient muscle-strengthening activities in 2023. \\n• This was more common among younger adults aged 18 to 29 years (42.3%) while the \\nproportion with sufficient muscle-strengthening activities dropped to around one-third \\nor less for those aged 30 to 74 years. \\n• There was a higher proportion of males (40.4%) with sufficient muscle-strengthening \\nactivities compared with females (27.3%). \\n• Comparing the longer-term trend between 2007 and 2023, the decreasing trend in the \\nproportion of residents with sufficient total physical activity was not significant (crude: \\n85.4% in 2007, 78.5% in 2023; age-standardised: 85.3% in 2007, 78.5% in 2023).  \\n• Likewise, the drop in proportion of residents with sufficient total physical activity was \\nalso not significant between 2019 and 2023 (crude: 84.6% in 2019, 78.5% in 2023; \\nage-standardised 84.6% in 2019, 78.5% in 2023). \\n \\nSelf-reported Diabetes Mellitus (or High Blood Sugar) \\n• 7.3% of Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years reported that they had diabetes \\nmellitus and were currently prescribed medication in 2023. \\n• A higher proportion of males (8.1%) reported having diabetes compared to females \\n(6.6%). \\n• The prevalence of self-reported diabetes mellitus (i.e. residents who reported they had \\ndiabetes mellitus and were currently prescribed medication) increased with age, from \\n1.0% in young adults aged 30 to 39 years to 22.3% among those aged 70 to 74 years. \\n• Both the crude and age-standardised prevalence of self-reported diabetes among \\nSingapore residents aged 18 to 74 years showed a significant increasing trend \\nbetween 2007 to 2023 (crude: 4.9% in 2007, 7.3% in 2023; age-standardised: 6.4% \\nin 2007, 7.2% in 2023).  \\n• Between 2019 to 2023, the crude and age-standardised prevalence of self-reported \\ndiabetes remained stable and hovered around 7% (crude: 6.9% in 2019, 7.3% in 2023; \\nage-standardised: 7.0% in 2019, 7.2% in 2023)  \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n6 \\n \\nSelf-reported Hypertension (or High Blood Pressure) \\n• In 2023, 15.0% of Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years reported that they had \\nhypertension (or high blood pressure) and were currently prescribed medication.  \\n• A higher proportion of males (15.9%) reported having hypertension than females \\n(14.2%).  \\n• The prevalence of self-reported hypertension (i.e. residents who reported they had \\nhypertension and were currently prescribed medication) increased with age, from 2.4% \\nin young adults aged 30 to 39 years to 47.7% among those aged 70 to 74 years. \\n• The crude prevalence of self-reported hypertension  among Singapore residents aged \\n18 to 74 years showed a significant upward trend from 2007 to 2023 but the age-\\nstandardised prevalence did not show a significant increase (crude: 12.7% in 2007, \\n15.0% in 2023; age-standardised: 16.9% in 2007, 14.7% in 2023). \\n• Between 2019 to 2023, the crude and age-standardised prevalence of self-reported \\nhypertension remained stable around 15% to 16% (crude: 15.6% in 2019, 15.0% in \\n2023; age-standardised: 15.9% in 2019, 14.7% in 2023).  \\n \\nSelf-reported Hyperlipidaemia (or High Blood Cholesterol) \\n• 15.3% of Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years reported that they had \\nhyperlipidaemia (or high blood cholesterol) and were currently prescribed medication \\nin 2023.  \\n• More males (16.9%) reported having high blood cholesterol than females (13.7%).  \\n• The prevalence of self-reported high blood cholesterol (i.e. residents who reported \\nthey had hyperlipidaemia and were currently prescribed medication) increased with \\nage, from 1.7% in young adults aged 30 to 39 years to 50.9% among those aged 70 \\nto 74 years. \\n• The overall crude prevalence of self-reported hyperlipidaemia among Singapore \\nresidents aged 18 to 74 years showed an increasing trend from 2007 to 2023 but the \\nage-standardised prevalence did not show significant upward trend over the same \\nperiod (crude: 8.2% in 2007, 15.3% in 2023; age-standardised: 10.8% in 2007, 15.0% \\nin 2023). \\n• From 2019 to 2023, the crude and age-standardised prevalence of self-reported \\nhyperlipidaemia remained stable at around 14% to 15% (crude: 13.6% in 2019, 15.3% \\nin 2023; age-standardised: 13.8% in 2019, 15.0% in 2023).  \\n\\n\\n \\n7 \\n \\nChronic Disease Screening  \\n• The crude proportion of Singapore residents aged 40 to 74 years with no previous \\ndiagnosed chronic diseases (i.e., diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure, and high \\nblood cholesterol (“DHL”)) and were screened for these three conditions within the \\nrecommended screening frequencies (i.e. the chronic disease screening participation) \\nincreased from 60.3% in 2022 to 62.6% in 2023.  \\n• Looking at a longer-term trend between 2007 and 2023, the chronic disease screening \\nparticipation showed no significant upward trend during this period (crude: 58.1% in \\n2007, 62.6% in 2023; age-standardised: 62.0% in 2007, 62.6% in 2023). \\n• Although chronic disease screening participation for residents with no previous \\ndiagnosis of DHL fell between 2019 and 2023, the decrease was not significant (crude: \\n66.3% in 2019, 62.6% in 2023; age-standardised: 68.2% in 2019, 62.6% in 2023).  \\n• Looking at individual chronic disease alone regardless of the co-morbidity with the \\nother two chronic diseases, the crude proportion of residents who had diabetes and \\nhypertension screening increased significantly from 2007 to 2023 while the proportion \\nscreening for hyperlipidaemia did not show significant upward trend over the same \\nperiod (diabetes: 72.4% in 2007, 76.7% in 2023; hypertension: 77.7% in 2007, 82.7% \\nin 2023; hyperlipidaemia: 78.1% in 2007, 74.7% in 2023). \\n• Between 2019 and 2023, the individual crude screening participation for all three \\nchronic diseases fell but the decreases were not significant (diabetes: 81.0% in 2019, \\n76.7% in 2023; hypertension: 86.0% in 2019, 82.7% in 2023; hyperlipidaemia: 77.9% \\nin 2019, 74.7% in 2023). \\n \\nCancer Screening \\n• The crude screening participation for cervical and colorectal cancers increased from \\n43.1% in 2022 to 45.4% in 2023, and from 38.1% in 2022 to 41.7% in 2023 \\nrespectively. However, the crude screening participation for breast cancer decreased \\nfrom 37.6% in 2022 to 34.7% in 2023. \\n• The crude and age-standardised screening participation for breast and cervical cancer \\nshowed a decreasing trend between 2007 and 2023. The decline was significant for \\ncervical cancer (crude: 57.9% in 2007, 45.4% in 2023; age-standardised: 54.1% in \\n2007, 44.9% in 2023) but not for breast cancer (crude: 41.0% in 2007, 34.7 in 2023; \\nage-standardised: 40.2% in 2007, 34.7% in 2023).  \\n\\n\\n \\n8 \\n \\n• The crude and age-standardised screening participation for colorectal cancer rose \\nsignificantly between 2007 and 2023 (crude: 14.6% in 2007, 41.7% in 2023; age-\\nstandardised: 15.0% in 2007, 41.7% in 2023).  \\n \\nBreast Cancer Screening:  \\n• In 2023, slightly more than one-third (34.7%) of Singapore female residents in the 50 \\nto 69 years age group reported that they had gone for mammography in the last two \\nyears. \\n \\nCervical Cancer Screening \\n• In 2023, more than two in five (45.4%) Singapore female residents aged 25 to 74 \\nyears reported that they had gone for cervical cancer screening (had done Pap test in \\nthe past three years or HPV test in the past five years).  \\n• Women aged 30 to 59 years (more than 50%) were most likely to have undergone \\ncervical cancer screening. \\n \\nColorectal Cancer Screening  \\n• In 2023, 41.7% of Singapore residents aged 50 to 74 years had undergone colorectal \\nscreening within the recommended screening frequency.  \\n• Approximately one in four of these residents reported having undergone a Faecal \\nImmunochemical Test (FIT) at least once in the past one year (24.1%) or had \\nundergone colonoscopy in the past 10 years (27.7%). \\n• The practice of taking a FIT or a colonoscopy was more prevalent among males \\n(43.8%) than females (39.6%). \\n \\nSelf-reported Vaccination Uptake \\n• \\nThe crude self-reported influenza vaccination uptake among Singapore residents \\naged 18 to 74 years increased significantly from 18.0% in 2022 to 21.7% in 2023.  \\n• \\nThe self-reported influenza vaccination uptake was similar among males (22.1%) and \\nfemales (21.4%) in 2023.  \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n9 \\n \\n• \\nThe crude and age-standardised self-reported influenza vaccination uptake (flu \\ninjection in the past 12 months) among Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years \\nshowed a significant increasing trend between 2017 and 2023 (crude: 13.1% in 2007, \\n21.7% in 2023; age-standardised: 13.0% in 2007, 21.5% in 2023).  \\n• \\nThe crude self-reported pneumococcal vaccination uptake among Singapore \\nresidents aged 65 to 74 years increased significantly from 26.5% in 2022 to 35.0% in \\n2023.  \\n• \\nThe proportion of residents who reported having received the pneumococcal \\nvaccination was similar among males (35.0%) and females (34.9%) in 2023. \\n• \\nThere was a significant increase in the self-reported pneumococcal vaccination \\nuptake among Singapore residents aged 65 to 74 years over the period from \\n2017(11.9%) to 2023 (35.0%). \\n \\nMental Health \\n• \\nThe crude prevalence of poor mental health, as measured by the 12-item General \\nHealth Questionnaire (GHQ-12), among Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years has \\ndecreased from 17.0% in 2022 to 15.0% in 2023.  \\n• \\nMore females (17.6%) reported poor mental health compared to males (12.2%) in \\n2023.  \\n• \\nYounger adults aged 18 to 29 years had the highest proportion (26.0%) with poor \\nmental health while the prevalence for other age groups were much lower, ranging \\nfrom 8.2% for those in the 60 to 74 years age group to 17.2% in the 30 to 39 years \\nage group. \\n• \\nComparing between 2017 and 2023, the crude and age-standardised prevalence of \\npoor mental health among Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years have increased, \\nthough these increases were not significant (crude: 12.5% in 2017, 15.0% in 2023; \\nage-standardised: 12.4% in 2017, 15.0% in 2023). \\n• \\nThe proportion of Singapore residents who were willing to seek help from healthcare \\nprofessionals has increased significantly to 62.8% in 2023, compared to 56.6% in \\n2022, while 78.4% of Singapore residents were willing to seek help from informal \\nsupport networks in 2023, compared to 79.7% in 2022. \\n\\n\\n \\n10 \\n \\n• \\nIn 2023, females were more willing to seek help from healthcare professionals and \\ninformal support networks compared to males (females: 63.3% and 81.6% \\nrespectively; males: 62.3% and 75.1% respectively).  \\n• \\nAmong the age groups, Singapore residents in the oldest age band (60 to 74 years) \\n(51.2%) were the least willing to seek help from healthcare professionals while those \\naged 30 to 39 years (71.9%) were the most willing to seek help from healthcare \\nprofessionals in 2023. \\n• \\nSimilarly, the proportion of Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years who indicated \\nthat they were willing to seek help from informal support networks decreased with \\nage -- it was the highest among younger adults aged 18 to 39 years (85.4% for both \\n18 to 29 years and 30 to 39 years age groups) and the lowest among older adults \\naged 60 to 74 years (65.6%) in 2023.    \\n• \\nThere was no trend in the proportion of residents who indicated that they were willing \\nto seek help from healthcare professionals, which ranged between 47.8% to 62.8%,  \\nin the period between 2019 and 2023.  \\n• \\nSimilarly, the proportion of residents who were willing to seek help from informal \\nsupport networks, which ranged between 69.1% to 79.7%, did not display any trend \\nover the same period between 2019 and 2023.  \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n11 \\n \\nChapter 1 \\nAlcohol Consumption \\n \\nKey Points \\n• 2.1% of Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years consumed alcohol regularly in \\n2023, with 3.2% of the males and 1.0% of the females being regular drinkers. \\n• Regular alcohol consumption was most common among males in the 50 to 59 years \\nage group (4.7%).  \\n• The prevalence of binge drinking was 10.3% in 2023, and it was more common \\namong males (13.7%) than females (7.1%).  \\n• Males aged 30 to 39 years and females aged 18 to 29 years had the highest \\nproportion of binge drinkers at 17.5% and 13.7% respectively. \\n \\nIntroduction \\nAlcohol is a toxic, carcinogenic and psychoactive substance with dependence producing \\nproperties. Alcohol consumption is a major contributor to the global burden of disease. \\nSeveral diseases such as liver and pancreas disease, neuropsychiatric disease, \\ncardiovascular diseases and certain cancers, are entirely or partially caused by alcohol \\nconsumption. Although some studies have shown that light alcohol intake provides a \\nsmall protective factor for cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes, no study has \\nbeen able to show that light alcohol intake is beneficial for cardiovascular diseases, type \\n2 diabetes, and cancer (Anderson et al., 2023). In addition to these chronic disease risks, \\nalcohol consumption can also affect social behaviours and cause immediate harm (e.g., \\nroad traffic accidents, physical assault) to both the drinkers and the other people around.  \\nA recent meta-analysis reported that low levels of alcohol consumption was not \\nassociated with protection against all-cause mortality (Zhao et al., 2023). Due to the short \\nand long term effects of alcohol consumption, there is risk associated with alcohol \\nconsumption at every level. \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n12 \\n \\nDefinition \\nAlcohol consumption was classified according to the frequency of alcohol intake in Table \\n1.1. \\n \\nTable 1.1: Classification of alcohol consumption \\nClassification \\nFrequency of alcohol consumption \\nRegular drinker \\n> 4 days a week \\nFrequent drinker \\n1 – 4 days a week \\nOccasional drinker \\n≤ 3 days a month \\nBinge drinking was defined as consumption of at least five alcoholic drinks5 for males or \\nat least four alcoholic drinks for females in any single drinking session during the past \\nmonth preceding the survey. \\n \\nMethodology \\nAn interviewer-administered questionnaire was used. Respondents were shown a card \\nwith pictures of servings of alcoholic drinks (Diagram 1) and asked questions on alcohol \\nconsumption within the past 12 months at the time of the survey.  \\n \\nDiagram 1:  Alcohol Card \\n \\n \\n \\n5 1 alcoholic drink refers to 1 glass (~100 mls) of wine or 1 measure (~30 mls) of spirits.1 can/ mug/ small bottle (330ml) of beer \\nrepresents 1.5 servings of alcoholic drink. \\n\\n\\n \\n13 \\n \\nAlcohol Consumption \\nThe survey found that among Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years, 2.1% consumed \\nalcohol regularly, 9.0% frequently, 35.3% occasionally, while 53.7% were non-drinkers \\n(Table 1.2).  \\n \\nTable 1.2: Alcohol consumption (%) among Singapore residents  \\naged 18 to 74 years by sex, 2023 \\nAlcohol Consumption \\nTotal \\nMales \\nFemales \\nNon-drinker \\n53.7 \\n45.8 \\n61.2 \\nOccasional drinker \\n35.3 \\n39.6 \\n31.2 \\nFrequent drinker \\n9.0 \\n11.5 \\n6.6 \\nRegular drinker \\n2.1 \\n3.2 \\n1.0 \\nNote: Data might not sum to 100% due to rounding. \\n \\nPrevalence of Regular Alcohol Consumption \\nAmong Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years, 3.2% of the males and 1.0% of the \\nfemales consumed alcohol regularly (Table 1.3). Regular alcohol consumption was most \\ncommon among males in the 50 to 59 years age group (4.7%). Among the ethnic groups, \\nboth Chinese (2.2%) and Indians (2.1%) had similar proportion of regular drinkers at \\naround 2% (Graph 1.1). A slightly higher proportion of residents with primary education \\n(3.4%) and secondary education (2.2%) were regular drinkers, compared to those with \\npost-secondary education (1.8%) (Table 1.4).  \\n \\nTable 1.3: Age-specific prevalence (%) of regular alcohol consumption among \\nSingapore residents aged 18 to 74 years by sex, 2023 \\nAge (years) \\nTotal \\nMales \\nFemales \\n18-29 \\ns \\ns \\ns \\n30-39 \\n1.5 \\n2.0 \\ns \\n40-49 \\n2.8 \\n4.3 \\n1.5 \\n50-59 \\n3.3 \\n4.7 \\n1.8 \\n60-74 \\n2.4 \\n4.5 \\ns \\n18-74 \\n2.1 \\n3.2 \\n1.0 \\ns: Data have been suppressed due to small counts or high sampling variability.  \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n14 \\n \\nGraph 1.1: Crude prevalence (%) of regular alcohol consumption among \\nSingapore residents aged 18 to 74 years by sex and ethnicity, 2023 \\n \\nNote: Data for Malays and Indian females have been suppressed due to small counts or high sampling variability. \\n \\n \\nTrends in Regular Alcohol Consumption \\nThe crude and age-standardised prevalence of regular alcohol consumption increased \\nsignificantly from 2007 to 2023 (Table 1.4). Likewise, a significant rise in prevalence of \\nregular drinking was also observed among adults aged 40 to 59 years, among males and \\nfemales, among Chinese and across all education levels in the same period. Comparing \\nbetween 2019 and 2023, the prevalence of regular drinking remained the same.  \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n2.2\\n3.6\\n0.9\\n2.1\\n2.9\\n0.0\\n1.0\\n2.0\\n3.0\\n4.0\\n5.0\\nTotal\\nMales\\nFemales\\nPercent of respondents\\nChinese\\nMalays\\nIndians\\n\\n\\n \\n15 \\n \\nTable 1.4: Prevalence (%) of regular alcohol consumption among Singapore \\nresidents aged 18 to 74 years by age, sex, education, \\nand ethnicity, 2007 to 2023 \\n \\nNHSS \\nNHSS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\n2007 \\n2013 \\n2017 \\n2019 \\n2020 \\n2021 \\n2022 \\n2023 \\nTotal \\n1.2 \\n1.2 \\n2.2  \\n(1.6, 2.7) \\n2.1  \\n(1.6, 2.6) \\n2.2  \\n(1.7, 2.6) \\n2.8  \\n(2.1, 3.4) \\n2.5 \\n(2.1, 2.9) \\n2.1b \\n(1.7, 2.4) \\nASR \\n1.2 \\n1.2 \\n2.2 \\n2.1 \\n2.2 \\n2.8 \\n2.5 \\n2.1b \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n18-29 \\ns \\ns \\ns \\ns \\ns \\ns \\ns \\ns \\n30-39 \\n0.9 \\ns \\ns \\n1.1  \\n(0.5, 1.8) \\n1.8  \\n(0.9, 2.8) \\n1.7  \\n(1.0, 2.5) \\n1.9 \\n(1.2, 2.7) \\n1.5  \\n(0.8, 2.2) \\n40-49 \\n1.2 \\n2.0 \\n2.3  \\n(1.1, 3.4) \\n2.1  \\n(1.0, 3.1) \\n2.0  \\n(1.2, 2.8) \\n2.7  \\n(1.6, 3.9) \\n3.5 \\n(2.5, 4.5) \\n2.8b  \\n(1.8, 3.8) \\n50-59 \\n1.9 \\n1.5 \\n3.8  \\n(2.1, 5.4) \\n2.4  \\n(1.3, 3.4) \\n3.4  \\n(2.2, 4.6) \\n3.9 \\n(2.7, 5.1) \\n3.2 \\n(2.0, 4.4) \\n3.3b  \\n(2.1, 4.4) \\n60-74 \\ns \\n1.4 \\n3.7  \\n(2.0, 5.4) \\n4.3  \\n(2.7, 5.9) \\n3.0  \\n(2.1, 3.8) \\n3.2  \\n(2.3, 4.1) \\n3.3 \\n(2.3, 4.3) \\n2.4  \\n(1.6, 3.3) \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n  \\n \\n \\n \\nMales \\n2.1 \\n2.0 \\n3.7  \\n(2.7, 4.8) \\n3.6  \\n(2.6, 4.5) \\n3.4  \\n(2.7, 4.1) \\n4.6  \\n(3.3, 5.8) \\n4.0 \\n(3.3, 4.7) \\n3.2b  \\n(2.5, 3.8) \\nFemales \\ns \\n0.4 \\ns \\n0.7  \\n(0.3, 1.0) \\n1.0  \\n(0.6, 1.4) \\n1.1  \\n(0.7, 1.4) \\n1.1 \\n(0.7, 1.5) \\n1.0b  \\n(0.6, 1.4) \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nPrimary  \\n1.5 \\n1.8 \\ns \\n3.3  \\n(1.9, 4.6) \\n3.2  \\n(1.9, 4.4) \\n2.9  \\n(1.8, 4.0) \\n3.8 \\n(2.4, 5.3) \\n3.4b \\n(2.1, 4.7) \\nSecondary \\n1.3 \\n1.6 \\n2.6  \\n(1.4, 3.7) \\n2.3  \\n(1.4, 3.1) \\n1.9  \\n(1.3, 2.5) \\n2.5  \\n(1.8, 3.3) \\n2.7 \\n(1.9, 3.4) \\n2.2b \\n(1.5, 2,9) \\nPost-\\nsecondary \\n1.0 \\n0.8 \\n1.9 \\n(1.1, 2.7) \\n1.7 \\n(1.1, 2.3) \\n2.1 \\n(1.5, 2.6) \\n2.9 \\n(1.9, 3.8) \\n2.2 \\n(1.7, 2.7) \\n1.8b \\n(1.3, 2.3) \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nChinese \\n1.3 \\n1.3 \\n2.3  \\n(1.6, 2.9) \\n2.2  \\n(1.6, 2.8) \\n2.4  \\n(1.9, 2.9) \\n3.2  \\n(2.3, 4.0) \\n2.9 \\n(2.4, 3.4) \\n2.2b  \\n(1.8, 2.7) \\nMalays \\ns \\ns \\ns \\ns \\ns \\ns \\ns \\ns \\nIndians \\ns \\n1.0 \\ns \\ns \\ns \\n2.3  \\n(1.2, 3.3) \\ns \\n2.1  \\n(0.9, 3.2) \\nNotes: (1) \\nFigures in ( ) refer to the 95% confidence intervals. a Indicates that the results for any two consecutive survey \\nyears are significantly different statistically at 5% significance level as the confidence intervals for these two \\nsurvey years did not overlap (e.g.  NPHS 2022 and NPHS 2023).  \\n \\n(2) \\ns: Data have been suppressed due to small counts or high sampling variability. \\n \\n(3) \\nASR: Age-standardised rate. The reference population used is Singapore Census 2020 resident population.  \\n \\n(4) \\nAnalysis based on highest education attained served as a proxy to socio-economic factors. \\n \\n \\nPrimary education: No formal qualification/ Primary/ PSLE.  \\n \\n \\nSecondary education: Secondary/ GCE ‘O’/ ‘N’ level.  \\n \\n \\nPost-secondary education: GCE ‘A’ Level/ Polytechnic & other diploma/ Degree & professional qualification. \\n \\n(5) \\nb Indicate statistically significant linear upward trend between 2007 and 2023 with p-value <0.05. \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n16 \\n \\nPrevalence of Binge Drinking \\nAmong Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years, the prevalence of binge drinking was \\n10.3% (Table 1.5). Binge drinking was more prevalent among males (13.7%) than \\nfemales (7.1%). The highest proportion of binge drinkers for males was in the 30 to 39 \\nyears age group (17.5%) and for females in the 18 to 29 years age group (13.7%). Among \\nthe ethnic groups, the prevalence of binge drinking was higher in Indians (13.0%) and \\nChinese (11.0%) than Malays (3.0%) (Graph 1.2). The proportion of binge drinkers was \\nhigher among those with post-secondary education (12.6%), compared to those with \\nlower education levels (primary education and secondary education at 5.2% and 6.7%, \\nrespectively) (Table 1.6).  \\n \\nTable 1.5: Age-specific prevalence (%) of binge drinking among  \\nSingapore residents aged 18 to 74 years by sex, 2023 \\nAge (years) \\nTotal \\nMales \\nFemales \\n18-29 \\n14.4 \\n15.0 \\n13.7 \\n30-39 \\n14.3 \\n17.5 \\n11.3 \\n40-49 \\n11.6 \\n16.2 \\n7.4 \\n50-59 \\n8.2 \\n13.4 \\n3.1 \\n60-74 \\n4.3 \\n7.4 \\n1.4 \\n18-74 \\n10.3 \\n13.7 \\n7.1 \\n \\nGraph 1.2: Crude prevalence (%) of binge drinking among Singapore residents \\naged 18 to 74 years by sex and ethnicity, 2023 \\n \\n \\n \\n11.0\\n15.1\\n7.1\\n3.0\\n2.6\\n3.5\\n13.0\\n14.2\\n11.8\\n0.0\\n2.0\\n4.0\\n6.0\\n8.0\\n10.0\\n12.0\\n14.0\\n16.0\\n18.0\\n20.0\\nTotal\\nMales\\nFemales\\nPercent of respondents\\nChinese\\nMalays\\nIndians\\n\\n\\n \\n17 \\n \\nTrends in Binge Drinking \\nThe rise in both the crude and age-standardised prevalence of binge drinking was \\nsignificant between 2007 and 2023 (Table 1.6). This upward trend was also observed in \\nall age groups except those aged 18 to 29 years and 60 to 74 years, among males and \\nfemales, among all ethnic groups; and those with primary and post-secondary education \\nover the same period between 2007 and 2023.  \\n \\nBetween 2019 and 2023, the prevalence of binge drinking remained the same at the \\noverall and subgroup levels except in the 40 to 49 years age group which showed a \\nsignificant increase over the last five years. \\n \\nTable 1.6: Prevalence (%) of binge drinking among Singapore residents aged 18 \\nto 74 years by age, sex, education, and ethnicity, 2007 to 2023 \\n \\nNHSS \\nNHSS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\n2007 \\n2013 \\n2017 \\n2019 \\n2020 \\n2021 \\n2022 \\n2023 \\nTotal \\n4.3 \\n7.4 \\n8.8  \\n(7.6, 10.0) \\n10.2  \\n(9.1, 11.3) \\n10.5  \\n(9.5, 11.5) \\n9.6  \\n(8.6, 10.6) \\n9.4 \\n(8.6, 10.2) \\n10.3b  \\n(9.5, 11.2) \\nASR \\n3.9 \\n6.9 \\n8.6 \\n10.2 \\n10.5 \\n9.7 \\n9.4 \\n10.4b \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n  \\n \\n \\n \\n18-29 \\n8.1 \\n14.6 \\n12.4  \\n(9.2, 15.6) \\n16.6  \\n(13.5, 19.7) \\n17.1  \\n(13.8, 20.3) \\n15.6  \\n(12.0, 19.3) \\n10.5 \\n(8.5, 12.5) \\n14.4  \\n(11.8, 16.9) \\n30-39 \\n4.6 \\n7.7 \\n10.6  \\n(7.5, 13.7) \\n13.8  \\n(10.9, 16.6) \\n14.5  \\n(12.0, 17.0) \\n12.8  \\n(10.7, 14.9) \\n12.6 \\n(10.7, 14.5) \\n14.3b  \\n(12.2, 16.4) \\n40-49 \\n3.7 \\n5.3 \\n9.3  \\n(6.8, 11.7) \\n8.8  \\n(6.8, 10.7) \\n9.6  \\n(7.7, 11.6) \\n9.7  \\n(7.9, 11.5) \\n11.2 \\n(9.4, 13.0) \\n11.6b,d  \\n(9.8, 13.5) \\n50-59 \\n2.3 \\n4.9 \\n7.3  \\n(5.0, 9.7) \\n6.9  \\n(5.0, 8.8) \\n6.8  \\n(5.1, 8.5) \\n6.4  \\n(4.9, 7.8) \\n9.0 \\n(7.1, 10.9) \\n8.2b  \\n(6.5, 10.0) \\n60-74 \\ns \\n3.2 \\n4.0  \\n(2.4, 5.7) \\n5.0  \\n(3.4, 6.6) \\n4.9  \\n(3.5, 6.2) \\n4.3  \\n(3.2, 5.3) \\n4.5 \\n(3.4, 5.6) \\n4.3  \\n(3.2, 5.4) \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nMales \\n6.4 \\n10.7 \\n13.1  \\n(11.1, 15.1) \\n14.9  \\n(13.1, 16.6) \\n14.6  \\n(13.0, 16.3) \\n13.8  \\n(12.1, 15.5) \\n13.1 \\n(11.9, 14.4) \\n13.7b  \\n(12.3, 15.0) \\nFemales \\n2.2 \\n4.2 \\n4.7  \\n(3.4, 6.0) \\n5.7  \\n(4.6, 6.8) \\n6.5  \\n(5.3, 7.7) \\n5.6  \\n(4.5, 6.7) \\n5.7 \\n(4.9, 6.6) \\n7.1b  \\n(6.1, 8.2) \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nPrimary  \\n3.1 \\n2.7 \\n4.2  \\n(2.3, 6.2) \\n5.4  \\n(3.6, 7.2) \\n4.4  \\n(2.9, 5.9) \\n4.8  \\n(3.2, 6.3) \\n6.6 \\n(4.7, 8.5) \\n5.2b  \\n(3.6, 6.8) \\nSecondary \\n4.5 \\n5.7 \\n8.4  \\n(6.5, 10.4) \\n7.3  \\n(5.9, 8.7) \\n7.5  \\n(6.0, 8.9) \\n6.6  \\n(5.4, 7.8) \\n6.6 \\n(5.3, 8.0) \\n6.7  \\n(5.4, 8.1) \\nPost- \\nsecondary \\n4.5 \\n9.8 \\n10.3  \\n(8.6, 12.0) \\n12.5  \\n(10.9, 14.2) \\n13.0  \\n(11.5, 14.5) \\n11.7  \\n(10.2, 13.1) \\n11.0 \\n(9.9, 12.0) \\n12.6b  \\n(11.4, 13.7) \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n18 \\n \\nTable 1.6: Prevalence (%) of binge drinking among Singapore residents aged 18 \\nto 74 years by age, sex, education, and ethnicity, 2007 to 2023 (continued) \\n \\nNHSS \\nNHSS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\n2007 \\n2013 \\n2017 \\n2019 \\n2020 \\n2021 \\n2022 \\n2023 \\nChinese \\n4.7 \\n8.6 \\n9.4  \\n(8.0, 10.9) \\n11.5  \\n(10.1, 12.8) \\n11.6  \\n(10.3, 12.8) \\n10.2  \\n(9.0, 11.4) \\n10.1 \\n(9.2, 11.1) \\n11.0b  \\n(10.0, 12.0) \\nMalays \\n1.1 \\n1.5 \\ns \\n2.3  \\n(1.0, 3.6) \\n1.7  \\n(0.7, 2.7) \\n2.1  \\n(1.0, 3.2) \\n1.9 \\n(0.8, 3.0) \\n3.0b  \\n(1.5, 4.6) \\nIndians \\n4.5 \\n6.6 \\n13.4  \\n(9.2, 17. 6) \\n10.5  \\n(7.8, 13.1) \\n11.4  \\n(7.9, 14.8) \\n10.6  \\n(6.3, 14.8) \\n9.2 \\n(6.8, 11.7) \\n13.0b  \\n(9.8, 16.2) \\nNotes: (1) \\nFigures in ( ) refer to the 95% confidence intervals. a Indicates that the results for any two consecutive survey years are \\nsignificantly different statistically at 5% significance level as the confidence intervals for these two survey years did not \\noverlap (e.g. NPHS 2022 and NPHS 2023). \\n \\n(2) \\ns: Data have been suppressed due to small counts or high sampling variability. \\n \\n(3) \\nASR: Age-standardised rate. The reference population used is Singapore Census 2020 resident population. \\n \\n(4) \\nAnalysis based on highest education attained served as a proxy to socio-economic factors. \\n \\n \\nPrimary education: No formal qualification/ Primary/ PSLE.  \\n \\n \\nSecondary education: Secondary/ GCE ‘O’/ ‘N’ level.  \\n \\n \\nPost-secondary education: GCE ‘A’ Level/ Polytechnic & other diploma/ Degree & professional qualification. \\n \\n(5) \\nb Indicate statistically significant linear upward trend between 2007 and 2023 with p-value <0.05. \\n(6) \\nd Indicate statistically significant linear upward trend between 2019 and 2023 with p-value <0.05. \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n19 \\n \\nChapter 2 \\nCigarette Smoking \\n \\nKey Points \\n• 8.8% of Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years smoked cigarettes daily in 2023.  \\n• More males (15.7%) smoked daily than females (2.3%).  \\n• Daily smoking was most prevalent in adults aged 50 to 59 years (11.5%) and least \\nprevalent among younger adults aged 18 to 29 years (5.0%) in 2023.  \\n• Male daily smokers smoked an average of 12 cigarettes a day while female daily \\nsmokers smoked an average of 8 cigarettes a day.  \\n• About half (46.5%) of the daily smokers had intention to quit smoking. However, \\nonly 18.2% of them planned to quit smoking within the next 12 months or less. \\n \\nIntroduction \\nTobacco use is a source of preventable morbidity and mortality. Active smoking increases \\nthe risk of several diseases such as respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases and \\ncertain cancers. In addition to these disease risks that affect the smokers, smoking also \\nimplicates the other people around who are exposed to second-hand smoke. Cigarette \\nsmoking is the most common form of smoking. The impact of tobacco use is largely \\ndetermined by the pattern of smoking and number of cigarettes smoked (US Department \\nof Health and Human Services, 2014). \\n \\nDefinition \\nSmoking status was classified according to the frequency of cigarette smoked as shown \\nin Table 2.1, which followed the World Health Organization (WHO) classification criteria \\n(WHO, 1998). \\n \\nTable 2.1: Classification of smoking status \\nClassification \\nFrequency of cigarette smoking \\nDaily smoker \\nSmokes cigarettes at least once a day (including people who smoke \\nevery day but have to stop temporarily because of religious fasting or \\nmedical reasons)  \\nOccasional smoker \\nSmokes cigarettes but not every day \\nEx-smoker \\nFormerly a daily smoker, but currently does not smoke at all \\nNon-smoker \\nNever smoked before or smoked too little in the past to be regarded \\nas an ex-smoker \\n\\n\\n \\n20 \\n \\nMethodology \\nAn interviewer-administered questionnaire was used. The questionnaire was based on \\nWHO’s recommended core questions for assessing smoking status (WHO,1998). \\n \\nSmoking Status \\nThe survey showed that among Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years, 8.8% were \\ndaily smokers, 2.7% were occasional smokers, 8.5% were ex-smokers and 79.9% were \\nnon-smokers (Table 2.2). \\n \\nTable 2.2: Smoking status (%) of Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years  \\nby sex, 2023 \\nSmoking Status \\nTotal \\nMales \\nFemales \\nDaily smoker \\n8.8 \\n15.7 \\n2.3 \\nOccasional smoker \\n2.7 \\n4.3 \\n1.2 \\nEx-smoker \\n8.5 \\n13.8 \\n3.5 \\nNon-Smoker \\n79.9 \\n66.3 \\n93.0 \\nNote: Data might not sum to 100% due to rounding. \\n \\nPrevalence of Daily Smoking  \\nThe prevalence of daily smoking among Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years was \\n15.7% among males and 2.3% among females (Table 2.3). Daily smoking was most \\nprevalent for males in the 50 to 59 years age group (20.7%) and for females in the 40 to \\n49 years age group (3.4%). Daily smoking prevalence was higher among Malays (16.0%) \\nthan Chinese (7.6%) and Indians (9.8%) (Graph 2.1). The prevalence of daily smoking \\namong residents with primary education (17.6%) was more than three times higher than \\nresidents with post-secondary education (5.2%) (Table 2.4). \\n \\nTable 2.3: Age-specific prevalence (%) of daily smoking among  \\nSingapore residents aged 18 to 74 years by sex, 2023 \\nAge (years) \\nTotal \\nMales \\nFemales \\n18-29 \\n5.0 \\n8.3 \\ns \\n30-39 \\n8.5 \\n15.2 \\n2.3 \\n40-49 \\n10.5 \\n18.2 \\n3.4 \\n50-59 \\n11.5 \\n20.7 \\n2.6 \\n60-74 \\n8.7 \\n16.2 \\n1.6 \\n18-74 \\n8.8 \\n15.7 \\n2.3 \\ns: Data have been suppressed due to small counts or high sampling variability.  \\n\\n\\n \\n21 \\n \\nGraph 2.1: Crude prevalence (%) of daily smoking among Singapore residents \\naged 18 to 74 years by sex and ethnicity, 2023 \\n \\nNote: Data for Indian females have been suppressed due to small counts or high sampling variability. \\n \\nAge of Initiation and Onset of Daily Smoking Among Daily Smokers \\nAmong Singapore residents who are daily smokers, the mean age of initiation, or the age \\nat which they first tried smoking, was 18 years old. The mean age at which they \\nestablished their habit of daily smoking was 19 years old. Among the younger daily \\nsmokers aged 18 to 24 years, the mean age of initiation and age at which they established \\ntheir daily smoking habit was 17 and 18 years old respectively. Such information help to \\nestablish more targeted interventions aim at younger adults to prevent or delay their \\nsmoking initiation.  \\n \\nSmoking Intensity of Daily Smokers \\nThe mean number of cigarettes smoked per day among the daily smokers was 12 \\ncigarettes. Male daily smokers on average smoked more cigarettes per day (12 cigarettes) \\nthan female daily smokers (8 cigarettes). Daily smokers in the 50 to 59 years age group \\non average smoked the highest number of cigarettes per day (13 cigarettes), compared \\nto the other age groups.  \\n \\n \\n \\n7.6\\n13.5\\n1.9\\n16.0\\n28.3\\n3.9\\n9.8\\n17.5\\n0.0\\n5.0\\n10.0\\n15.0\\n20.0\\n25.0\\n30.0\\n35.0\\n40.0\\nTotal\\nMales\\nFemales\\nPercent of respondents\\nChinese\\nMalays\\nIndians\\n\\n\\n \\n22 \\n \\nQuit Intention of Daily Smokers \\nAbout half (46.5%) of the daily smokers had intention to quit smoking. However, only \\nabout one in six (18.2%) daily smokers planned to quit smoking within the next 12 months \\nor less. Around one in four (25.6%) daily smokers did not plan to quit smoking at all but \\nplanned to cut down on the number of cigarettes smoked. Over one in four (27.9%) daily \\nsmokers did not plan to quit smoking or reduce the number of cigarettes smoked. Daily \\nsmokers who had abstained from smoking for a period of at least 24 hours in the past 12 \\nmonths reported that on average they had tried quitting smoking three times during the \\npast 12 months preceding the survey.  \\n \\nTrends in Daily Smoking  \\nThe crude and age-standardised prevalence of daily smoking decreased significantly \\nbetween 2007 and 2023 (Table 2.4). This downward trend was also significant in adults \\naged 18 to 49 years, among males and females, among the Chinese and Malays, those \\nwith secondary and post-secondary education over the same period.  \\n \\nBetween 2019 and 2023, the overall crude and age-standardized prevalence of daily \\nsmoking also decreased significantly. There was a significant decrease in daily smoking \\nprevalence among males, among Chinese and Malays and residents with secondary \\neducation over the last five years. \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n23 \\n \\nTable 2.4: Prevalence (%) of daily smoking among Singapore residents aged 18 to \\n74 years by age, sex, education, and ethnicity, 2007 to 2023 \\n \\nNHSS \\nNHS \\nNHSS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\n2007 \\n2010 \\n2013 \\n2017 \\n2019 \\n2020 \\n2021 \\n2022 \\n2023 \\nTotal \\n13.3 \\n13.9 \\n13.1 \\n11.8  \\n(10.6, 13.0) \\n10.6  \\n(9.5, 11.7) \\n10.1  \\n(9.2, 11.0) \\n10.4  \\n(9.6, 11.2) \\n9.2 \\n(8.5, 10.0) \\n8.8c,e  \\n(8.0, 9.6) \\nASR \\n13.0 \\n13.5 \\n12.7 \\n11.7 \\n10.6 \\n 10.2 \\n10.4 \\n9.3 \\n8.9c,e \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n18-29 \\n17.4 \\n16.0 \\n12.6 \\n9.8  \\n(7.1, 12.5) \\n8.4  \\n(6.5, 10.2) \\n8.8  \\n(6.8, 10.8) \\n8.3  \\n(6.2, 10.4) \\n5.1 \\n(3.8, 6.5) \\n5.0c  \\n(2.7, 7.2) \\n30-39 \\n12.5 \\n16.0 \\n14.7 \\n12.6  \\n(9.5, 15.7) \\n11.4  \\n(9.3, 13.5) \\n9.9  \\n(7.9, 11.8) \\n12.8  \\n(10.9, 14.7) \\n8.7 \\n(7.1, 10.4) \\n8.5c  \\n(6.7, 10.3) \\n40-49 \\n12.8 \\n14.3 \\n15.4 \\n14.5  \\n(11.6, 17.4) \\n10.6  \\n(8.7, 12.5) \\n10.6  \\n(8.5, 12.7) \\n11.6  \\n(9.5, 13.7) \\n11.6 \\n(9.9, 13.3) \\n10.5c  \\n(8.7, 12.2) \\n50-59 \\n12.7 \\n11.4 \\n13.3 \\n11.9  \\n(9.2, 14.6) \\n12.6  \\n(10.0, 15.2) \\n13.4  \\n(10.8, 16.0) \\n11.3  \\n(9.4, 13.3) \\n11.4 \\n(9.5, 13.3) \\n11.5  \\n(9.6, 13.4) \\n60-74 \\n9.8 \\n10.1 \\n8.5 \\n10.2  \\n(7.5, 12.8) \\n10.2  \\n(8.0, 12.4) \\n8.0  \\n(6.5, 9.5) \\n8.3  \\n(6.9, 9.6) \\n9.4 \\n(7.9, 10.8) \\n8.7  \\n(7.2, 10.2) \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nMales \\n23.1 \\n24.0 \\n23.0 \\n20.6  \\n(18.5, 22.8) \\n18.4  \\n(16.3, 20.5) \\n17.0  \\n(15.4, 18.6) \\n17.8  \\n(16.3, 19.3) \\n16.0 \\n(14.7, 17.3) \\n15.7c,e  \\n(14.2, 17.2) \\nFemales \\n3.8 \\n4.1 \\n3.6 \\n3.3  \\n(2.3, 4.3) \\n3.2  \\n(2.4, 3.9) \\n3.4  \\n(2.5, 4.3) \\n3.3  \\n(2.6, 4.0) \\n2.7 \\n(2.2, 3.3) \\n2.3c  \\n(1.8, 2.8) \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nPrimary  \\n16.3 \\n19.4 \\n15.8 \\n17.2  \\n(13.6, 20.9) \\n18.3  \\n(15.2, 21.4) \\n16.5  \\n(13.7, 19.3) \\n16.5  \\n(13.5, 19.5) \\n17.5 \\n(14.7, 20.3) \\n17.6  \\n(14.8, 20.5) \\nSecondary \\n18.0 \\n18.1 \\n19.6 \\n17.5  \\n(14.8, 20.2) \\n16.7  \\n(14.3, 19.0) \\n16.4  \\n(14.2, 18.6) \\n15.5  \\n(13.6, 17.3) \\n14.6 \\n(12.9, 16.4) \\n14.6c,e  \\n(12.5, 16.8) \\nPost-\\nsecondary \\n8.4 \\n9.3 \\n8.3 \\n6.9  \\n(5.6, 8.2) \\n6.1  \\n(5.1, 7.1) \\n6.0  \\n(5.0, 6.9) \\n7.2  \\n(6.3, 8.1) \\n5.7 \\n(5.0, 6.4) \\n5.2c  \\n(4.4, 5.9) \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nChinese \\n12.0 \\n12.6 \\n11.5 \\n9.9  \\n(8.6, 11.2) \\n8.6  \\n(7.5, 9.7) \\n8.6  \\n(7.7, 9.5) \\n8.6  \\n(7.8, 9.5) \\n7.9 \\n(7.2, 8.7) \\n7.6c,e  \\n(6.8, 8.4) \\nMalays \\n23.0 \\n26.1 \\n24.9 \\n23.1  \\n(19.0, 27.3) \\n23.0  \\n(19.4, 26.6) \\n21.1  \\n(17.3, 24.9) \\n22.4  \\n(19.1, 25.8) \\n19.5 \\n(16.6, 22.3) \\n16.0c,e  \\n(13.3, 18.7) \\nIndians \\n11.1 \\n10.0 \\n10.5 \\n12.6  \\n(8.4, 16.9) \\n10.9  \\n(8.0, 13.8) \\n8.9  \\n(6.0, 11.9) \\n9.2  \\n(6.8, 11.7) \\n5.9 \\n(4.2, 7.6) \\n9.8  \\n(5.3, 14.3) \\nNotes: (1) Figures in ( ) refer to the 95% confidence intervals. a Indicates that the results for any two consecutive survey years are \\nsignificantly different statistically at 5% significance level as the confidence intervals for these two survey years did not \\noverlap (e.g.  NPHS 2022 and NPHS 2023). \\n \\n(2) ASR: Age-standardised rate. The reference population used is Singapore Census 2020 resident population. \\n \\n(3) Analysis based on highest education attained served as a proxy to socio-economic factors. \\n \\n \\nPrimary education: No formal qualification/ Primary/ PSLE.  \\n \\n \\nSecondary education: Secondary/ GCE ‘O’/ ‘N’ level.  \\n \\n \\nPost-secondary education: GCE ‘A’ Level/ Polytechnic & other diploma/ Degree & professional qualification. \\n(4) c Indicate statistically significant linear downward trend between 2007 and 2023 with p-value <0.05. \\n \\n(5) e Indicate statistically significant linear downward trend between 2019 and 2023 with p-value <0.05 \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n24 \\n \\nChapter 3 \\nPhysical Activity \\n \\nKey Points \\n• Based on all domains of physical activity (including work-related, transportation-\\nrelated and leisure-time), 78.5% of Singapore residents had sufficient total physical \\nactivity in 2023.  \\n• More males (80.0%) compared with females (76.9%) were able to meet the \\nrecommended total physical activity level.  \\n• Young adults in the 18 to 29 years age group (85.5%) had the highest level of \\nsufficient total physical activity while the older adults aged 60 to 74 years had the \\nlowest proportion at 74.2%.  \\n• The largest contributor to total physical activity per week was commuting (45.6%), \\nfollowed by leisure-time physical activity (29.1%) and work-related physical activity \\n(25.3%).   \\n• About one in three (33.7%) Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years reported \\nhaving sufficient muscle-strengthening activities in 2023. \\n• This was more common among younger adults aged 18 to 29 years (42.3%) while \\nthe proportion with sufficient muscle-strengthening activities dropped to around one-\\nthird or less for those aged 30 to 74 years. \\n• There was higher proportion of males (40.4%) with sufficient muscle-strengthening \\nactivities compared with females (27.3%). \\n \\nIntroduction \\nPhysical activity is important for maintaining good health for all ages. For adults, it has \\nbeen shown to reduce the risk of premature death in general and in particular the risk of \\ndeveloping cardiovascular diseases, hypertension and diabetes mellitus. In addition, \\nphysical activity improves mental and cognitive health, sleep and prevents unhealthy \\nweight gain. In older adults aged 65 years and above, those who are physically active are \\nless likely to experience falls and falls-related injuries and have better functional capacity \\nand mobility to live longer independently (US Department of Health and Human Services \\n2018; WHO 2020; WHO 2010).  \\n\\n\\n \\n25 \\n \\nMethodology \\nAn interviewer-administered questionnaire was used. Respondents were asked about the \\nfrequency, duration, and intensity of physical activity in the domain of work, transportation \\nand leisure6 using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) Analysis Guide \\ndeveloped by WHO in 2014. Physical activity participation was assessed and could be \\nachieved in one single session or accumulated in bouts of at least 10 minutes throughout \\nthe day. \\n \\nTotal Physical Activity \\nWHO guidelines recognise that participation in physical activity can be achieved across \\nthree domains: work-related activity (paid or unpaid work including household chores), \\ntransportation-related activity (e.g. walking or cycling while travelling to and from places) \\nand leisure-time physical activity; and recommend that adults should do at least 150 \\nminutes of moderate-intensity physical activity or at least 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity \\nphysical activity or an equivalent combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity \\nphysical activity per week (WHO 2020; WHO 2010). This recommendation is equivalent \\nto achieving a minimum of at least 600 MET7 minutes per week (i.e., having sufficient \\ntotal physical activity). \\n \\nPrevalence of Sufficient Total Physical Activity \\nIn 2023, 78.5% of Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years had sufficient total physical \\nactivity (Table 3.1). More males (80.0%) compared with females (76.9%) were able to \\nmeet the recommended total physical activity level. Physical activity participation was \\nobserved to decrease with age - young adults in the 18 to 29 years age group (85.5%) \\nhad the highest level of sufficient total physical activity while the older adults aged 60 to \\n74 years had the lowest proportion at 74.2%. A higher proportion of Indians (84.1%) had \\nsufficient total physical activity than the Malays (80.1%) and Chinese (77.2%) (Graph 3.1). \\nResidents with post-secondary education (80.8%) had higher sufficient total physical \\nactivity compared with residents with secondary (76.3%) or primary (68.9%) education \\n(Table 3.2). The largest contributor to total physical activity per week was commuting \\n(45.6%), followed by leisure-time physical activity (29.1%) and work-related physical \\nactivity (25.3%). \\n \\n6 Starting from NPHS 2022, the National Population Health Survey will no longer report the participation on \\nleisure-time physical activity. For information regarding sports and exercise participation among Singapore \\nresidents, please refer to the National Sport Participation Survey (NSPS). \\n \\n7 MET (Metabolic Equivalents) is the ratio of a person’s working metabolic rate relative to the resting \\nmetabolic rate. 1MET is defined as the energy cost of sitting quietly and is equivalent to a caloric \\nconsumption of 1kcal/kg/hour. \\n\\n\\n \\n26 \\n \\nTable 3.1: Age-specific prevalence (%) of sufficient total physical activity among \\nSingapore residents aged 18 to 74 years by sex, 2023 \\nAge (years) \\nTotal \\nMales \\nFemales \\n18-29 \\n85.5 \\n89.9 \\n81.0 \\n30-39 \\n79.0 \\n82.5 \\n75.7 \\n40-49 \\n77.4 \\n78.8 \\n76.1 \\n50-59 \\n77.0 \\n76.3 \\n77.8 \\n60-74 \\n74.2 \\n73.6 \\n74.8 \\n18-74 \\n78.5 \\n80.0 \\n76.9 \\n \\nGraph 3.1: Crude prevalence (%) of sufficient total physical activity among \\nSingapore residents aged 18 to 74 years by sex and ethnicity, 2023 \\n \\n \\nTrends in Sufficient Total Physical Activity \\nThe decreasing trend in the proportion of residents with sufficient total physical activity \\nwas only significant for primary and secondary educated residents between 2007 and \\n2023 but not at the overall level or for other subgroups (Table 3.2). Similar declines in \\nsufficient total physical activity were observed in all subgroups in the period 2019 to 2023 \\nbut the declines were all not significant. \\n \\n \\n77.2\\n78.6\\n75.8\\n80.1\\n82.4\\n77.8\\n84.1\\n86.5\\n81.5\\n0.0\\n10.0\\n20.0\\n30.0\\n40.0\\n50.0\\n60.0\\n70.0\\n80.0\\n90.0\\n100.0\\nTotal\\nMales\\nFemales\\nPercent of respondents\\nChinese\\nMalays\\nIndians\\n\\n\\n \\n27 \\n \\nTable 3.2: Prevalence (%) of sufficient total physical activity among Singapore \\nresidents aged 18 to 74 years by age, sex, education, and  \\nethnicity, 2007 to 2023 \\n \\nNHSS \\nNHSS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\n2007 \\n2013 \\n2017 \\n2019 \\n2020 \\n2021 \\n2022 \\n2023 \\nTotal \\n85.4 \\n79.5 \\n84.0 \\n(82.1, 86.0) \\n84.6 \\n(83.2, 85.9) \\n80.6 \\n(79.4, 81.8)a \\n76.0 \\n(74.8, 77.2)a \\n74.9 \\n(73.8, 76.1) \\n78.5  \\n(77.3, 79.6)a \\nASR \\n85.3 \\n78.9 \\n83.9 \\n84.6 \\n80.5 \\n76.1 \\n75.0 \\n78.5 \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n18-29 \\n87.9 \\n86.9 \\n90.4 \\n(87.5, 93.4) \\n88.2 \\n(85.4, 91.0) \\n86.4 \\n(84.0, 88.8) \\n81.9 \\n(79.1, 84.7) \\n80.2  \\n(77.5, 82.8) \\n85.5  \\n(82.7, 88.3) \\n30-39 \\n83.2 \\n78.9 \\n84.6 \\n(81.0, 88.1) \\n82.7 \\n(79.8, 85.5) \\n81.4 \\n(78.6, 84.1) \\n76.6 \\n(73.8, 79.3) \\n75.5  \\n(73.0, 77.9) \\n79.0  \\n(76.5, 81.4) \\n40-49 \\n85.6 \\n78.5 \\n81.6 \\n(78.1, 85.1) \\n86.1 \\n(83.7, 88.5) \\n79.5 \\n(76.9, 82.2)a \\n74.9 \\n(72.1, 77.7) \\n75.7  \\n(73.4, 78.1) \\n77.4  \\n(75.0, 79.8) \\n50-59 \\n85.7 \\n78.1 \\n82.5 \\n(79.3, 85.7) \\n83.2 \\n(80.1, 86.3) \\n81.3 \\n(78.7, 83.9) \\n78.0 \\n(75.3, 80.6) \\n74.3  \\n(71.6, 77.0) \\n77.0  \\n(74.4, 79.7) \\n60-74 \\n84.6 \\n73.4 \\n80.5 \\n(76.7, 84.4) \\n82.7 \\n(80.0, 85.3) \\n74.7 \\n(71.9, 77.5)a \\n69.6 \\n(67.0, 72.2) \\n69.9  \\n(67.5, 72.2) \\n74.2  \\n(71.9, 76.5) \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nMales \\n85.2 \\n82.5 \\n84.6 \\n(82.1, 87.0) \\n85.6 \\n(83.9, 87.3) \\n80.4 \\n(78.6, 82.2)a \\n78.1 \\n(76.4, 79.7) \\n76.7  \\n(75.2, 78.3) \\n80.0  \\n(78.5, 81.6)a \\nFemales \\n85.7 \\n76.6 \\n83.5 \\n(81.1, 85.9) \\n83.6 \\n(81.8, 85.5) \\n80.7 \\n(79.1, 82.3) \\n74.1 \\n(72.3, 75.9)a \\n73.2  \\n(71.6, 74.8) \\n76.9  \\n(75.3, 78.6)a \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nPrimary  \\n87.7 \\n72.9 \\n83.7 \\n(79.9, 87.5) \\n79.0 \\n(74.9, 83.1) \\n75.1 \\n(71.8, 78.3) \\n67.6 \\n(63.8, 71.3)a \\n63.1  \\n(59.6, 66.6) \\n68.9c  \\n(65.4, 72.5) \\nSecondary \\n87.4 \\n79.8 \\n82.6 \\n(79.6, 85.6) \\n84.2 \\n(81.9, 86.5) \\n78.5 \\n(76.2, 80.9)a \\n74.5 \\n(72.1, 76.8) \\n74.1  \\n(72.0, 76.3) \\n76.3c  \\n(74.0, 78.5) \\nPost- \\nsecondary \\n83.0 \\n81.3 \\n84.9 \\n(82.7, 87.1) \\n86.0 \\n(84.3, 87.6) \\n82.5 \\n(81.0, 84.1)a \\n78.1 \\n(76.5, 79.7)a \\n77.3  \\n(75.9, 78.6) \\n80.8  \\n(79.4, 82.2)a \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nChinese \\n84.3 \\n78.7 \\n83.4 \\n(81.2, 85.6) \\n83.6 \\n(81.9, 85.2) \\n79.7 \\n(78.2, 81.1)a \\n74.9 \\n(73.4, 76.4)a \\n73.1  \\n(71.8, 74.4) \\n77.2  \\n(75.8, 78.5)a \\nMalays \\n87.9 \\n81.7 \\n87.1 \\n(83.6, 90.7) \\n84.8 \\n(81.5, 88.1) \\n80.5 \\n(77.1, 83.9) \\n76.2 \\n(73.0, 79.4) \\n79.4  \\n(76.6, 82.2) \\n80.1  \\n(77.2, 83.0) \\nIndians \\n89.9 \\n81.6 \\n83.6 \\n(79.3, 88.0) \\n91.1 \\n(88.7, 93.4)a \\n86.5 \\n(83.4, 89.6) \\n82.4 \\n(78.9, 85.9) \\n80.9  \\n(77.6, 84.1) \\n84.1  \\n(80.6, 87.6) \\nNotes: (1) Figures in ( ) refer to the 95% confidence intervals. a Indicates that the results for any two consecutive survey years \\nare significantly different statistically 5% significance level as the confidence intervals for these two survey years \\ndid not overlap (e.g. NPHS 2022 and NPHS 2023). \\n \\n(2) ASR: Age-standardised rate. The reference population used is Singapore Census 2020 resident population. \\n \\n(3) Analysis based on highest education attained served as a proxy to socio-economic factors. \\n \\n \\nPrimary education: No formal qualification/ Primary/ PSLE.  \\n \\n \\nSecondary education: Secondary/ GCE ‘O’/ ‘N’ level.  \\n \\n \\nPost-secondary education: GCE ‘A’ Level/ Polytechnic & other diploma/ Degree & professional qualification. \\n(4) Data for NPHS 2017 for 60 to 74 years age group and residents with secondary education have been revised due to a \\ncoding error. \\n(5) c Indicate statistically significant linear downward trend between 2007 and 2023 with p-value <0.05. \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n28 \\n \\nMuscle-Strengthening Activity \\nWHO also recommends that adults should do muscle-strengthening activities involving \\nthe major muscle groups at least two days or more in a week. Muscle-strengthening \\nactivity refers to an activity or exercise that increases skeletal muscle strength, power, \\nendurance and mass (e.g., strength training, resistance training or muscular strength and \\nendurance exercises) and may involves the use of weight machines, exercise bands, \\nhand-held weights or own body weight (e.g., push-ups or sit-ups) (WHO 2010; Bennie et \\nal. 2019). The major muscle groups to work on include the legs, back, abdomen, chest, \\nshoulders and arms (WHO 2010). It has been shown that muscle-strengthening exercises \\nincrease skeletal muscle strength and mass, bone density, ability to perform activities of \\ndaily living, improve cardiometabolic heath and reduce symptoms of anxiety and \\ndepression (Bennie et al. 2019).  \\n \\nMethodology \\nInformation on muscles-strengthening activities were collected since 2020 using an \\ninterviewer administered questionnaire. Respondents were asked about the number of \\ndays in a typical week that they do physical activities or exercises to strengthen their \\nmuscles. Respondents must complete at least one set of exercises involving eight to 12 \\nrepetitions to be counted as having done one day of muscle-strengthening activities. \\nRespondents were classified as having sufficient muscle-strengthening activities if the \\nfrequency of muscle-strengthening activities are at least two days per week.  \\n \\nPrevalence of Sufficient Muscle-Strengthening Activities \\nAbout one in three (33.7%) Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years reported having \\nsufficient muscle-strengthening activities in 2023 (Table 3.3). This was more common \\namong younger adults aged 18 to 29 years (42.3%) while the proportion with sufficient \\nmuscle-strengthening activities dropped to around one-third or less for those aged 30 to \\n74 years. Males (40.4%) had higher proportion with sufficient muscle-strengthening \\nactivities compared with females (27.3%). The proportion of males with sufficient muscle-\\nstrengthening activities in the ages 18 to 29 years was almost twice that of females in the \\nsame age group and this difference narrowed for older age groups.  \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n29 \\n \\nTable 3.3: Age-specific prevalence (%) of sufficient muscle-strengthening \\nactivities among Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years by sex, 2023 \\nAge (years) \\nTotal \\nMales \\nFemales \\n18-29 \\n42.3 \\n56.0 \\n28.2 \\n30-39 \\n34.0 \\n40.8 \\n27.8 \\n40-49 \\n31.7 \\n36.9 \\n26.9 \\n50-59 \\n31.3 \\n36.4 \\n26.4 \\n60-74 \\n29.9  \\n32.7 \\n27.2 \\n18-74 \\n33.7 \\n40.4 \\n27.3 \\n \\nAmong the ethnic groups, Indians had the highest proportion with sufficient muscle-\\nstrengthening activities (41.9%) and for both sexes (males 45.2%, females 38.3%) \\n(Graph 3.2). Similar proportion of Malay (34.0%) and Chinese (32.1%) residents reported \\nhaving sufficient muscle-strengthening activities in 2023. Among the subgroups, Malay \\n(26.1%) and Chinese (25.6%) females had the lowest participation in sufficient muscle-\\nstrengthening activities. Residents with post-secondary education (38.0%) had higher \\nproportion with sufficient muscle-strengthening activities compared with residents with \\nsecondary (28.2%) or primary (19.4%) education (Table 3.4). \\n \\nGraph 3.2: Crude prevalence (%) of sufficient muscle-strengthening activities \\namong Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years by sex and ethnicity, 2023 \\n \\n \\n \\n32.1\\n38.9\\n25.6\\n34.0\\n41.9\\n26.1\\n41.9\\n45.2\\n38.3\\n0.0\\n10.0\\n20.0\\n30.0\\n40.0\\n50.0\\n60.0\\nTotal\\nMales\\nFemales\\nPercent of respondents\\nChinese\\nMalays\\nIndians\\n\\n\\n \\n30 \\n \\nTrends in Sufficient Muscle-Strengthening Activities \\nThe proportion of Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years with sufficient muscle-\\nstrengthening activities remained stable from 33.7% to 35.5% between 2020 to 2023 \\n(Table 3.4).  \\n \\nTable 3.4: Prevalence (%) of sufficient muscles-strengthening activities among \\nSingapore residents aged 18 to 74 years by age, sex, education  \\nand ethnicity, 2020 to 2023 \\n \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\n2020 \\n2021 \\n2022 \\n2023 \\nTotal \\n33.8  \\n(32.3, 35.3) \\n35.5  \\n(34.0, 37.0) \\n34.5  \\n(33.3, 35.8) \\n33.7 \\n(32.3, 35.0) \\nASR \\n33.8 \\n35.6 \\n34.6 \\n33.7 \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n18-29 \\n44.1  \\n(40.2, 48.0) \\n46.4  \\n(42.4, 50.5) \\n45.8  \\n(42.4, 49.3) \\n42.3 \\n(38.3, 46.2) \\n30-39 \\n30.9  \\n(27.4, 34.4) \\n37.0  \\n(33.8, 40.2) \\n33.9  \\n(31.0, 36.7) \\n34.0 \\n(31.0, 37.1) \\n40-49 \\n33.5 \\n (30.1, 36.8) \\n30.8  \\n(27.8, 33.9) \\n33.5  \\n(30.9, 36.1) \\n31.7 \\n(29.0, 34.4) \\n50-59 \\n35.5  \\n(32.0, 39.0) \\n32.3  \\n(29.0, 35.6) \\n31.6  \\n(28.7, 34.5) \\n31.3 \\n(28.4, 34.2) \\n60-74 \\n25.5  \\n(22.7, 28.3) \\n31.3  \\n(28.8, 33.9)a \\n28.8  \\n(26.4, 31.3) \\n29.9 \\n(27.3, 32.4) \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nMales \\n40.1  \\n(37.8, 42.4) \\n40.0  \\n(37.9, 42.1) \\n40.2  \\n(38.3, 42.0) \\n40.4 \\n(38.3, 42.4) \\nFemales \\n27.8  \\n(25.8, 29.8) \\n31.2  \\n(29.1, 33.2) \\n29.1  \\n(27.4, 30.9) \\n27.3 \\n(25.5, 29.0) \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nPrimary \\n19.6  \\n(16.4, 22.8) \\n21.0  \\n(17.6, 24.3) \\n21.7  \\n(18.6, 24.7) \\n19.4 \\n(16.3, 22.5) \\nSecondary \\n27.4  \\n(24.8, 30.0) \\n30.5  \\n(28.0, 33.1) \\n29.2  \\n(26.8, 31.6) \\n28.2 \\n(25.7, 30.7) \\nPost-secondary \\n39.4  \\n(37.3, 41.5) \\n40.1  \\n(38.1, 42.0) \\n38.9  \\n(37.2, 40.6) \\n38.0 \\n(36.2, 39.8) \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nChinese \\n32.7  \\n(31.0, 34.5) \\n34.5  \\n(32.8, 36.2) \\n33.3  \\n(31.8, 34.8) \\n32.1 \\n(30.5, 33.6) \\nMalays \\n32.7  \\n(28.5, 36.9) \\n33.7  \\n(29.8, 37.7) \\n33.9  \\n(30.5, 37.4) \\n34.0 \\n(30.2, 37.8) \\nIndians \\n41.6  \\n(36.1, 47.1) \\n41.7  \\n(36.8, 46.5) \\n44.8  \\n(40.7, 49.0) \\n41.9 \\n(36.7, 47.0) \\nNotes: (1)  Figures in ( ) refer to the 95% confidence intervals. a Indicates that the results for any two consecutive \\nsurvey years are significantly different statistically from the previous survey year at 5% significance level \\nas the confidence intervals for these two survey years did not overlap (e.g. NPHS 2022 and NPHS 2023). \\n(2) ASR: Age-standardised rate. The reference population used is Singapore Census 2020 resident \\npopulation. \\n(3) Analysis based on highest education attained served as a proxy to socio-economic factors. \\nPrimary education: No formal qualification/ Primary/ PSLE.  \\nSecondary education: Secondary/ GCE ‘O’/ ‘N’ level.  \\nPost-secondary education: GCE ‘A’ Level/ Polytechnic & other diploma/ Degree & professional \\nqualification. \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n31 \\n \\nChapter 4 \\nSelf-reported Diabetes Mellitus \\n \\nKey Points \\n• About one in 14 (7.3%) Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years reported that they \\nhad diabetes mellitus and were currently prescribed medication in 2023.  \\n• A higher proportion of males (8.1%) reported having diabetes compared to females \\n(6.6%).  \\n• The prevalence of self-reported diabetes mellitus increased with age, from 1.0% in \\nyoung adults aged 30 to 39 years to 22.3% among those aged 70 to 74 years. \\n \\nIntroduction \\nDiabetes mellitus represents a group of metabolic disorders characterised by high blood \\nsugar (hyperglycemia) resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. \\nDiabetes mellitus can lead to death and disability through long-term complications such \\nas blindness, kidney failure, coronary heart disease and stroke. Type 2 diabetes is the \\nmore common form of diabetes, occurring mainly in older adults and is associated with \\nobesity (WHO, 2019). \\n \\nMethodology \\nAn interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to obtain an indication of the \\nprevalence of known diabetes mellitus in the community. Respondents were asked \\nwhether they had ever been told by a western-trained doctor that they had diabetes and \\nwere currently prescribed medication for diabetes. Respondents who answered “yes” to \\nboth questions were classified as having “reported diabetes mellitus”. Diabetes mellitus \\nprevalence estimates based on reported use of medication for diabetes mellitus are likely \\nto be under-estimated as there will be a proportion of undiagnosed diabetics who were \\nnot aware of their condition at the time of the survey. Among those with self-reported \\ndiabetes, they were also asked on the frequency of doctor’s visit and place of treatment \\nto manage their diabetes. \\n  \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n32 \\n \\nPrevalence of Self-reported Diabetes Mellitus \\nThe prevalence of self-reported diabetes among Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years \\nwas 7.3% (Table 4.1). A higher proportion of males (8.1%) were reported as diabetic \\ncompared to females (6.6%) and this pattern was also observed in all age groups. Self-\\nreported diabetes prevalence increased with age; from 1.0% among those aged 30 to 39 \\nyears to 22.3% in those aged 70 to 74 years. Indians (13.5%) had the highest prevalence \\nof self-reported diabetes, compared to Malays (10.7%) and Chinese (6.2%) (Graph 4.1). \\nResidents with post-secondary (3.7%) education had lower self-reported diabetes \\nprevalence compared to residents with secondary (12.1%) or primary education (18.8%) \\n(Table 4.2). Residents with self-reported diabetes visited their doctors for the \\nmanagement of their diabetes about four times on average in the past 12 months, mainly \\nin polyclinics (63.2%), private GP clinics (21.3%) and specialist outpatient clinics in public \\nhospitals (12.6%).   \\n \\nTable 4.1: Age-specific prevalence (%) of self-reported diabetes mellitus among \\nSingapore residents aged 18 to 74 years by sex, 2023 \\nAge (years) \\nTotal \\nMales \\nFemales \\n18-29 \\ns \\ns \\ns \\n30-39 \\n1.0 \\ns \\ns \\n40-49 \\n2.8 \\n3.9 \\n2.3 \\n50-59 \\n10.5 \\n10.5 \\n9.9 \\n60-69 \\n19.1 \\n22.5 \\n16.5 \\n70-74 \\n22.3 \\n22.8 \\n20.1 \\n18-74 \\n7.3 \\n8.1 \\n6.6 \\ns: Data have been suppressed due to small counts or high sampling variability. \\n \\nTrends in Prevalence of Self-reported Diabetes Mellitus \\nThe crude and age-standardised prevalence of self-reported diabetes among \\nSingapore residents aged 18 to 74 years showed a significant increasing trend \\nbetween 2007 and 2023 (Table 4.2). This significant increase was also observed \\namong residents aged 60 to 69 years, and across all sexes, ethnic groups and \\neducation levels.  \\n \\nOn the other hand, for the most recent five year period, there was a significant \\ndecrease in the prevalence of self-reported diabetes for residents aged 40 to 49 years \\nfrom 2019 (5.0%) to 2023 (2.8%). The  prevalence of self-reported diabetes for overall \\nlevel and other subgroups remained stable during this period. \\n\\n\\n \\n33 \\n \\nGraph 4.1: Crude prevalence (%) of self-reported diabetes mellitus among \\nSingapore residents aged 18 to 74 years by sex and ethnicity, 2023 \\n \\n \\nTable 4.2: Prevalence (%) of self-reported diabetes mellitus among Singapore \\nresidents aged 18 to 74 years by age, sex, education, and  \\nethnicity, 2007 to 2023 \\n \\nNHSS \\nNHS \\nNHSS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\n2007 \\n2010 \\n2013 \\n2017 \\n2019 \\n2020 \\n2021 \\n2022 \\n2023 \\nTotal \\n4.9 \\n5.0 \\n5.4 \\n6.7  \\n(5.7, 7.7) \\n6.9  \\n(6.1, 7.7) \\n7.0  \\n(6.3, 7.8) \\n6.9 \\n(6.2, 7.6) \\n6.7 \\n(6.0, 7.3) \\n7.3b \\n(6.6, 8.0) \\nASR \\n6.4 \\n6.1 \\n6.6 \\n7.1 \\n7.0 \\n7.1 \\n6.8 \\n6.5 \\n7.2b \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n18-29 \\ns \\ns \\ns \\ns \\ns \\ns \\ns \\ns \\ns \\n30-39 \\n0.7 \\ns \\ns \\ns \\ns \\n1.7  \\n(0.8, 2.6) \\n0.9  \\n(0.4, 1.3) \\ns \\n1.0 \\n(0.4, 1.5) \\n40-49 \\n4.3 \\n2.6 \\n4.2 \\n4.3  \\n(2.5, 6.2) \\n5.0  \\n(3.0, 7.0) \\n4.3  \\n(3.1, 5.6) \\n3.5  \\n(2.4, 4.6) \\n2.8 \\n(1.9, 3.6) \\n2.8e \\n(1.9, 3.7) \\n50-59 \\n8.2 \\n10.0 \\n8.1 \\n11.7  \\n(8.7, 14.6) \\n9.8  \\n(7.7, 12.0) \\n7.9  \\n(6.2, 9.6) \\n9.3  \\n(7.6, 11.1) \\n7.7 \\n(6.1, 9.2) \\n10.5 \\n(8.6, 12.4) \\n60-69 \\n17.1 \\n14.0 \\n14.8 \\n17.3  \\n(13.6, 21.0) \\n17.0  \\n(14.1, 20.0) \\n19.0  \\n(16.1, 22.0) \\n18.3  \\n(15.7, 20.9) \\n19.1 \\n(16.5, 21.6) \\n19.1b \\n(16.6, 21.6) \\n70-74 \\n15.7 \\n16.8 \\n22.2 \\n14.8  \\n(9.9, 19.7) \\n21.4  \\n(16.7, 26.0) \\n21.0  \\n(16.6, 25.5) \\n21.7  \\n(17.5, 26.0) \\n19.6 \\n(16.1, 23.1) \\n22.3 \\n(17.5, 27.1) \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nMales \\n5.3 \\n5.1 \\n5.8 \\n7.7  \\n(6.1, 9.2) \\n8.3  \\n(7.0, 9.5) \\n7.2  \\n(6.0, 8.3) \\n7.6  \\n(6.6, 8.7) \\n7.6 \\n(6.6, 8.6) \\n8.1b \\n(7.0, 9.1) \\nFemales \\n4.5 \\n4.9 \\n5.1 \\n5.7  \\n(4.5, 7.0) \\n5.6  \\n(4.5, 6.6) \\n6.9  \\n(6.0, 7.9) \\n6.2  \\n(5.3, 7.1) \\n5.8 \\n(4.9, 6.6) \\n6.6b \\n(5.7, 7.6) \\n \\n \\n \\n6.2\\n7.2\\n5.2\\n10.7\\n9.8\\n11.6\\n13.5\\n12.9\\n14.1\\n0.0\\n5.0\\n10.0\\n15.0\\n20.0\\n25.0\\nTotal\\nMales\\nFemales\\nPercent of respondents\\nChinese\\nMalays\\nIndians\\n\\n\\n \\n34 \\n \\nTable 4.2: Prevalence (%) of self-reported diabetes mellitus among Singapore \\nresidents aged 18 to 74 years by age, sex, education, and  \\nethnicity, 2007 to 2023 (continued) \\n \\nNHSS \\nNHS \\nNHSS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\n2007 \\n2010 \\n2013 \\n2017 \\n2019 \\n2020 \\n2021 \\n2022 \\n2023 \\nPrimary  \\n10.7 \\n11.4 \\n14.2 \\n12.3  \\n(9.4, 15.1) \\n19.5  \\n(15.7, 23.3)a \\n18.9  \\n(15.9, 22.0) \\n19.7  \\n(16.8, 22.6) \\n18.1 \\n(15.3, 20.8) \\n18.8b \\n(15.7, 22.0) \\nSecondary \\n5.6 \\n6.2 \\n6.8 \\n10.3  \\n(8.1, 12.4) \\n10.0  \\n(8.1, 11.8) \\n10.0  \\n(8.4, 11.6) \\n10.6  \\n(8.9, 12.3) \\n10.1 \\n(8.5, 11.6) \\n12.1b \\n(10.3, 13.9) \\nPost-\\nsecondary \\n2.0 \\n1.9 \\n2.0 \\n3.0  \\n(2.1, 4.0) \\n2.7  \\n(2.1, 3.4) \\n3.4  \\n(2.7, 4.2) \\n3.2 \\n(2.6, 3.8) \\n3.4 \\n(2.8, 4.0) \\n3.7b \\n(3.0, 4.3) \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nChinese \\n4.1 \\n4.1 \\n4.6 \\n5.6  \\n(4.5, 6.7) \\n6.2  \\n(5.3, 7.1) \\n6.3  \\n(5.4, 7.1) \\n5.7  \\n(5.0, 6.5) \\n5.4 \\n(4.7, 6.1) \\n6.2b \\n(5.4, 6.9) \\nMalays \\n6.2 \\n7.5 \\n8.2 \\n8.2  \\n(5.3, 11.1) \\n8.8  \\n(6.5, 11.1) \\n8.2  \\n(6.1, 10.3) \\n10.2  \\n(8.1, 12.4) \\n10.7 \\n(8.3, 13.0) \\n10.7b \\n(8.6, 12.9) \\nIndians \\n10.8 \\n9.7 \\n9.6 \\n14.7  \\n(10.1, 19.3) \\n11.5  \\n(8.8, 14.3) \\n12.2  \\n(9.2, 15.2) \\n13.5  \\n(10.2, 16.8) \\n12.6 \\n(10.0, 15.2) \\n13.5b \\n(9.8, 17.2) \\nNotes: (1) Figures in ( ) refer to the 95% confidence intervals. a Indicates that the results for any two consecutive survey \\nyears are significantly different statistically at 5% significance level as the confidence intervals for these two survey \\nyears did not overlap (e.g.  NPHS 2022 and NPHS 2023).  \\n \\n(2) s: Data have been suppressed due to small counts or high sampling variability. \\n \\n(3) ASR: Age-standardised rate. The reference population used is Singapore Census 2020 resident population. \\n \\n(4) Analysis based on highest education attained served as a proxy to socio-economic factors. \\n \\n \\nPrimary education: No formal qualification/ Primary/ PSLE.  \\n \\n \\nSecondary education: Secondary/ GCE ‘O’/ ‘N’ level.  \\n \\n \\nPost-secondary education: GCE ‘A’ Level/ Polytechnic & other diploma/ Degree & professional qualification. \\n(5) b Indicate statistically significant linear upward trend between 2007 and 2023 with p-value <0.05. \\n(6) e Indicate statistically significant linear downward trend between 2019 and 2023 with p-value <0.05. \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n35 \\n \\nChapter 5 \\nSelf-reported Hypertension \\n \\nKey Points \\n• In 2023, about one in six (15.0%) Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years reported \\nthat they had hypertension (or high blood pressure) and were currently prescribed \\nmedication.  \\n• A higher proportion of males (15.9%) reported having hypertension than females \\n(14.2%).  \\n• The prevalence of self-reported hypertension increased with age, from 2.4% in \\nyoung adults aged 30 to 39 years to 47.7% among those aged 70 to 74 years. \\n \\nIntroduction \\nHypertension or high blood pressure is a condition in which the blood vessels have \\npersistently raised pressure. It is often known as a silent killer as it rarely causes \\nsymptoms and many people go undiagnosed. Hypertension is one of the key risk factors \\nfor cardiovascular diseases such as heart attack, stroke and heart failure as well as other \\ndiseases like kidney failure. Dietary and lifestyle changes can improve blood pressure \\ncontrol and decrease the risk of associated health complications, although drug treatment \\nmay be necessary in patients for whom lifestyle changes prove ineffective or insufficient \\n(WHO, 2013). \\n \\nMethodology \\nAn interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to obtain an indication of the \\nprevalence of known hypertension in the community. Respondents were asked whether \\nthey had ever been told by a western-trained doctor that they had high blood pressure \\nand were currently prescribed medication for high blood pressure. Respondents who \\nanswered “yes” to both questions were classified as having “reported hypertension”. \\nHypertension prevalence estimates based on reported use of medication for high blood \\npressure are likely to be under-estimated as there will be a proportion of undiagnosed \\nhypertensives who were not aware of their condition at the time of the survey. Among \\nthose with self-reported hypertension, they were also asked on the frequency of doctor’s \\nvisit and place of treatment to manage their hypertension. \\n\\n\\n \\n36 \\n \\nPrevalence of Self-reported Hypertension \\nThe prevalence of self-reported hypertension among Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 \\nyears was 15.0% (Table 5.1). A higher percentage of males (15.9%) were reported as \\nhypertensive compared to females (14.2%) and this trend was observed across most age \\ngroups except for those aged 70 to 74 years. Self-reported hypertension prevalence was \\nalso found to increase with age, from 2.4% among younger adults aged 30 to 39 years to \\n47.7% among older adults aged 70 to 74 years. Among the ethnic groups, Malays (18.9%) \\nhad the highest prevalence of self-reported hypertension, followed by Chinese (14.9%) \\nand Indians (11.9%) (Graph 5.1). The prevalence of self-reported hypertension was \\nhigher among Malay and Indian males compared to females while the pattern was reverse \\namong the Chinese where males had higher prevalence of self-reported hypertension \\nthan females.   \\n \\nResidents with post-secondary education had much lower prevalence of self-reported \\nhypertension (8.7%) compared to those with secondary (22.1%) or primary education \\n(38.0%) (Table 5.2).  Residents with self-reported hypertension visited their doctors for \\nthe management of their high blood pressure about three times on average in the past \\n12 months, mainly in polyclinics (53.7%), private GP clinics (30.8%) and specialist \\noutpatient clinics in public hospitals (11.8%). \\n \\nTable 5.1: Age-specific prevalence (%) of self-reported hypertension among \\nSingapore residents aged 18 to 74 years by sex, 2023 \\nAge (years) \\nTotal \\nMales \\nFemales \\n18-29 \\ns \\ns \\ns \\n30-39 \\n2.4 \\n3.0 \\n1.8 \\n40-49 \\n7.7 \\n8.8 \\n6.6 \\n50-59 \\n19.3 \\n20.0 \\n18.5 \\n60-69 \\n38.5 \\n41.3 \\n35.6 \\n70-74 \\n47.7 \\n45.7 \\n49.3 \\n18-74 \\n15.0 \\n15.9 \\n14.2 \\ns: Data have been suppressed due to small counts or high sampling variability.  \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n37 \\n \\nTrends in Prevalence of Self-reported Hypertension \\nThere was a significant increase in the crude prevalence of self-reported hypertension \\nbetween 2007 to 2023 but the age-standardised prevalence did not show a significant \\nincrease over the same period (Table 5.2). This increase was also observed among \\nChinese, in both sexes, and across all education levels.  \\n \\nBetween 2019 and 2023, the prevalence of self-reported hypertension at the overall \\nlevel and for the other demographics profiles remained stable except for the 40 to 49 \\nyears age group where the prevalence trended downward significantly. \\n \\nGraph 5.1: Crude prevalence (%) of self-reported hypertension among Singapore \\nresidents aged 18 to 74 years by sex and ethnicity, 2023 \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n14.9\\n16.5\\n13.3\\n18.9\\n15.9\\n21.8\\n11.9\\n11.7\\n12.1\\n0.0\\n5.0\\n10.0\\n15.0\\n20.0\\n25.0\\nTotal\\nMales\\nFemales\\nPercent of respondents\\nChinese\\nMalays\\nIndians\\n\\n\\n \\n38 \\n \\nTable 5.2: Prevalence (%) of self-reported hypertension among Singapore \\nresidents aged 18 to 74 years by age, sex, education, and ethnicity,  \\n2007 to 2023 \\n \\nNHSS \\nNHS \\nNHSS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\n2007 \\n2010 \\n2013 \\n2017 \\n2019 \\n2020 \\n2021 \\n2022 \\n2023 \\nTotal \\n12.7 \\n14.0 \\n12.9 \\n12.7  \\n(11.4, 14.1) \\n15.6  \\n(14.3, 16.9)a \\n15.1  \\n(14.1, 16.2) \\n15.7  \\n(14.6, 16.7) \\n16.0 \\n(15.0, 16.9) \\n15.0b \\n(14.1, 16.0) \\nASR \\n16.9 \\n17.2 \\n15.3 \\n13.8 \\n15.9 \\n15.3 \\n15.5 \\n15.6 \\n14.7 \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n18-29 \\ns \\ns \\ns \\ns \\ns \\ns \\ns \\ns \\ns \\n30-39 \\n2.1 \\n3.7 \\n2.7 \\ns \\ns \\n2.1  \\n(1.2, 3.1) \\n2.0  \\n(1.1, 2.9) \\n2.3 \\n(1.5, 3.1) \\n2.4 \\n(1.2, 3.5) \\n40-49 \\n8.1 \\n9.9 \\n8.4 \\n9.4  \\n(6.7, 12.0) \\n9.0  \\n(7.0, 11.0) \\n8.8  \\n(7.0, 10.5) \\n8.5  \\n(6.6, 10.5) \\n7.9 \\n(6.5, 9.2) \\n7.7e \\n(6.1, 9.2) \\n50-59 \\n22.9 \\n24.5 \\n20.2 \\n20.7  \\n(17.1, 24.2) \\n22.8  \\n(19.6, 25.9) \\n18.8  \\n(16.1, 21.4) \\n22.5  \\n(19.5, 25.4) \\n22.0 \\n(19.4, 24.6) \\n19.3 \\n(16.9, 21.7) \\n60-69 \\n47.4 \\n42.4 \\n34.8 \\n31.0  \\n(26.2, 35.8) \\n37.2  \\n(33.6, 40.8) \\n39.7  \\n(36.1, 43.2) \\n37.8  \\n(34.7, 40.9) \\n38.8 \\n(35.8, 41.9) \\n38.5 \\n(35.4, 41.6) \\n70-74 \\n44.2 \\n45.3 \\n58.2 \\n46.8 \\n(39.0, 54.5) \\n55.8  \\n(49.7, 61.9) \\n51.1  \\n(45.3, 56.9) \\n52.7  \\n(47.4, 58.0) \\n53.0 \\n(48.3, 57.7) \\n47.7 \\n(42.6, 52.8) \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nMales \\n12.9 \\n14.8 \\n13.5 \\n13.8  \\n(11.8, 15.7) \\n16.8  \\n(14.9, 18.7) \\n15.9  \\n(14.3, 17.5) \\n17.2  \\n(15.7, 18.7) \\n17.7 \\n(16.3, 19.1) \\n15.9b \\n(14.5, 17.3) \\nFemales \\n12.5 \\n13.2 \\n12.3 \\n11.7  \\n(10.1, 13.4) \\n14.5  \\n(12.8, 16.1) \\n14.4  \\n(13.0, 15.7) \\n14.2  \\n(12.8, 15.7) \\n14.4 \\n(13.1, 15.6) \\n14.2b \\n(13.0, 15.5) \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nPrimary  \\n26.3 \\n30.1 \\n29.9 \\n25.9  \\n(21.5, 30.3) \\n38.4  \\n(34.2, 42.6) a \\n37.5  \\n(33.8, 41.2) \\n39.1  \\n(35.2, 43.0) \\n39.1 \\n(35.5, 42.6) \\n38.0b \\n(34.2, 41.8) \\nSecondary \\n13.9 \\n15.6 \\n15.8 \\n16.6  \\n(14.1, 19.2) \\n21.2  \\n(18.9, 23.5) \\n20.2  \\n(18.0, 22.3) \\n23.0  \\n(20.6, 25.3) \\n22.6 \\n(20.6, 24.7) \\n22.1b \\n(20.1, 24.2) \\nPost-\\nsecondary \\n6.3 \\n7.2 \\n6.2 \\n6.9  \\n(5.4, 8.3) \\n8.1  \\n(6.8, 9.4) \\n8.6  \\n(7.4, 9.7) \\n8.6  \\n(7.6, 9.7) \\n9.4 \\n(8.4, 10.4) \\n8.7b \\n(7.7, 9.7) \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nChinese \\n13.3 \\n14.4 \\n13.4 \\n13.0  \\n(11.4, 14.6) \\n15.8  \\n(14.3, 17.3) \\n15.9  \\n(14.6, 17.1) \\n15.7  \\n(14.5, 16.9) \\n16.6 \\n(15.5, 17.7) \\n14.9b \\n(13.8, 16.0) \\nMalays \\n12.4 \\n14.3 \\n11.5 \\n10.5  \\n(7.9, 13.1) \\n16.7  \\n(13.5, 20.0) a \\n14.9  \\n(12.1, 17.8) \\n15.8  \\n(13.1, 18.5) \\n15.1 \\n(12.6, 17.6) \\n18.9 \\n(15.9, 21.8) \\nIndians \\n10.1 \\n11.7 \\n11.6 \\n14.1  \\n(9.9, 18.3) \\n12.6  \\n(9.6, 15.7) \\n11.5  \\n(8.7, 14.3) \\n15.3  \\n(11.7, 19.0) \\n13.2 \\n(10.6, 15.8) \\n11.9 \\n(9.0, 14.8) \\nNotes: (1) Figures in ( ) refer to the 95% confidence intervals. a Indicates that the results for any two consecutive survey years \\nare significantly different statistically at 5% significance level as the confidence intervals for these two survey years \\ndid not overlap (e.g. NPHS 2022 and NPHS 2023). \\n \\n(2) s: Data have been suppressed due to small counts or high sampling variability. \\n \\n(3) ASR: Age-standardised rate. The reference population used is Singapore Census 2020 resident population. \\n \\n(4) Analysis based on highest education attained served as a proxy to socio-economic factors. \\n \\n \\nPrimary education: No formal qualification/ Primary/ PSLE.  \\n Secondary education: Secondary/ GCE ‘O’/ ‘N’ level.  \\n Post-secondary education: GCE ‘A’ Level/ Polytechnic & other diploma/ Degree & professional qualification. \\n \\n(5) b Indicate statistically significant linear upward trend between 2007 and 2023 with p-value <0.05. \\n \\n(6) e Indicate statistically significant linear downward trend between 2019 and 2023 with p-value <0.05. \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n39 \\n \\nChapter 6 \\nSelf-reported Hyperlipidaemia \\n \\nKey Points \\n• About one in six (15.3%) Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years reported that \\nthey had hyperlipidaemia (or high blood cholesterol) and were currently prescribed \\nmedication in 2023.  \\n• More males (16.9%) reported having high blood cholesterol than females (13.7%).  \\n• The prevalence of self-reported high blood cholesterol increased with age, from \\n1.7% in young adults aged 30 to 39 years to 50.9% among those aged 70 to 74 \\nyears. \\n \\nIntroduction \\nHyperlipidaemia or high blood cholesterol is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease. \\nElevated blood cholesterol, in particular LDL-cholesterol, causes atherosclerosis and \\nincreases the risk for coronary heart disease. HDL-cholesterol has been shown to have \\na protective effect against coronary heart disease. Low HDL-cholesterol has been shown \\nto be an important independent risk factor for development of coronary heart disease. \\nPopulation-based (public health) approaches through the adoption of healthier lifestyle \\nbehaviours such as reduced dietary intake of saturated fats and cholesterol, being more \\nphysically active, and better weight control as well as clinical management of those \\npersons at increased risk are important factors in lowering the cholesterol levels in the \\npopulation (JAMA 2001; NIH 2002). \\n \\nMethodology \\nAn interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to obtain an indication of the \\nprevalence of known high blood cholesterol in the community. Respondents were asked \\nwhether they had ever been told by a western-trained doctor that they had high blood \\ncholesterol and were currently prescribed medication for high blood cholesterol. \\nRespondents who answered “yes” to both questions were classified as having “reported \\nhigh blood cholesterol”. High blood cholesterol prevalence estimates based on reported \\nuse of medication for high blood cholesterol are likely to be under-estimated as there will \\nbe a proportion of residents with undiagnosed high blood cholesterol who were aware of \\ntheir condition at the time of the survey. Among those with self-reported high blood \\ncholesterol, they were also asked on the frequency of doctor’s visit and place of treatment \\nto manage their high blood cholesterol. \\n\\n\\n \\n40 \\n \\nPrevalence of Self-reported Hyperlipidaemia \\nThe prevalence of self-reported high blood cholesterol among Singapore residents aged \\n18 to 74 years was 15.3% (Table 6.1). Overall, a higher proportion of males (16.9%) \\nreported having hyperlipidaemia compared to females (13.7%). This was observed \\nacross all age groups and ethnicities except for older adults aged 70 to 74 years, where \\na higher proportion of females (54.2%) reported having high blood cholesterol compared \\nto males (47.1%). The prevalence of self-reported high blood cholesterol was also found \\nto increase with age, from 1.7% among younger adults aged 30 to 39 years to 50.9% \\namong those aged 70 to 74 years.  \\n \\nMalays (16.4%) had slightly higher prevalence of self-reported high blood cholesterol \\namong the ethnic groups compared to Indians (15.5%) and Chinese (15.2%) (Graph 6.1). \\nClose to two in five (37.5%) residents with primary education reported having high blood \\ncholesterol, which was higher than those with secondary (22.2%) or post-secondary \\neducation (9.1%). Residents with self-reported hyperlipidaemia visited their doctors for \\nthe management of their high blood cholesterol about three times on average in the past \\n12 months, mainly in polyclinics (56.2%), private GP clinics (26.7%) and specialist \\noutpatient clinics in public hospitals (11.5%).   \\n \\nTable 6.1: Age-specific prevalence (%) of self-reported hyperlipidaemia among \\nSingapore residents aged 18 to 74 years by sex, 2023 \\nAge (years) \\nTotal \\nMales \\nFemales \\n18-29 \\ns \\ns \\ns \\n30-39 \\n1.7 \\n2.6 \\ns \\n40-49 \\n7.2 \\n10.7 \\n3.9 \\n50-59 \\n19.3 \\n22.6 \\n16.1 \\n60-69 \\n39.4 \\n42.1 \\n36.7 \\n70-74 \\n50.9 \\n47.1 \\n54.2 \\n18-74 \\n15.3 \\n16.9 \\n13.7 \\ns: Data have been suppressed due to small counts or high sampling variability. \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n41 \\n \\nTrends in Prevalence of Self-reported Hyperlipidaemia \\nThe crude prevalence of self-reported hyperlipidaemia increased significantly from \\n2007 to 2023 (Table 6.2) while the age-standardised prevalence did not show similar \\ntrend over the same period. There were significant increases observed among older \\nadults aged 70 to 74 years, in both sexes, across all education levels, and among \\nChinese and Indians over the same period.  \\n \\nBetween 2019 and 2023, significant increases were also seen among females and \\nolder adults aged 60 to 74 years while the prevalence for other subgroups remained \\nstable.  \\n \\nGraph 6.1: Crude prevalence (%) of self-reported hyperlipidaemia among \\nSingapore residents aged 18 to 74 years by sex and ethnicity, 2023 \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n15.2\\n17.0\\n13.5\\n16.4\\n17.2\\n15.7\\n15.5\\n16.0\\n15.0\\n0.0\\n5.0\\n10.0\\n15.0\\n20.0\\n25.0\\nTotal\\nMales\\nFemales\\nPercent of respondents\\nChinese\\nMalays\\nIndians\\n\\n\\n \\n42 \\n \\nTable 6.2: Prevalence (%) of self-reported hyperlipidaemia among Singapore \\nresidents aged 18 to 74 years by age, sex, education, and \\nethnicity, 2007 to 2023 \\n \\nNHSS \\nNHS \\nNHSS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\n2007 \\n2010 \\n2013 \\n2017 \\n2019 \\n2020 \\n2021 \\n2022 \\n2023 \\nTotal \\n8.2 \\n12.3 \\n10.4 \\n11.0  \\n(9.7, 12.3) \\n13.6  \\n(12.5, 14.6)a \\n13.1  \\n(12.1, 14.1) \\n13.9  \\n(12.9, 14.9) \\n14.1  \\n(13.2, 15.0) \\n15.3b \\n(14.3, 16.2) \\nASR \\n10.8 \\n15.6 \\n12.4 \\n11.8 \\n13.8 \\n13.3 \\n13.7 \\n13.8 \\n15.0 \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n18-29 \\ns \\ns \\ns \\ns \\ns \\ns \\ns \\ns \\ns \\n30-39 \\n2.1 \\n2.4 \\n1.3 \\n1.7  \\n(0.7, 2.7) \\n1.6  \\n(0.7, 2.5) \\ns \\n1.1  \\n(0.5, 1.8) \\n1.7  \\n(1.0, 2.4) \\n1.7  \\n(1.0, 2.5) \\n40-49 \\n5.0 \\n7.2 \\n6.7 \\n6.4  \\n(4.3, 8.6) \\n7.6  \\n(6.0, 9.1) \\n7.1  \\n(5.5, 8.8) \\n6.6  \\n(5.1, 8.2) \\n5.1  \\n(4.0, 6.2) \\n7.2  \\n(5.7, 8.6) \\n50-59 \\n15.9 \\n22.9 \\n17.9 \\n19.9  \\n(16.2, 23.6) \\n22.1  \\n(19.1, 25.1) \\n18.5  \\n(15.7, 21.2) \\n20.9  \\n(17.6, 24.1) \\n20.2  \\n(17.6, 22.8) \\n19.3  \\n(16.8, 21.8) \\n60-69 \\n29.0 \\n37.7 \\n28.7 \\n26.3  \\n(22.0, 30.7) \\n33.5  \\n(30.0, 36.9) \\n34.3  \\n(30.8, 37.8) \\n35.8  \\n(32.6, 38.9) \\n35.9  \\n(32.9, 38.9) \\n39.4d  \\n(36.3, 42.5) \\n70-74 \\n25.3 \\n46.8 \\n40.7 \\n36.5  \\n(29.4, 43.6) \\n42.4  \\n(35.9, 48.8) \\n43.4  \\n(37.7, 49.2) \\n43.4  \\n(38.2, 48.7) \\n49.1  \\n(44.4, 53.8) \\n50.9b,d  \\n(45.8, 56.1) \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nMales \\n8.6 \\n12.4 \\n10.7 \\n12.4  \\n(10.6, 14.2) \\n15.3  \\n(13.6, 16.9) \\n13.9  \\n(12.4, 15.5) \\n15.2  \\n(13.7, 16.8) \\n15.0  \\n(13.7, 16.3) \\n16.9b  \\n(15.5, 18.4) \\nFemales \\n7.9 \\n12.1 \\n10.1 \\n9.6  \\n(8.2, 11.1) \\n12.0  \\n(10.6, 13.3) \\n12.3  \\n(11.0, 13.6) \\n12.6  \\n(11.2, 14.0) \\n13.3  \\n(12.1, 14.5) \\n13.7b,d \\n(12.4, 15.0) \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nPrimary  \\n17.6 \\n26.0 \\n23.1 \\n22.6  \\n(18.7, 26.5) \\n34.8  \\n(31.1, 38.5)a \\n33.2  \\n(29.7, 36.8) \\n29.5  \\n(26.3, 32.8) \\n37.1  \\n(33.6, 40.7)a \\n37.5b  \\n(33.8, 41.3) \\nSecondary \\n8.1 \\n13.4 \\n13.3 \\n14.6  \\n(12.0, 17.1) \\n18.5  \\n(16.3, 20.6) \\n17.0  \\n(14.9, 19.0) \\n23.5  \\n(21.0, 25.9)a \\n20.8  \\n(18.7, 22.8) \\n22.2b  \\n(20.0, 24.4) \\nPost-\\nsecondary \\n4.6 \\n6.7 \\n4.8 \\n5.8  \\n(4.6, 7.0) \\n6.7  \\n(5.7, 7.8) \\n7.7  \\n(6.5, 8.8) \\n7.2  \\n(6.2, 8.3) \\n7.6  \\n(6.8, 8.5) \\n9.1b  \\n(8.1, 10.1) \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nChinese \\n8.5 \\n12.1 \\n10.3 \\n11.1  \\n(9.7, 12.6) \\n13.9  \\n(12.6, 15.1) \\n13.5  \\n(12.3, 14.7) \\n14.0  \\n(12.8, 15.2) \\n14.5  \\n(13.4, 15.5) \\n15.2b  \\n(14.1, 16.3) \\nMalays \\n8.0 \\n12.8 \\n10.4 \\n8.3  \\n(5.2, 11.4) \\n13.4  \\n(10.6, 16.2) \\n11.5  \\n(9.0, 13.9) \\n13.1  \\n(10.8, 15.5) \\n13.4  \\n(10.9, 15.8) \\n16.4  \\n(13.8, 19.1) \\nIndians \\n7.7 \\n15.0 \\n11.5 \\n14.3  \\n(9.8, 18.7) \\n12.5  \\n(9.6, 15.4) \\n15.2  \\n(11.8, 18.7) \\n15.8  \\n(11.9, 19.6) \\n14.7  \\n(11.9, 17.5) \\n15.5b  \\n(11.7, 19.4) \\nNotes: (1) Figures in ( ) refer to the 95% confidence intervals. a Indicates that the results for any two consecutive survey \\nyears are significantly different statistically at 5% significance level as the confidence intervals for these two survey \\nyears did not overlap (e.g. NPHS 2022 and NPHS 2023). \\n \\n(2) s: Data have been suppressed due to small counts or high sampling variability. \\n \\n(3) ASR: Age-standardised rate. The reference population used is Singapore Census 2020 resident population. \\n \\n(4) Analysis based on highest education attained served as a proxy to socio-economic factors. \\n \\n \\nPrimary education: No formal qualification/ Primary/ PSLE.  \\n \\n Secondary education: Secondary/ GCE ‘O’/ ‘N’ level.  \\n \\n Post-secondary education: GCE ‘A’ Level/ Polytechnic & other diploma/ Degree & professional qualification. \\n(5) b Indicate statistically significant linear upward trend between 2007 and 2023 with p-value <0.05. \\n(6) d Indicate statistically significant linear upward trend between 2019 and 2023 with p-value <0.05. \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n43 \\n \\nChapter 7 \\nChronic Disease Screening \\n \\nKey Points \\n• Among Singapore residents aged 40 to 74 years with no previous diagnosis of \\ndiabetes, high blood pressure, and high blood cholesterol (“DHL”), (i.e. not told by \\na doctor that they have these diseases), about three-fifths (62.6%) were screened \\nfor all three health conditions within the recommended screening guidelines in 2023. \\n• Among Singapore residents aged 40 to 74 years without known diabetes, 76.7% \\nhad their blood glucose tested within the past three years. \\n• Among Singapore residents aged 40 to 74 years without known high blood \\npressure, 82.7% did their blood pressure check in the past two years.  \\n• Among Singapore residents aged 40 to 74 years without known high blood \\ncholesterol, 74.7% were screened within the past three years. \\n \\nIntroduction \\nHealth screening is an effective strategy for disease prevention in the population. It is \\nimportant to go for appropriate and regular health screening as it helps to detect risk \\nfactors or diseases early even when there are no symptoms. Early detection of diabetes \\nmellitus, high blood pressure and high blood cholesterol could result in better treatment, \\nfewer complications and increased chances of better outcomes (HPB, 2019). \\n \\nMethodology \\nAn interviewer-administered questionnaire was used. Respondents were asked whether \\nthey were ever told by a doctor that they had diabetes, high blood pressure or high blood \\ncholesterol. Respondents who reported that they were not told by a doctor that they have \\ndiabetes or high blood cholesterol were asked on the last time they had a blood test to \\ncheck for these health conditions. Those who were not told by a doctor to have high blood \\npressure were asked on the last time they had checked their blood pressure. \\nRespondents were also asked where they last had their screening for these chronic \\ndiseases. The national “Screen for Life” (SFL) screening programme which takes \\nreference \\nfrom \\nthe \\nScreening \\nTest \\nReview \\nCommittee’s \\nrecommendations, \\nrecommended that Singapore residents aged 40 years and above to go for diabetes and \\nhyperlipidaemia screening once every three years and hypertension screening once \\nevery two years.   \\n\\n\\n \\n44 \\n \\nPractice of Health Screening \\nHealth screening practice was relatively common among Singapore residents aged 40 to \\n74 years who were not told by a doctor to have any chronic diseases (diabetes, high blood \\npressure and high blood cholesterol (DHL)). 62.6% of them were screened for all three \\nhealth conditions within the recommended screening guidelines in 2023 (Table 7.1). The \\nmajority of them with no known DHL were screened at the private GP clinics at 39.7%, \\nfollowed by polyclinics (17.1%), specialist outpatient clinics in public hospitals (11.8%) \\nand specialist outpatient clinics in private hospitals (10.3%) \\n \\nHealth screening practice was found to be more prevalent among older adults aged 70 to \\n74 years, with two-thirds of them (66.0%) having screened for all three health conditions \\nwithin the recommended screening guidelines. Among the ethnic groups, Indians (78.4%) \\nhad a higher screening prevalence for all three chronic diseases, followed by Chinese \\n(61.4%) and Malays (52.6%). Singapore residents with post-education (67.6%) were \\nmore likely to have gone for chronic disease screening compared to those with lower \\neducation level (primary education: 51.6%, secondary education: 55.6%). \\n \\nLooking at individual chronic disease alone regardless of the co-morbidity with the other \\ntwo chronic diseases, 76.7% of adults aged 40 to 74 years without known diabetes were \\nscreened for diabetes within the past three years, 82.7% of those without known high \\nblood pressure had their blood pressure checked within the past two years, and 74.7% of \\nthem with no previous diagnosis of high blood cholesterol were screened for this health \\ncondition within the past three years (Tables 7.3 to 7.5).   \\n \\nTrends in Health Screening \\nLooking at the trend data over the period from 2007 to 2023, significant increases in the \\nscreening participation for residents with no previous diagnosis of DHL were observed \\namong those aged 40 to 49 years and those with post-secondary education (Table 7.2). \\nThe overall and age-standardised chronic disease screening participation did not show \\nsignificant upward trend between 2007 and 2023. \\n \\nFor the individual chronic disease, the crude proportion of residents who had diabetes \\nand hypertension screening increased significantly from 2007 to 2023 while the \\nproportion screening for hyperlipidaemia did not show significant upward trend over the \\nsame period (Tables 7.3 to 7.5).  For diabetes, the screening participation improved in \\nthe age groups of 40 to 49 years and 70 to 74 years; in both sexes, among Chinese and \\nIndians, and those with post-secondary education. For hypertension, the significant \\nimprovements were observed for both sexes and those aged 40 to 49 years.  \\n\\n\\n \\n45 \\n \\nBetween 2019 and 2023, the screening participation for residents without known DHL \\nand for the individual chronic disease fell, though the decrease was not significant. \\nSignificant decreases in diabetes screening participation were observed among \\nSingapore residents in the age group of 40 to 49 years and among males, Chinese and \\nIndians during this period.  \\n \\nTable 7.1: Health screening practice (%) among Singapore residents who did not \\nhave any of the corresponding self-reported chronic diseases aged  \\n40 to 74 years by socio-demographic characteristics, 2023 \\nCharacteristic \\nScreened for \\nall 3 diseases \\nwithin the \\nrecommended \\nintervals \\nDiabetes \\nscreening \\nat least \\nonce in \\nthe past 3 \\nyears \\nHypertension \\nscreening at \\nleast once in \\nthe past 2 \\nyears \\nHigh blood \\ncholesterol  \\nscreening at \\nleast once in \\nthe past 3 \\nyears \\nTotal \\n62.6 \\n76.7 \\n82.7 \\n74.7 \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nAge (years) \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n40-49 \\n62.8 \\n72.8 \\n82.3 \\n72.4 \\n50-59 \\n63.3 \\n75.9 \\n82.4 \\n74.4 \\n60-69 \\n60.2 \\n79.8 \\n82.8 \\n76.8 \\n70-74 \\n66.0 \\n86.4 \\n86.8 \\n83.1 \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nSex \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nMales \\n61.9 \\n77.2 \\n81.7 \\n74.9 \\nFemales \\n63.3 \\n76.3 \\n83.6 \\n74.6 \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nHighest Education \\nAttained \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nPrimary \\n51.6 \\n71.4 \\n77.9 \\n68.8 \\nSecondary \\n55.6 \\n73.7 \\n80.8 \\n70.5 \\nPost-secondary \\n67.6 \\n79.5 \\n84.6 \\n78.0 \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nEthnic group \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nChinese \\n61.4 \\n76.5 \\n81.2 \\n74.3 \\nMalays \\n52.6 \\n71.1 \\n80.8 \\n68.3 \\nIndians \\n78.4 \\n83.0 \\n94.0 \\n83.9 \\nNote: Analysis based on highest education attained served as a proxy to socio-economic factors. \\n \\n Primary education: No formal qualification/ Primary/ PSLE.  \\n \\n Secondary education: Secondary/ GCE ‘O’/ ‘N’ level.  \\n \\n Post-secondary education: GCE ‘A’ Level/ Polytechnic & other diploma/ Degree & professional qualification. \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n46 \\n \\nTable 7.2: Chronic disease screening participation (%) among Singapore \\nresidents who did not have any of the self-reported chronic diseases aged  \\n40 to 74 years by age, sex, education, and ethnicity, 2007 to 2023 \\n \\nNHSS \\nNHS \\nNHSS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\n2007 \\n2010 \\n2013 \\n2017 \\n2019 \\n2020 \\n2021 \\n2022 \\n2023 \\nTotal \\n58.1 \\n45.2 \\n56.0 \\n66.4  \\n(63.1, 69.6) \\n66.3  \\n(63.7, 68.9) \\n63.0  \\n(60.4, 65.6) \\n59.2  \\n(56.7, 61.8) \\n60.3  \\n(58.1, 62.4) \\n62.6  \\n(60.5, 64.8) \\nASR \\n62.0 \\n45.2 \\n56.9 \\n68.3 \\n68.2 \\n63.3 \\n59.4 \\n60.8 \\n62.6 \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n40-49 \\n54.5 \\n44.7 \\n55.0 \\n60.7  \\n(56.2, 65.1) \\n62.6  \\n(58.6, 66.6) \\n62.5  \\n(58.5, 66.6) \\n60.8  \\n(56.8, 64.7) \\n59.5  \\n(56.4, 62.6) \\n62.8b  \\n(59.5, 66.1) \\n50-59 \\n60.4 \\n47.9 \\n54.8 \\n69.1  \\n(63.6, 74.5) \\n66.2  \\n(61.5, 70.9) \\n63.1  \\n(58.6, 67.6) \\n55.3  \\n(50.5, 60.1) \\n58.3  \\n(54.3, 62.4) \\n63.3  \\n(59.4, 67.2) \\n60-69 \\n68.6 \\n37.4 \\n61.8 \\n71.1  \\n(64.6, 77.5) \\n72.1  \\n(67.3, 77.0) \\n62.9  \\n(57.2, 68.5) \\n58.6  \\n(53.5, 63.6) \\n64.6  \\n(59.5, 69.7) \\n60.2  \\n(55.0, 65.5) \\n70-74 \\n68.9 \\n53.3 \\n56.9 \\n85.2  \\n(77.2, 93.2) \\n79.0  \\n(71.6, 86.3) \\n66.7  \\n(54.3, 79.0) \\n72.6  \\n(64.8, 80.4) \\n63.2  \\n(53.8, 72.6) \\n66.0  \\n(57.7, 74.3) \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nMales \\n59.9 \\n47.8 \\n55.0 \\n65.9  \\n(61.3, 70.5) \\n67.5  \\n(63.5, 71.5) \\n63.9  \\n(60.2, 67.7) \\n61.3  \\n(57.9, 64.6) \\n59.2  \\n(56.0, 62.5) \\n61.9  \\n(58.6, 65.1) \\nFemales \\n56.4 \\n42.8 \\n56.9 \\n66.8  \\n(62.6, 71.0) \\n65.2  \\n(61.7, 68.8) \\n62.2  \\n(58.7, 65.8) \\n57.5  \\n(53.7, 61.3) \\n61.1  \\n(58.2, 64.0) \\n63.3  \\n(60.3, 66.2) \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nPrimary \\n57.8 \\n32.7 \\n43.7 \\n60.9  \\n(53.3, 68.6) \\n57.2  \\n(50.7, 63.8) \\n50.4  \\n(44.3, 56.6) \\n56.4  \\n(49.9, 62.9) \\n54.6  \\n(48.7, 60.6) \\n51.6  \\n(45.1, 58.1) \\nSecondary \\n57.6 \\n45.4 \\n53.7 \\n64.4  \\n(59.0, 69.7) \\n61.1  \\n(56.7, 65.6) \\n55.9  \\n(51.2, 60.7) \\n50.1  \\n(45.2, 54.9) \\n54.1  \\n(49.9, 58.3) \\n55.6  \\n(51.4, 59.8) \\nPost-\\nsecondary \\n59.0 \\n54.1 \\n64.5 \\n71.0  \\n(66.7, 75.4) \\n71.4  \\n(67.8, 75.1) \\n69.8  \\n(66.3, 73.3) \\n64.1  \\n(60.8, 67.4) \\n64.1 \\n(61.3, 66.9) \\n67.6b \\n(64.9, 70.4) \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nChinese \\n57.2 \\n44.6 \\n55.7 \\n65.8  \\n(62.1, 69.5) \\n64.9  \\n(61.8, 67.9) \\n63.5  \\n(60.6, 66.5) \\n59.7  \\n(56.7, 62.7) \\n58.7  \\n(56.2, 61.2) \\n61.4  \\n(58.9, 63.9) \\nMalays \\n57.2 \\n40.0 \\n48.2 \\n62.2  \\n(53.4, 71.1) \\n64.4  \\n(56.4, 72.3) \\n48.4  \\n(39.7, 57.0) \\n48.3  \\n(40.5, 56.0) \\n59.0  \\n(52.5, 65.5) \\n52.6  \\n(45.5, 59.7) \\nIndians \\n70.1 \\n59.3 \\n68.9 \\n80.0  \\n(71.9, 88.1) \\n78.7  \\n(71.7, 85.7) \\n75.4  \\n(68.3, 82.5) \\n65.7  \\n(58.7, 72.7) \\n71.9  \\n(66.0, 77.8) \\n78.4  \\n(72.9, 83.9) \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n47 \\n \\nTable 7.3: Diabetes screening participation (%) among Singapore residents who \\ndid not have self-reported diabetes aged 40 to 74 years by age, sex,  \\neducation, and ethnicity, 2007 to 2023 \\n \\nNHSS \\nNHS \\nNHSS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\n2007 \\n2010 \\n2013 \\n2017 \\n2019 \\n2020 \\n2021 \\n2022 \\n2023 \\nTotal \\n72.4 \\n63.9 \\n70.3 \\n77.8  \\n(75.6, 80.0) \\n81.0  \\n(79.3, 82.8) \\n78.5  \\n(76.8, 80.3) \\n76.6  \\n(74.9, 78.2) \\n77.4  \\n(75.9, 78.8) \\n76.7b  \\n(75.2, 78.2) \\nASR \\n74.5 \\n66.4 \\n71.8 \\n78.7 \\n81.5 \\n78.8 \\n76.7 \\n77.6 \\n77.0 \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n40-49 \\n67.3 \\n58.3 \\n65.9 \\n71.4  \\n(67.7, 75.1) \\n75.4  \\n(72.0, 78.8) \\n75.2  \\n(72.0, 78.5) \\n74.2  \\n(71.4, 77.0) \\n74.1  \\n(71.7, 76.5) \\n72.8b,e  \\n(70.2, 75.4) \\n50-59 \\n74.8 \\n64.4 \\n68.9 \\n80.0  \\n(76.2, 83.7) \\n81.4  \\n(78.3, 84.5) \\n79.0  \\n(75.9, 82.1) \\n73.8  \\n(70.5, 77.1) \\n75.3  \\n(72.4, 78.1) \\n75.9  \\n(73.1, 78.6) \\n60-69 \\n80.0 \\n73.9 \\n78.1 \\n81.7  \\n(77.3, 86.2) \\n85.7  \\n(83.1, 88.3) \\n79.8  \\n(76.4, 83.2) \\n79.2  \\n(76.3, 82.1) \\n81.8  \\n(79.0, 84.6) \\n79.8  \\n(77.0, 82.7) \\n70-74 \\n79.9 \\n71.8 \\n84.2 \\n92.1  \\n(87.7, 96.6) \\n91.2  \\n(87.9, 94.5) \\n87.8  \\n(83.1, 92.6) \\n90.0  \\n(87.1, 93.0) \\n85.8  \\n(82.1, 89.5) \\n86.4b  \\n(83.1, 89.7) \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nMales \\n73.1 \\n64.7 \\n70.2 \\n78.9  \\n(75.8, 82.0) \\n82.6  \\n(80.2, 84.9) \\n80.8  \\n(78.4, 83.1) \\n78.6  \\n(76.5, 80.7) \\n78.0 \\n(75.9, 80.1) \\n77.2b,e  \\n(75.0, 79.3) \\nFemales \\n71.8 \\n63.0 \\n70.5 \\n76.9  \\n(73.8, 80.0) \\n79.7  \\n(77.1, 82.3) \\n76.4  \\n(73.8, 79.1) \\n74.7  \\n(72.2, 77.1) \\n76.8  \\n(74.8, 78.9) \\n76.3b  \\n(74.2, 78.3) \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nPrimary \\n70.7 \\n58.4 \\n63.9 \\n75.4  \\n(70.6,80.3) \\n77.8  \\n(74.4, 81.2) \\n73.8  \\n(69.8, 77.8) \\n75.2  \\n(71.3, 79.0) \\n76.3 \\n(72.7, 79.9) \\n71.4  \\n(67.3, 75.6) \\nSecondary \\n72.2 \\n61.7 \\n69.0 \\n75.8  \\n(72.0, 79.6) \\n79.7  \\n(77.1, 82.3) \\n74.6  \\n(71.2, 78.0) \\n72.7  \\n(69.5, 75.9) \\n74.3  \\n(71.6, 77.0) \\n73.7  \\n(71.0, 76.5) \\nPost- \\nsecondary \\n74.4 \\n71.0 \\n76.0 \\n81.3  \\n(78.1, 84.5) \\n83.0  \\n(80.4, 85.7) \\n82.2  \\n(79.8, 84.7) \\n79.2  \\n(77.1, 81.3) \\n79.3 \\n(77.3, 81.3) \\n79.5b  \\n(77.6, 81.4) \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nChinese \\n72.7 \\n64.4 \\n70.0 \\n76.9  \\n(74.4, 79.5) \\n80.5  \\n(78.5, 82.5) \\n78.9  \\n(76.9, 80.8) \\n76.6  \\n(74.7, 78.5) \\n76.8  \\n(75.1, 78.5) \\n76.5b,e  \\n(74.8, 78.2) \\nMalays \\n68.4 \\n54.5 \\n65.7 \\n76.5  \\n(69.6, 83.3) \\n77.7  \\n(71.9, 83.4) \\n69.8  \\n(63.2, 76.4) \\n69.1  \\n(63.8, 74.3) \\n72.8  \\n(67.8, 77.7) \\n71.1  \\n(66.4, 75.9) \\nIndians \\n79.2 \\n74.2 \\n79.9 \\n88.1  \\n(82.3, 94.0) \\n89.3  \\n(84.8, 93.8) \\n88.0  \\n(83.0, 93.0) \\n85.1  \\n(81.0, 89.2) \\n86.0  \\n(82.3, 89.7) \\n83.0b,e  \\n(78.8, 87.2) \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n48 \\n \\nTable 7.4: Hypertension screening participation (%) among Singapore residents \\nwho did not have self-reported hypertension aged 40 to 74 years by age,  \\nsex, education, and ethnicity, 2007 to 2023 \\n \\nNHSS \\nNHS \\nNHSS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\n2007 \\n2010 \\n2013 \\n2017 \\n2019 \\n2020 \\n2021 \\n2022 \\n2023 \\nTotal \\n77.7 \\n79.9 \\n77.8 \\n82.9  \\n(80.8, 85.0) \\n86.0  \\n(84.4, 87.6) \\n83.3  \\n(81.4, 85.1) \\n82.4  \\n(80.7, 84.1) \\n80.7  \\n(79.2, 82.2) \\n82.7b  \\n(81.2, 84.2) \\nASR \\n79.6 \\n80.1 \\n78.8 \\n84.0 \\n86.6 \\n83.6 \\n82.6 \\n81.1 \\n82.9 \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n40-49 \\n75.8 \\n78.3 \\n76.4 \\n79.9  \\n(76.1, 83.6) \\n84.6  \\n(81.6, 87.6) \\n82.7  \\n(79.6, 85.8) \\n81.9  \\n(79.2, 84.6) \\n78.5  \\n(76.0, 80.9) \\n82.3b  \\n(79.9, 84.7) \\n50-59 \\n77.5 \\n82.9 \\n76.2 \\n81.6  \\n(78.1, 85.2) \\n85.7  \\n(82.9, 88.5) \\n83.0  \\n(79.8, 86.1) \\n79.7  \\n(76.3, 83.1) \\n79.9  \\n(77.0, 82.8) \\n82.4  \\n(79.7, 85.0) \\n60-69 \\n85.0 \\n78.5 \\n84.4 \\n88.3  \\n(84.6, 92.1) \\n88.1  \\n(85.2, 91.1) \\n84.8  \\n(81.4, 88.3) \\n85.3  \\n(82.5, 88.2) \\n85.0  \\n(82.2, 87.8) \\n82.8  \\n(79.4, 86.2) \\n70-74 \\n82.2 \\n79.5 \\n79.3 \\n 94.1  \\n(89.9, 98.3) \\n90.8  \\n(86.3, 95.2) \\n83.6  \\n(75.0, 92.1) \\n89.7  \\n(85.6, 93.8) \\n83.2  \\n(77.4, 89.0) \\n86.8  \\n(81.8, 91.8) \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nMales \\n77.1 \\n80.5 \\n77.0 \\n81.3  \\n(77.8, 84.8) \\n85.5  \\n(83.1, 88.0) \\n83.2  \\n(80.6, 85.8) \\n81.8  \\n(79.4, 84.2) \\n81.0  \\n(78.8, 83.2) \\n81.7b  \\n(79.4, 83.9) \\nFemales \\n78.2 \\n79.4 \\n78.5 \\n84.4  \\n(81.7, 87.0) \\n86.5  \\n(84.3, 88.6) \\n83.4  \\n(80.8, 86.0) \\n82.9  \\n(80.5, 85.3) \\n80.4  \\n(78.3, 82.5) \\n83.6b  \\n(81.6, 85.7) \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nPrimary \\n76.5 \\n72.9 \\n68.7 \\n80.1  \\n(75.0, 85.2) \\n78.4  \\n(74.2, 82.6) \\n78.4  \\n(74.2, 82.6) \\n80.4  \\n(76.3, 84.6) \\n78.7  \\n(74.8, 82.6) \\n77.9  \\n(73.3, 82.6) \\nSecondary \\n79.9 \\n80.5 \\n76.7 \\n82.3  \\n(78.7, 86.0) \\n85.4  \\n(82.9, 87.8) \\n79.2  \\n(75.6, 82.8)a \\n81.7  \\n(78.4, 85.1) \\n79.9  \\n(76.9, 82.8) \\n80.8  \\n(77.9, 83.6) \\nPost-\\nsecondary \\n75.6 \\n84.6 \\n84.2 \\n85.2  \\n(82.1, 88.4) \\n88.7  \\n(86.5, 91.0) \\n86.8  \\n(84.3, 89.2) \\n83.2  \\n(81.0, 85.3) \\n81.6  \\n(79.6, 83.6) \\n84.6  \\n(82.7, 86.5) \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nChinese \\n76.7 \\n79.9 \\n76.9 \\n82.2  \\n(79.8, 84.6) \\n85.8  \\n(84.0, 87.7) \\n83.1  \\n(81.0, 85.2) \\n81.6  \\n(79.6, 83.6) \\n79.1  \\n(77.3, 80.9) \\n81.2  \\n(79.4, 83.0) \\nMalays \\n79.3 \\n76.6 \\n76.4 \\n82.6  \\n(76.3, 88.8) \\n81.4  \\n(76.0, 86.8) \\n74.7  \\n(67.3, 82.0) \\n83.8  \\n(79.5, 88.0) \\n83.1  \\n(78.6, 87.6) \\n80.8  \\n(76.2, 85.4) \\nIndians \\n87.6 \\n86.7 \\n86.7 \\n92.8  \\n(88.4, 97.3) \\n92.5  \\n(88.5, 96.5) \\n92.4  \\n(89.0, 95.9) \\n87.2  \\n(82.9, 91.5) \\n88.9  \\n(85.4, 92.3) \\n94.0  \\n(91.5, 96.5) \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n49 \\n \\nTable 7.5: Hyperlipidaemia screening participation (%) among Singapore \\nresidents who did not have self-reported hyperlipidaemia aged 40 to 74 years  \\nby age, sex, education, and ethnicity, 2007 to 2023 \\n \\nNHSS \\nNHS \\nNHSS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\n2007 \\n2010 \\n2013 \\n2017 \\n2019 \\n2020 \\n2021 \\n2022 \\n2023 \\nTotal \\n78.1 \\n61.1 \\n73.0 \\n78.2  \\n(75.9, 80.5) \\n77.9  \\n(76.0, 79.9) \\n76.5  \\n(74.5, 78.6) \\n72.5  \\n(70.5, 74.5) \\n75.0  \\n(73.3, 76.7) \\n74.7  \\n(73.0, 76.4) \\nASR \\n80.8 \\n62.7 \\n74.5 \\n79.4 \\n78.9 \\n77.0 \\n72.8 \\n75.6 \\n75.2 \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n40-49 \\n74.8 \\n59.3 \\n70.8 \\n73.0  \\n(69.2, 76.7) \\n73.3  \\n(69.7, 76.8) \\n74.5  \\n(71.1, 78.0) \\n71.6  \\n(68.3, 74.8) \\n71.8  \\n(69.2, 74.5) \\n72.4  \\n(69.6, 75.2) \\n50-59 \\n79.9 \\n62.9 \\n70.7 \\n78.7  \\n(74.6, 82.9) \\n76.9  \\n(73.3, 80.5) \\n75.3  \\n(71.7, 79.0) \\n68.7  \\n(64.7, 72.7) \\n74.4  \\n(71.2, 77.5) \\n74.4  \\n(71.3, 77.4) \\n60-69 \\n86.2 \\n63.1 \\n79.4 \\n84.1  \\n(80.0, 88.2) \\n84.0  \\n(80.9, 87.1) \\n79.0  \\n(75.2, 82.8) \\n74.4  \\n(70.6, 78.1) \\n78.6  \\n(75.1, 82.2) \\n76.8  \\n(73.1, 80.5) \\n70-74 \\n77.9 \\n61.5 \\n84.8 \\n90.3  \\n(85.0, 95.7) \\n89.8  \\n(85.2, 94.4) \\n85.7  \\n(79.3, 92.1) \\n88.2  \\n(84.2, 92.2) \\n84.3  \\n(79.2, 89.4) \\n83.1  \\n(77.8, 88.4) \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nMales \\n77.9 \\n62.8 \\n71.8 \\n78.6  \\n(75.2, 82.0) \\n79.0  \\n(76.0, 82.0) \\n77.5  \\n(74.7, 80.3) \\n74.2  \\n(71.7, 76.7) \\n75.3  \\n(72.8, 77.7) \\n74.9  \\n(72.3, 77.4) \\nFemales \\n78.3 \\n59.5 \\n74.1 \\n77.8  \\n(74.8, 80.9) \\n77.0  \\n(74.5, 79.6) \\n75.7  \\n(72.8, 78.6) \\n71.0  \\n(67.9, 74.0) \\n74.7  \\n(72.4, 77.0) \\n74.6  \\n(72.2, 76.9) \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nPrimary \\n73.8 \\n53.7 \\n66.2 \\n74.9  \\n(69.4, 80.4) \\n74.2  \\n(69.4, 79.0) \\n68.1  \\n(63.1, 73.1) \\n75.7  \\n(71.4, 80.0) \\n70.6  \\n(66.1, 75.1) \\n68.8  \\n(63.7, 74.0) \\nSecondary \\n77.7 \\n61.1 \\n72.1 \\n76.4  \\n(72.2, 80.6) \\n75.1  \\n(71.9, 78.4) \\n72.3  \\n(68.5, 76.1) \\n64.0  \\n(60.0, 68.1)a \\n70.7  \\n(67.6, 73.9) \\n70.5  \\n(67.3, 73.7) \\nPost- \\nsecondary \\n82.4 \\n67.1 \\n78.3 \\n81.7  \\n(78.5, 84.9) \\n80.9  \\n(77.9, 83.9) \\n81.3  \\n(78.7, 84.0) \\n76.0  \\n(73.5, 78.5)a \\n78.2  \\n(76.0, 80.4) \\n78.0  \\n(75.8, 80.2) \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nChinese \\n78.1 \\n61.8 \\n72.5 \\n77.7  \\n(75.1, 80.3) \\n77.9  \\n(75.6, 80.2) \\n77.3  \\n(75.1, 79.5) \\n72.9  \\n(70.6, 75.2) \\n74.1  \\n(72.1, 76.0) \\n74.3  \\n(72.3, 76.4) \\nMalays \\n74.0 \\n53.8 \\n69.6 \\n77.7  \\n(70.8, 84.6) \\n75.1  \\n(68.9, 81.4) \\n63.0  \\n(55.5, 70.6) \\n62.2  \\n(55.3, 69.0) \\n71.1  \\n(65.9, 76.3) \\n68.3  \\n(62.8, 73.7) \\nIndians \\n83.1 \\n67.6 \\n82.2 \\n86.3  \\n(80.7, 91.9) \\n83.6  \\n(77.7, 89.4) \\n84.8  \\n(79.4, 90.2) \\n79.8  \\n(74.9, 84.7) \\n85.9  \\n(82.1, 89.7) \\n83.9  \\n(79.7, 88.2) \\n \\n \\nNotes applicable to Table 7.2 to 7.5: \\n(1) \\nFigures in ( ) refer to the 95% confidence intervals. a Indicates that the results for any two consecutive survey years are \\nsignificantly different statistically at 5% significance level as the confidence intervals for these two survey years did not \\noverlap (e.g. NPHS 2022 and NPHS 2023). \\n(2) \\nASR: Age- standardised rate. The reference population used is Singapore Census 2020 resident population. \\n(3) \\nAnalysis based on highest education attained served as a proxy to socio-economic factors. \\n \\nPrimary education: No formal qualification/ Primary/ PSLE.  \\n \\nSecondary education: Secondary/ GCE ‘O’/ ‘N’ level.  \\n \\nPost-secondary education: GCE ‘A’ Level/ Polytechnic & other diploma/ Degree & professional qualification. \\n(4) \\nb Indicate statistically significant linear upward trend between 2007 and 2023 with p-value <0.05. \\n(5) \\ne Indicate statistically significant linear downward trend between 2019 and 2023 with p-value <0.05 \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n50 \\n \\nChapter 8 \\nBreast Cancer Screening \\n \\nKey Points \\n• \\nIn 2023, slightly more than one-third (34.7%) of Singapore women in the 50 to 69 \\nyears age group reported that they had gone for mammography in the last two \\nyears. \\n \\nIntroduction \\nBreast cancer remained the most common cancer among Singapore women in the past \\n50 years (NRDO 2024). For the latest five-year period from 2018-2022, it accounted for \\n24.4% (about 1 in 4) cancer diagnoses in females, and the age-standardised incidence \\nrate of breast cancer was 76.2 per 100,000 women. It was the leading cause of cancer \\ndeath among females in 2018-2022, accounting for 17.1% of cancer deaths among \\nfemales.  \\n \\nBreast cancer has been linked to a number of risk factors including age, family history of \\nbreast cancer, smoking, high-fat diet and obesity. The earlier breast cancer is diagnosed, \\nthe better the chances for successful treatment. As early breast cancer usually does not \\npresent with any symptoms, screening is therefore important. Mammography for women \\nover 50 years old is widely accepted as appropriate and beneficial. The national “Screen \\nfor Life” (SFL) screening programme which takes reference from the Screening Test \\nReview Committee’s recommendations, recommended that women aged 50 to 69 years \\nto go for mammography once every two years. \\n \\nMethodology \\nAn interviewer-administered questionnaire was used. Female respondents were asked \\non their practice of mammography as well as where they took their mammography.   \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n51 \\n \\nPractice of Mammography  \\nIn 2023, slightly more than one-third (34.7%) of Singapore women in the 50 to 69 years \\nage group reported that they had gone for a mammography within the last two years, in \\naccordance with the recommended frequency of mammography in this age group (Table \\n8.1). Ever-married women (35.6%) were more likely to have a mammography within the \\nlast two years than never married women (28.4%). A higher proportion of Indian (40.4%) \\nand Chinese (36.6%) women had undergone mammography compared to their Malay \\ncounterparts (16.9%) (Table 8.2). Women with post-secondary education (44.6%) were \\nmore likely to go for screening than women with secondary education (31.5%) or primary \\neducation (20.8%). More than two-fifths (45.3%) of the women had their mammogram \\ntaken in the polyclinics, followed by public hospitals (24.0%), private hospitals (14.4%) \\nand private X-ray centres (10.7%).   \\n \\nTable 8.1: Practice of mammography (%) among Singapore female residents  \\naged 50 to 69 years by marital status, 2023 \\nCharacteristic \\nHad a mammography \\nwithin the last 2 years \\nTotal \\n34.7 \\n \\n \\nMarital status \\n \\nNever married \\n28.4 \\nEver-married \\n35.6 \\n \\nTrends in Breast Cancer Screening \\nBetween 2007 and 2023, the decrease in screening participation for breast cancer was \\nonly significant for females with secondary and post-secondary education while the \\ndownward trends for overall and other groups were not significant (Table 8.2).  \\n \\nComparing 2023 with the pre-COVID-19 period in 2019, there was no significant change \\nin the breast cancer screening participation at the overall or any of the subgroup levels.  \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n52 \\n \\nTable 8.2: Breast cancer screening participation (%) among Singapore female \\nresidents aged 50 to 69 years by age, education, and ethnicity, 2007 to 2023 \\n \\nNHSS \\nNHS \\nNHSS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\n2007 \\n2010 \\n2013 \\n2017 \\n2019 \\n2020 \\n2021 \\n2022 \\n2023 \\nTotal \\n41.0 \\n39.6 \\n42.7 \\n30.9  \\n(26.9, 34.9) \\n38.7  \\n(34.8, 42.6) \\n37.9  \\n(34.7, 41.2) \\n31.1  \\n(28.0, 34.1)a \\n37.6  \\n(34.5, 40.6)a \\n34.7  \\n(31.7, 37.8) \\nASR \\n40.2 \\n39.3 \\n41.3 \\n30.7 \\n39.0 \\n37.9 \\n31.5 \\n37.7 \\n34.7 \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n50-59 \\n43.6 \\n40.5 \\n44.3 \\n32.7  \\n(27.3, 38.2) \\n40.2  \\n(34.7, 45.7) \\n40.9  \\n(36.1, 45.8) \\n31.6  \\n(27.3, 36.0)a \\n41.1  \\n(36.6, 45.5)a \\n38.4  \\n(34.1, 42.8) \\n60-69 \\n35.8 \\n37.9 \\n39.9 \\n28.4  \\n(23.0, 33.9) \\n36.9  \\n(31.4, 42.4) \\n34.3  \\n(29.7, 38.8) \\n30.4  \\n(26.1, 34.8) \\n33.6  \\n(29.3, 37.8) \\n30.6  \\n(26.5, 34.7) \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nPrimary \\n29.9 \\n29.3 \\n25.5 \\n24.3  \\n(17.4, 31.2) \\n28.4  \\n(22.2, 34.6) \\n22.6  \\n(17.3, 27.8) \\n24.6  \\n(18.3, 31.0) \\n27.7  \\n(22.0, 33.4) \\n20.8  \\n(15.4, 26.2) \\nSecondary \\n48.4 \\n40.8 \\n46.2 \\n28.6  \\n(22.8, 34.4) \\n37.0  \\n(32.3, 41.7) \\n32.9  \\n(28.0, 37.9) \\n26.0  \\n(21.6, 30.4) \\n34.5  \\n(29.5, 39.4) \\n31.5c  \\n(27.0, 36.0) \\nPost- \\nsecondary \\n54.8 \\n60.7 \\n66.0 \\n45.6  \\n(35.7, 55.5) \\n49.6  \\n(41.2, 58.0) \\n54.3  \\n(48.0, 60.6) \\n42.4  \\n(37.0, 47.9)a \\n46.5  \\n(41.3, 51.7) \\n44.6c  \\n(39.3, 49.9) \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nChinese \\n41.9 \\n41.7 \\n44.4 \\n32.2  \\n(27.6, 36.8) \\n40.1  \\n(35.7, 44.6) \\n41.3  \\n(37.6, 45.0) \\n31.7  \\n(28.2, 35.2)a \\n39.5  \\n(35.9, 43.0)a \\n36.6  \\n(33.0, 40.1) \\nMalays \\n35.0 \\n23.5 \\n28.1 \\n10.4  \\n(4.3, 16.5) \\n28.9  \\n(20.5, 37.3)a \\n17.6  \\n(10.7, 24.4) \\n18.7  \\n(11.7, 25.8) \\n21.5  \\n(14.7, 28.3) \\n16.9  \\n(11.0, 22.8) \\nIndians \\n38.2 \\n41.9 \\n44.8 \\n46.3  \\n(30.2, 62.3) \\n41.0  \\n(28.5, 53.5) \\n43.2  \\n(31.3, 55.1) \\n37.7  \\n(27.0, 48.4) \\n43.9  \\n(32.9, 54.9) \\n40.4  \\n(28.2, 52.5) \\nNotes: (1) Figures in ( ) refer to the 95% confidence intervals. a Indicates that the results for any two consecutive survey years \\nare significantly different statistically at 5% significance level as the confidence intervals for these two survey years \\ndid not overlap (e.g. NPHS 2022 and NPHS 2023). \\n \\n(2) ASR: Age-standardised rate. The reference population used is Singapore Census 2020 female resident population. \\n \\n(3) Analysis based on highest education attained served as a proxy to socio-economic factors. \\n \\n \\nPrimary education: No formal qualification/ Primary/ PSLE.  \\n \\n \\nSecondary education: Secondary/ GCE ‘O’/ ‘N’ level.  \\n \\n \\nPost-secondary education: GCE ‘A’ Level/ Polytechnic & other diploma/ Degree & professional qualification. \\n(4) c Indicate statistically significant linear downward trend between 2007 and 2023 with p-value <0.05. \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n53 \\n \\nChapter 9 \\nCervical Cancer Screening \\n \\nKey Points \\n• \\nIn 2023, more than two in five (45.4%) Singapore female residents aged 25 to 74 \\nyears reported that they had gone for cervical cancer screening (had done Pap test \\nin the past three years or HPV test in the past five years). \\n• \\nWomen aged 30 to 59 years (more than 50%) were most likely to have undergone \\ncervical cancer screening. \\n \\nIntroduction \\nCervical cancer was the 10th most common cancer among women in Singapore for the \\nlatest five-year period from 2018-2022, accounting for 2.5% of cancer diagnoses in \\nfemales (NRDO 2024). During this period, the age-standardised incidence rate of cervical \\ncancer was 6.8 per 100,000 women and it accounted for 2.4% of all cancer deaths among \\nfemales.  \\n \\nMajor risk factors for cervical cancer include having sexual intercourse at an early age, \\nhaving multiple sexual partners and infection with Human Papillomavirus (HPV) (the \\ncause of genital warts). Long term consumption of combined oral contraceptive pills and \\ncigarette smoking are also the risk factors8.  \\n \\nBased on the latest recommendations on cervical cancer screening in 20199, women \\naged 25 to 29 years are recommended to undergo a Pap test at a three yearly interval \\nwhile women aged 30 years and above are recommended to take a HPV test at a five-\\nyearly interval.   \\n \\n \\n8 American Cancer Society. “Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer”. \\nhttps://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/cervical-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html (accessed \\non 2 July 2024) \\n  \\n9 Based on Ministry of Health Circular No. 08/2019 dated 6 March 2019 on “Release of New Screening \\nTest Review Committee Guidelines, Including Changes to Diabetes Mellitus, Lipid Disorders, And Cervical \\nCancer Screening”.  \\n\\n\\n \\n54 \\n \\nMethodology \\nAn interviewer-administered questionnaire was used. Female respondents were asked \\non their practice of cervical cancer screening as well as where they took the test; and \\nwhich test (Pap test/ HPV test) was taken.      \\n \\nPractice of Cervical Cancer Screening  \\nIn 2023, among women aged 25 to 74 years, more than two in five (45.4%) Singapore \\nwomen aged 25 to 74 years had undergone cervical cancer screening (had done a Pap \\ntest in the past three years or HPV test in the past five years) (Table 9.1). The proportion \\nof women who had undergone cervical cancer screening was higher among ever-married \\nwomen (52.9%) than women who were never married (20.2%). Chinese (46.9%) and \\nIndian (46.2%) women were more likely to have undergone cervical cancer screening \\ncompared to Malays (31.4%) women (Table 9.2). Women aged 30 to 59 years were the \\nmost likely to have undergone cervical cancer screening. Women with post-secondary \\neducation (52.7%) were more likely to have undergone cervical cancer screening \\ncompared to those with secondary (34.5%) or primary education (26.7%). The majority of \\nthe women had their last cervical cancer screening in private GP clinics (25.1%), followed \\nby specialist outpatient clinics in the public hospitals (23.0%), polyclinics (19.6%) or \\nspecialist outpatient clinics in the private hospitals (18.6%).    \\n \\nTable 9.1: Practice of cervical cancer screening (%) among Singapore  \\nwomen aged 25 to 74 years by marital status, 2023 \\nCharacteristic \\nHad a cervical \\ncancer screening  \\nTotal \\n45.4 \\n \\n \\nMarital status \\n \\nNever married \\n20.2 \\nEver-married \\n52.9 \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n55 \\n \\nTrends in Cervical Cancer Screening \\nThe crude and age-standardised screening participation for cervical cancer decreased \\nsignificantly from 2007 to 2023 (Table 9.2). Significant decreases were also seen in some \\nage groups (25 to 29 years, 30 to 39 years and 70 to 74 years), across all education \\nlevels and among Chinese and Malay women.  \\n \\nBetween 2019 and 2023, similar decreasing trends in screening participation were also \\nobserved at the overall and subgroup levels though most decreases were not significant \\nexcept in the 70 to 74 years age group.   \\n \\nTable 9.2: Cervical cancer screening participation (%) among Singapore  \\nfemale residents aged 25 to 74 years by age, education, and ethnicity,  \\n2007 to 2023 \\n \\nNHSS \\nNHS \\nNHSS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\n2007 \\n2010 \\n2013 \\n2017 \\n2019 \\n2020 \\n2021 \\n2022 \\n2023 \\nTotal \\n57.9 \\n46.8 \\n48.9 \\n46.3  \\n(43.5, 49.1) \\n48.2  \\n(45.8, 50.7) \\n45.4  \\n(43.1, 47.6) \\n41.0 \\n(38.7, 43.3) \\n43.1  \\n(41.2, 45.1) \\n45.4c  \\n(43.3, 47.4) \\nASR \\n54.1 \\n44.3 \\n47.6 \\n45.0 \\n47.8 \\n44.7 \\n41.1 \\n42.9 \\n44.9c \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n25-29 \\n49.5 \\n32.3 \\n29.4 \\n21.5  \\n(14.2, 28.9) \\n21.0  \\n(15.1, 26.9) \\n18.8  \\n(12.8, 24.7) \\n21.4  \\n(15.2, 27.5) \\n17.6  \\n(12.5, 22.6) \\n20.3c  \\n(13.4, 27.3) \\n30-39 \\n69.5 \\n59.5 \\n53.9 \\n57.5  \\n(51.5, 63.4) \\n55.9  \\n(51.0, 60.7) \\n52.2  \\n(47.6, 56.9) \\n43.6  \\n(39.1, 48.2) \\n47.1  \\n(43.1, 51.1) \\n54.6c  \\n(50.3, 59.0) \\n40-49 \\n64.6 \\n57.1 \\n54.6 \\n56.8  \\n(51.1, 62.6) \\n58.8  \\n(54.1, 63.5) \\n57.6  \\n(52.8, 62.4) \\n56.1  \\n(50.8, 61.5) \\n58.2 \\n(54.3, 62.0) \\n57.8  \\n(53.8, 61.9) \\n50-59 \\n59.8 \\n43.8 \\n48.4 \\n48.8  \\n(42.6, 54.9) \\n56.5  \\n(51.5, 61.5) \\n52.8  \\n(47.7, 57.9) \\n44.9  \\n(40.0, 49.8) \\n49.3  \\n(44.7, 53.9) \\n50.5  \\n(45.9, 55.0) \\n60-69 \\n33.3 \\n29.0 \\n44.2 \\n33.9 \\n(28.2, 39.5) \\n37.0  \\n(31.2, 42.8) \\n33.9  \\n(29.2, 38.6) \\n32.5  \\n(27.9, 37.0) \\n34.6  \\n(30.3, 38.9) \\n34.3  \\n(29.7, 38.9) \\n70-74 \\ns \\ns \\n47.5 \\n18.0  \\n(10.0, 26.1)  \\n25.1  \\n(17.8, 32.4) \\n20.6  \\n(14.0, 27.3) \\n20.9  \\n(12.8, 29.1) \\n15.4  \\n(10.1, 20.6) \\n17.0c,e  \\n(11.2, 22.8) \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nPrimary \\n38.2 \\n31.2 \\n36.3 \\n27.9  \\n(22.5, 33.2) \\n28.9  \\n(23.7, 34.1) \\n28.3  \\n(23.4, 33.2) \\n29.4  \\n(23.5, 35.4) \\n23.9  \\n(19.4, 28.5) \\n26.7c  \\n(21.5, 31.8) \\nSecondary \\n62.5 \\n51.0 \\n50.7 \\n42.4  \\n(37.3, 47.5) \\n49.8  \\n(45.8, 53.9) \\n40.5  \\n(36.3, 44.6)a \\n35.2  \\n(31.2, 39.2) \\n37.4  \\n(33.6, 41.2) \\n34.5c  \\n(30.7, 38.3) \\nPost- \\nsecondary \\n66.4 \\n52.5 \\n53.4 \\n55.5  \\n(51.3, 59.8) \\n52.8  \\n(49.3, 56.4) \\n51.7  \\n(48.6, 54.8) \\n45.9  \\n(42.8, 49.0) \\n49.0  \\n(46.4, 51.6) \\n52.7c  \\n(50.0, 55.3) \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nChinese \\n59.4 \\n47.6 \\n50.8 \\n48.5  \\n(45.3, 51.7) \\n49.9  \\n(46.8, 52.9) \\n47.2  \\n(44.6, 49.8) \\n42.2  \\n(39.5, 44.9) \\n45.3  \\n(43.0, 47.6) \\n46.9c  \\n(44.5, 49.3) \\nMalays \\n48.9 \\n38.5 \\n38.6 \\n29.1  \\n(22.2, 36.0) \\n34.8  \\n(28.8, 40.8) \\n29.8  \\n(23.5, 36.0) \\n29.2  \\n(23.0, 35.5) \\n30.3  \\n(25.5, 35.1) \\n31.4c  \\n(26.5, 36.4) \\nIndians \\n51.8 \\n47.0 \\n42.8 \\n47.4  \\n(39.6, 55.2) \\n46.1  \\n(39.4, 52.8) \\n46.3  \\n(38.8, 53.7) \\n44.4  \\n(38.1, 50.8) \\n38.6  \\n(32.4, 44.8) \\n46.2  \\n(38.2, 54.3) \\nNotes: (1) \\nFigures in ( ) refer to the 95% confidence intervals. a Indicates that the results for any two consecutive survey years \\nare significantly different statistically at 5% significance level as the confidence intervals for these two survey years \\ndid not overlap (e.g. NPHS 2022 and NPHS 2023). \\n \\n(2) \\ns: Data have been suppressed due to small counts or high sampling variability. \\n \\n(3) \\nASR: Age-standardised rate. The reference population used is Singapore Census 2020 female resident population. \\n \\n(4) \\nAnalysis based on highest education attained served as a proxy to socio-economic factors. \\n \\n \\nPrimary education: No formal qualification/ Primary/ PSLE.  \\n \\n \\nSecondary education: Secondary/ GCE ‘O’/ ‘N’ level.  \\n \\n \\nPost-secondary education: GCE ‘A’ Level/ Polytechnic & other diploma/ Degree & professional qualification. \\n(5) \\nc Indicate statistically significant linear downward trend between 2007 and 2023 with p-value <0.05. \\n(6) \\ne Indicate statistically significant linear downward trend between 2019 and 2023 with p-value <0.05  \\n\\n\\n \\n56 \\n \\nChapter 10 \\nColorectal Cancer Screening \\n \\nKey Points \\n• In 2023, 41.7% of Singapore residents aged 50 to 74 years had undergone \\ncolorectal screening within the recommended screening frequency.  \\n• Approximately one in four of these residents aged 50 to 74 years reported having \\nundergone a Faecal Immunochemical Test (FIT) at least once in the past one year \\n(24.1%) or  had undergone colonoscopy in the past 10 years (27.7%). \\n• The practice of taking a FIT or a colonoscopy was more prevalent among males \\n(43.8%) than females (39.6%). \\n \\nIntroduction \\nColorectal cancer was the most common and second most common cancer among \\nSingapore men and women respectively for the latest five-year period from 2018-2022, \\naccounting for 16.2% of cancer diagnoses in males and 12.9% of cancer diagnoses in \\nfemales (NRDO 2024). During this period, the age-standardised incidence rate of \\ncolorectal cancer was 37.9 per 100,000 men and 27.0 per 100,000 women respectively \\nand it accounted for 14.3% of cancer deaths in males and 15.6% of cancer deaths in \\nfemales. \\n \\nFactors that have been associated with higher risk of colorectal cancer include specific \\nhereditary conditions, older age, inflammatory bowel diseases, regular high saturated \\nfat/low fiber diet, excessive alcohol intake and sedentary lifestyle10.  \\n \\nFaecal Immunochemical Test (FIT) and colonoscopy are able to detect colorectal cancer \\nat an early stage. The Screening Test Review Committee recommends annual screening \\nfor colorectal cancer using FIT for people aged 50 years and older who are at average \\nrisk for colorectal cancer. For a person who is tested positive for FIT, colonoscopy is the \\nconfirmatory diagnostic investigations.  \\n \\n10 CDC. “Colorectal Cancer Risk Factors”. https://www.cdc.gov/colorectal-cancer/risk-factors/index.html \\n(accessed on 2 July 2024).  \\n\\n\\n \\n57 \\n \\nMethodology \\nAn interviewer administered questionnaire was used. Respondents were asked whether \\nthey had ever done a FIT or colonoscopy, and where they took the FIT. \\n \\nPractice of FIT \\nBased on the survey, 24.1% of Singapore residents aged 50 to 74 years reported to have \\na FIT in the last one year (Table 10.1). Higher proportion of males (26.0%) than females \\n(22.2%) had undergone a FIT in the last one year. Chinese (25.7%) were more likely to \\ntake a FIT compared to Malays (10.5%) and Indians (14.6%). Higher proportion of \\nresidents with post-secondary (32.9%) had done a FIT in the last one year compared to \\nresidents with secondary (19.0%) or primary (15.3%) education. The majority of \\nSingapore residents had their last FIT in private GP clinics (29.4%), followed by \\npolyclinics (16.4%) and specialist outpatient clinics in the public hospitals (14.9%). More \\nthan one in five (22.3%) residents tested using the FIT kit that they had collected from \\npharmacies, clinics or Singapore Cancer Society. \\n \\nPractice of Colonoscopy  \\n27.7% of Singapore residents aged 50 to 74 years reported to have undergone a \\ncolonoscopy in the last 10 years (Table 10.1). Similar to the practice of FIT, the practice \\nof colonoscopy was more prevalent among males (28.6%) than females (26.8%). \\nChinese (30.0%) were more likely to have undergone a colonoscopy compared to Malays \\n(17.2%) and Indians (16.6%). By education attainment, more than one-third (34.9%) of \\nresidents with post-secondary had a colonoscopy in the last 10 years compared to \\nresidents with secondary (26.4%) or primary (15.8%) education. \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n58 \\n \\nTable 10.1: Practice of FIT or colonoscopy (%) among Singapore residents aged \\n50 to 74 years by socio-demographic characteristics, 2023 \\nCharacteristic \\nHad a FIT in \\nlast 1 year \\nHad a \\ncolonoscopy in \\nlast 10 years \\nTotal \\n24.1 \\n27.7 \\n \\n \\n \\nAge (years) \\n \\n \\n50-59 \\n27.3 \\n25.4 \\n60-69 \\n22.0 \\n29.0 \\n70-74 \\n19.2 \\n31.3 \\n \\n \\n \\nSex \\n \\n \\nMales \\n26.0 \\n28.6 \\nFemales \\n22.2 \\n26.8 \\n \\n \\n \\nHighest education attained \\n \\n \\nPrimary \\n15.3 \\n15.8 \\nSecondary \\n19.0 \\n26.4 \\nPost-secondary \\n32.9 \\n34.9 \\n \\n \\n \\nEthnic group \\n \\n \\nChinese \\n25.7 \\n30.0 \\nMalays \\n10.5 \\n17.2 \\nIndians \\n14.6 \\n16.6 \\nNote: \\nAnalysis based on highest education attained served as a proxy to socio-economic factors. \\nPrimary education: No formal qualification/ Primary/ PSLE.  \\nSecondary education: Secondary/ GCE ‘O’/ ‘N’ level.  \\nPost-secondary education: GCE ‘A’ Level/ Polytechnic & other diploma/ Degree & professional \\nqualification. \\n \\nTrends in Colorectal Cancer Screening \\nAny residents who took a FIT in the last one year or had undergone a colonoscopy in the \\nlast 10 years are considered as having been screened for colorectal cancer. In 2023, \\n41.7% of Singapore residents aged 50 to 74 years had undergone colorectal screening \\nwithin the recommended screening frequency (Table 10.2). Females (39.6%) had lower \\nscreening participation compared to males (43.8%). Malay residents (23.7%) had lower \\nscreening participation compared to Chinese (44.6%) and Indian (35.0%) residents. In \\ngeneral, residents with higher education levels were more likely to have screened for \\ncolorectal cancer, where more than one in two (52.9%) residents with post-secondary \\neducation had done the screening compared to almost two in five (37.9%) residents with \\nsecondary education and about one in four (26.0%) residents with primary education. \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n59 \\n \\nThe crude and age-standardised screening rate for colorectal cancer rose significantly \\nfrom 2007 to 2023 (Table 10.2). The increase was seen across all ages, sex, education \\nand ethnic groups over this period.  \\n \\nThe overall colorectal cancer screening participation in 2023 (41.7%) was similar to that \\nof 2019 (42.0%). No significant changes were observed across all subgroups between \\nthe period of 2019 to 2023. \\n \\nTable 10.2: Colorectal cancer screening participation (%) among Singapore \\nresidents aged 50 to 74 years by age, sex, education, and ethnicity,  \\n2007 to 2023 \\n \\nNHSS \\nNHS \\nNHSS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\n2007 \\n2010 \\n2013 \\n2017 \\n2019 \\n2020 \\n2021 \\n2022 \\n2023 \\nTotal \\n14.6 \\n19.4 \\n21.2 \\n33.5  \\n(30.5, 36.6) \\n42.0 \\n(39.1, 44.8)a \\n41.1  \\n(38.9, 43.3) \\n36.6 \\n(34.4, 38.8)a \\n38.1  \\n(36.2, 40.1) \\n41.7b  \\n(39.7, 43.7) \\nASR \\n15.0 \\n19.4 \\n22.1 \\n33.5 \\n42.0 \\n41.2 \\n36.5 \\n38.0 \\n41.7b \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n50-59 \\n13.7 \\n18.6 \\n19.1 \\n32.5 \\n(28.6, 36.4) \\n39.7  \\n(35.9, 43.5) \\n39.8  \\n(36.4, 43.2) \\n33.9  \\n(30.3, 37.4) \\n36.2  \\n(33.1, 39.2) \\n41.5b  \\n(38.4, 44.6) \\n60-69 \\n16.6 \\n21.3 \\n21.9 \\n35.4 \\n(30.7, 40.2) \\n44.3  \\n(39.8, 48.7) \\n43.6  \\n(40.0, 47.2) \\n38.8  \\n(35.7, 41.9) \\n39.7  \\n(36.6, 42.8) \\n42.2b  \\n(39.1, 45.4) \\n70-74 \\n13.8 \\n18.5 \\n30.4 \\n31.5 \\n(24.7, 38.4) \\n43.7  \\n(37.0, 50.3) \\n38.3  \\n(32.7, 43.9) \\n39.5  \\n(34.2, 44.7) \\n39.9  \\n(35.3, 44.5) \\n40.5b  \\n(35.6, 45.5) \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nMales \\n17.2 \\n21.7 \\n22.2 \\n36.2  \\n(31.7, 40.7) \\n45.4  \\n(41.5, 49.2)a \\n44.6  \\n(41.2, 47.9) \\n39.1  \\n(36.0, 42.2) \\n40.0  \\n(37.2, 42.8) \\n43.8b  \\n(40.9, 46.7) \\nFemales \\n12.1 \\n17.2 \\n20.3 \\n30.9  \\n(27.1, 34.8) \\n38.7  \\n(35.5, 41.9)a \\n37.7  \\n(34.6, 40.8) \\n34.2  \\n(31.1, 37.3) \\n36.3  \\n(33.6, 39.0) \\n39.6b  \\n(36.8, 42.4) \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nPrimary \\n11.4 \\n12.3 \\n14.7 \\n25.9  \\n(21.4, 30.3) \\n31.9  \\n(28.1, 35.7) \\n27.9  \\n(24.2, 31.6) \\n24.0  \\n(20.5, 27.4) \\n27.4  \\n(24.0, 30.8) \\n26.0b  \\n(22.5, 29.6) \\nSecondary \\n16.5 \\n19.0 \\n21.6 \\n33.2  \\n(28.5, 37.8) \\n38.9  \\n(34.9, 42.9) \\n35.8  \\n(32.3, 39.2) \\n34.9  \\n(31.3, 38.5) \\n34.3  \\n(31.2, 37.4) \\n37.9b  \\n(34.8, 41.1) \\nPost- \\nsecondary \\n16.8 \\n32.5 \\n29.5 \\n44.0  \\n(37.8, 50.3) \\n53.5  \\n(48.4, 58.6) \\n54.9  \\n(50.8, 59.0) \\n46.7  \\n(42.9, 50.4)a \\n48.0  \\n(44.5, 51.4) \\n52.9b  \\n(49.5, 56.2) \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nChinese \\n15.2 \\n21.3 \\n22.3 \\n34.6 \\n(31.1, 38.0) \\n43.6  \\n(40.4, 46.8)a \\n44.7  \\n(42.2, 47.3) \\n38.6  \\n(36.1, 41.1)a \\n41.7  \\n(39.4, 43.9) \\n44.6b  \\n(42.3, 46.9) \\nMalays \\n10.0 \\n6.9 \\n12.4 \\n20.4 \\n(13.3, 27.5) \\n31.9  \\n(24.7, 39.2) \\n17.5  \\n(12.8, 22.1)a \\n25.5  \\n(19.3, 31.8) \\n19.0  \\n(14.6, 23.5) \\n23.7b  \\n(18.8, 28.6) \\nIndians \\n14.8 \\n18.7 \\n22.1 \\n36.9 \\n(26.8, 47.0) \\n37.5  \\n(29.3, 45.7) \\n40.3  \\n(32.4, 48.1) \\n29.6  \\n(23.2, 36.0) \\n28.5  \\n(22.4, 34.7) \\n35.0b  \\n(27.8, 42.3) \\nNotes: (1) \\nFigures in ( ) refer to the 95% confidence intervals. a Indicates that the results for any two consecutive survey \\nyears are significantly different statistically at 5% significance level as the confidence intervals for these two \\nsurvey years did not overlap (e.g. NPHS 2022 and NPHS 2023). \\n \\n(2) \\nASR: Age-standardised rate. The reference population used is Singapore Census 2020 resident population. \\n \\n(3) \\nAnalysis based on highest education attained served as a proxy to socio-economic factors. \\n \\n \\nPrimary education: No formal qualification/ Primary/ PSLE.  \\n \\n \\nSecondary education: Secondary/ GCE ‘O’/ ‘N’ level.  \\n \\n \\nPost-secondary education: GCE ‘A’ Level/ Polytechnic & other diploma/ Degree & professional qualification. \\n(4) \\nb Indicate statistically significant linear upward trend between 2007 and 2023 with p-value <0.05. \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n60 \\n \\nChapter 11 \\nSelf-reported Vaccination Uptake \\n \\nKey Points \\n• In 2023, approximately one in five (21.7%) Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years \\nreported that they had received influenza vaccination in the past 12 months. \\n• The self-reported influenza vaccination uptake among males (22.1%) was similar \\nthan females (21.4%). \\n• All the ethnic groups had similar self-reported influenza vaccination uptake  (Malays: \\n23.1%, Indians: 22.3% and Chinese: 21.4%). \\n• The proportion of elderly aged 65 to 74 years who reported ever having received \\npneumococcal vaccination was 35.0% in 2023. \\n \\nIntroduction \\nSeasonal influenza, which is commonly called flu, is a respiratory illness caused by \\ninfluenza viruses which is highly contagious. For healthy individuals, influenza is usually \\nself-limiting. However, it can sometimes lead to complications and even death. Those \\nwho are at risk of serious flu complications such as older persons, young children, adults \\nand children with certain medical conditions and pregnant women should get vaccinated11. \\nAnnual influenza vaccination is recommended under the National Childhood \\nImmunisation Schedule (NCIS) and National Adult Immunisation Schedule (NAIS) for \\nthese groups of persons12. \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n11  Healthhub. “Influenza”. https://www.healthhub.sg/a-z/diseases-and-conditions/103/topics_influenza \\n(accessed on 31 March 2023).  \\n \\n12  Ministry of Health. “Nationally Recommended Vaccines”. https://www.moh.gov.sg/resources-\\nstatistics/nationally-recommended-vaccines (accessed on 31 March 2023).  \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n61 \\n \\nPneumococcal vaccine helps to prevent pneumococcal disease caused by the bacteria \\nStreptococcus pneumonia. It can cause a wide spectrum of illnesses and disease burden \\nis greater at the extremes of ages, that is, those less than five years old and those older \\nthan 65 years old, as well as those with certain medical conditions. These include \\ninfection of the lungs (pneumonia), ear (otitis media), brain (meningitis) and blood \\n(bacteremia)13. The NAIS and NCIS recommends all persons aged 65 years or older to \\nbe vaccinated against pneumococcal disease, as well as other groups of persons at \\nhigher risk of complications from pneumococcal infection12. \\n \\nMethodology \\nAn interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to measure the uptake of both \\nvaccinations. Respondents were asked “In the past 12 months, have you had an injection \\nto protect you from getting flu?” and “Have you ever had pneumococcal vaccination?”  \\n \\nSelf-reported Influenza Vaccination \\nThe self-reported influenza vaccination among Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years \\nwas 21.7% in 2023, with the proportion being similar among males (22.1%) and females \\n(21.4%). Singapore residents aged 65 to 74 years had the highest self-reported influenza \\nvaccination at 40.6% and more than double the proportion of residents vaccinated in the \\nother age groups (Table 11.1). All the ethnic groups had similar self-reported influenza \\nvaccination uptake with Malays at 23.1%, Indians at 22.3%, and Chinese at 21.4% (Graph \\n11.1).  \\n \\nTable 11.1: Age-specific (%) of self-reported influenza vaccination uptake among  \\nSingapore residents aged 18 to 74 years by sex, 2023 \\nAge (years) \\nTotal \\nMales \\nFemales \\n18-29 \\n19.6 \\n23.9 \\n15.2 \\n30-39 \\n20.9 \\n17.7 \\n23.8 \\n40-49 \\n15.5 \\n18.2 \\n13.0 \\n50-64 \\n18.7 \\n18.0 \\n19.5 \\n65-74 \\n40.6 \\n40.8 \\n40.4 \\n18-74 \\n21.7 \\n22.1 \\n21.4 \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n13\\n Healthhub. \\n“Pneumococcal \\nDisease”. \\nhttps://www.healthhub.sg/a-z/diseases-and-\\nconditions/121/topic_pneumococcal_disease (accessed on 21 March 2022).  \\n\\n\\n \\n62 \\n \\nGraph 11.1: Self-reported influenza vaccination uptake (%) among Singapore  \\nresidents aged 18 to 74 years by sex and ethnicity, 2023 \\n \\n \\nTrends in Self-reported Influenza Vaccination Uptake \\nAmong Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years, the crude and age-standardised self-\\nreported influenza vaccination uptake showed a significant increasing trend between \\n2017 and 2023 (Table 11.2). Similar increases were observed among some age groups \\n(30 to 39 years, and 65 to 74 years), in both sexes, among Chinese and residents with \\nprimary and secondary education during this period. \\n \\nBetween 2019 and 2023 there was a significant improvement in influenza vaccination \\nuptake reported among residents aged 30 to 39 years, among males, and those with \\nprimary education. \\n \\nSelf-reported Pneumococcal Vaccination Uptake Among Elderly \\nThe proportion of elderly aged 65 to 74 years who reported ever having received \\npneumococcal vaccination was 35.0% in 2023, with similar proportion reported among \\nmales (35.0%) and females (34.9%) (Table 11.3). Among the ethnic groups, Chinese \\n(36.7%) had higher self-reported pneumococcal vaccination uptake than Malays (29.2%) \\nand Indians (27.8%). In 2023, pneumococcal vaccination uptake increased with \\neducation attainment at 28.4%, 33.4%, and 46.4% for residents with primary education, \\nsecondary education, and post-secondary education, respectively. \\n21.4\\n22.0\\n20.9\\n23.1\\n24.1\\n22.2\\n22.3\\n20.1\\n24.5\\n0.0\\n5.0\\n10.0\\n15.0\\n20.0\\n25.0\\n30.0\\nTotal\\nMales\\nFemales\\nPercent of respondents\\nChinese\\nMalays\\nIndians\\n\\n\\n \\n63 \\n \\nThere was a significant upward trend in the pneumococcal vaccination uptake among \\nSingapore residents aged 65 to 74 years from 2017 to 2023. Significant improvement in \\nthe pneumococcal vaccination uptake was reported among males and females, across \\nall education levels, and among Chinese over the same period (Table 11.3).   \\n \\nTable 11.2: Self-reported influenza vaccination uptake (%) among Singapore \\nresidents aged 18 to 74 years by age, gender, sex, and ethnicity, 2017 to 2023 \\n \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\n2017 \\n2019 \\n2020 \\n2021 \\n2022 \\n2023 \\nTotal \\n13.1  \\n(11.7, 14.5) \\n17.4  \\n(16.0,18.7)a \\n17.0  \\n(15.8,18.2) \\n18.7  \\n(17.6, 19.9) \\n18.0 \\n(16.9, 19.0) \\n21.7b  \\n(20.6, 22.9)a \\nASR \\n13.0 \\n17.4 \\n17.0 \\n18.6 \\n17.8 \\n21.5b \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n18-29 \\n17.8  \\n(13.8, 21.8) \\n21.2  \\n(17.7, 24.7) \\n19.8  \\n(16.5, 23.0) \\n21.3  \\n(17.8, 24.8) \\n17.9  \\n(15.2, 20.6) \\n19.6  \\n(16.5, 22.6) \\n30-39 \\n14.2  \\n(11.0, 17.3) \\n16.0  \\n(13.2, 18.8) \\n17.4  \\n(14.4, 20.4) \\n16.9  \\n(14.6, 19.1) \\n19.5  \\n(17.1, 21.9) \\n20.9b,d  \\n(18.3, 23.5) \\n40-49 \\n9.6  \\n(7.0, 12.2) \\n12.1  \\n(9.9, 14.3) \\n12.6  \\n(10.3, 14.9) \\n14.0  \\n(12.0, 16.0) \\n11.6  \\n(9.9, 13.3) \\n15.5  \\n(13.4, 17.6)a \\n50-64 \\n11.3  \\n(9.0, 13.6) \\n16.2  \\n(13.7, 18.6)a \\n15.4  \\n(13.3, 17.6) \\n14.7  \\n(12.8, 16.6) \\n15.4  \\n(13.6, 17.2) \\n18.7  \\n(16.7, 20.7) \\n65-74 \\n13.5  \\n(9.8, 17.3) \\n24.2  \\n(20.2, 28.2)a \\n22.5  \\n(19.4, 25.5) \\n32.4  \\n(29.0, 35.8)a \\n29.7 \\n (26.7, 32.7) \\n40.6b  \\n(37.2, 43.9)a \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nMales \\n14.2  \\n(12.1, 16.4) \\n16.0  \\n(14.3, 17.7) \\n18.0  \\n(16.0, 19.9) \\n18.4  \\n(16.7, 20.0) \\n18.5  \\n(17.0, 20.0) \\n22.1b,d  \\n(20.4, 23.8)a \\nFemales \\n12.0  \\n(10.2, 13.8) \\n18.7  \\n(16.6, 20.7)a \\n16.1  \\n(14.6, 17.6) \\n19.1  \\n(17.5, 20.7) \\n17.5  \\n(16.1, 18.8) \\n21.4b  \\n(19.8, 23.0)a \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nPrimary \\n8.4  \\n(6.1, 10.8) \\n16.4  \\n(12.9, 19.9)a \\n15.3  \\n(12.6, 18.1) \\n18.3  \\n(15.1, 21.5) \\n22.6 \\n (19.6, 25.7) \\n24.6b,d  \\n(21.3, 27.9) \\nSecondary \\n11.6  \\n(9.2, 14.0) \\n15.3  \\n(13.3, 17.3) \\n14.1  \\n(12.3, 16.0) \\n18.9  \\n(16.8, 21.0)a \\n16.9  \\n(15.1, 18.8) \\n22.6b  \\n(20.4, 24.8)a \\nPost-\\nsecondary \\n15.1  \\n(13.2, 17.1) \\n18.5  \\n(16.7, 20.3) \\n18.7  \\n(16.9, 20.4) \\n18.8  \\n(17.2, 20.3) \\n17.6  \\n(16.3, 18.9) \\n20.9  \\n(19.5, 22.4)a \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nChinese \\n12.0  \\n(10.4, 13.6) \\n16.7  \\n(15.0, 18.3)a \\n17.2  \\n(15.8, 18.6) \\n18.5  \\n(17.1, 19.8) \\n17.8 \\n (16.6, 19.0) \\n21.4b  \\n(20.1, 22.7)a \\nMalays \\n18.2  \\n(13.8, 22.6) \\n19.9  \\n(16.4, 23.4) \\n15.8  \\n(12.9, 18.7) \\n20.1  \\n(17.0, 23.3) \\n20.4  \\n(17.5, 23.3) \\n23.1  \\n(20.0, 26.3) \\nIndians \\n14.5  \\n(10.6, 18.4) \\n19.8  \\n(15.4, 24.3) \\n17.4  \\n(12.3, 22.6) \\n19.4  \\n(14.8, 24.0) \\n15.8  \\n(12.8, 18.8) \\n22.3  \\n(18.1, 26.5) \\nNotes: (1) Figures in ( ) refer to the 95% confidence intervals. a Indicates that the results for any two consecutive \\nsurvey years are significantly different statistically at 5% significance level as the confidence intervals for \\nthese two survey years did not overlap (e.g. NPHS 2022 and NPHS 2023). \\n \\n(2) ASR: Age-standardised rate. The reference population used is Singapore Census 2020 resident \\npopulation. \\n \\n(3) Analysis based on highest education attained served as a proxy to socio-economic factors. \\n \\n \\nPrimary education: No formal qualification/ Primary/ PSLE.  \\n \\n \\nSecondary education: Secondary/ GCE ‘O’/ ‘N’ level.  \\n \\n \\nPost-secondary education: GCE ‘A’ Level/ Polytechnic & other diploma/ Degree & professional \\nqualification. \\n(4) b Indicate statistically significant linear upward trend between 2017 and 2023 with p-value <0.05. \\n(5) d Indicate statistically significant linear upward trend between 2019 and 2023 with p-value <0.05 \\n\\n\\n \\n64 \\n \\nTable 11.3: Self-reported pneumococcal vaccination uptake (%) among Singapore \\nresidents aged 65 to 74 years by sex, education, and ethnicity,  \\n2017 to 2023 \\n \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\n2017 \\n2019 \\n2020 \\n2021 \\n2022 \\n2023 \\nTotal \\n11.9  \\n(7.4, 16.4) \\n10.3  \\n(7.9, 12.7) \\n14.4  \\n(11.8, 17.0) \\n22.4  \\n(19.3, 25.5)a \\n26.5  \\n(23.5, 29.4) \\n35.0b,d  \\n(31.8, 38.2)a \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nMales \\ns \\n10.4  \\n(7.2, 13.7) \\n13.8  \\n(10.0, 17.7) \\n21.9  \\n(17.9, 25.9)a \\n26.9  \\n(22.4, 31.3) \\n35.0b,d  \\n(30.3, 39.7) \\nFemales \\n12.7  \\n(8.0, 17.3) \\n10.2  \\n(6.8, 13.6) \\n15.0  \\n(11.5, 18.4) \\n22.8  \\n(18.1, 27.5) \\n26.1  \\n(22.3, 30.0) \\n34.9b,d  \\n(30.6, 39.2)a \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nPrimary \\n9.6  \\n(4.2, 15.0) \\n6.5  \\n(4.2, 8.9)  \\n14.4  \\n(10.5,18.2)a \\n20.5  \\n(14.4, 26.7) \\n24.2 \\n(19.9, 28.6) \\n28.4b,d  \\n(23.7, 33.1) \\nSecondary \\n13.3  \\n(6.8, 19.9) \\n11.4  \\n(7.2, 15.6)  \\n13.8  \\n(9.9,17.6) \\n22.2  \\n(18.0, 26.5)a \\n28.7  \\n(24.0, 33.4) \\n33.4b,d  \\n(28.7, 38.2) \\nPost-\\nsecondary \\ns \\n16.2  \\n(8.9, 23.5)  \\n15.7  \\n(9.1, 22.2) \\n25.5  \\n(19.1, 32.0) \\n26.3  \\n(19.6, 33.0) \\n46.4b,d \\n (39.0, 53.9)a \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nChinese \\n9.8  \\n(6.0, 13.6) \\n9.9  \\n(7.4, 12.3) \\n15.1  \\n(12.2, 18.0) \\n21.6  \\n(18.2, 25.0)a \\n27.2  \\n(23.9, 30.4) \\n36.7b,d  \\n(33.1, 40.2)a \\nMalays \\ns \\ns \\ns \\n23.3  \\n(13.8, 32.8) \\n24.5  \\n(14.8, 34.3) \\n29.2  \\n(20.6, 37.7) \\nIndians \\ns \\ns \\ns \\n32.2  \\n(17.5, 47.0) \\n22.3  \\n(12.4, 32.2) \\n27.8  \\n(14.7, 40.8) \\nNotes: (1) Figures in ( ) refer to the 95% confidence intervals. a Indicates that the results for any two consecutive \\nsurvey years are significantly different statistically at 5% significance level as the confidence intervals for \\nthese two survey years did not overlap (e.g. NPHS 2022 and NPHS 2023). \\n \\n(2) s: Data have been suppressed due to small counts or high sampling variability. \\n \\n(3) Analysis based on highest education attained served as a proxy to socio-economic factors. \\n \\n \\nPrimary education: No formal qualification/ Primary/ PSLE.  \\n \\n \\nSecondary education: Secondary/ GCE ‘O’/ ‘N’ level.  \\n \\n \\nPost-secondary education: GCE ‘A’ Level/ Polytechnic & other diploma/ Degree & professional \\nqualification. \\n(4) b Indicate statistically significant linear upward trend between 2017 and 2023 with p-value <0.05. \\n(5) d Indicate statistically significant linear upward trend between 2019 and 2023 with p-value <0.05 \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n65 \\n \\nChapter 12 \\nMental Health \\n \\nKey Points \\n• The prevalence of poor mental health, as measured by the 12-item General Health \\nQuestionnaire (GHQ-12), among Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years was \\n15.0% in 2023. \\n• More females (17.6%) reported poor mental health compared to males (12.2%) in \\n2023.  \\n• Younger adults aged 18 to 29 years had the highest proportion (26.0%) with poor \\nmental health while the prevalence for other age groups were much lower, ranging \\nfrom 8.2% for the 60 to 74 years age group to 17.2% for the 30 to 39 years age \\ngroup. \\n• In 2023, Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years indicated that they were more \\nwilling to seek help informally from their support network (78.4%) than formally from \\nhealthcare professionals (62.8%) if they were constantly unable to cope with stress. \\n• In 2023, females were more willing to seek help from healthcare professionals and \\ninformal support networks compared to males (females: 63.3% and 81.6% \\nrespectively; males: 62.3% and 75.1% respectively). \\n• Among the age groups, Singapore residents in the oldest age band (60 to 74 years) \\n(51.2%) were least willing to seek help from healthcare professionals while those \\naged 30 to 39 years (71.9%) were the most willing to do so in 2023. \\n• Similarly, the proportion of Singapore residents who were willing to seek help from \\ninformal support networks decreased with age -- it was the highest among younger \\nadults aged 18 to 39 years (85.4% for both 18 to 29 years and 30 to 39 years age \\ngroups) and lowest among older adults aged 60 to 74 years (65.6%). \\n \\nIntroduction \\nThe WHO defines mental health as more than the absence of mental disorders. It is also \\na state of well-being in which the individual realises his or her own abilities, is able to cope \\nwith the normal stresses of life, work productively and fruitfully, and contribute to his or \\nher community. A person’s mental health may be affected by multiple interrelated social, \\npsychological and biological factors (WHO 2007). \\n\\n\\n \\n66 \\n \\nMethodology \\nThe 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) was administered by interviewers \\nand used to measure mental health. Cut-off for poor mental health (having a score of 3 \\nor more) was based on an earlier internal validation study conducted in 2003.  \\n \\nPrevalence of Poor Mental Health \\nThe prevalence of poor mental health as measured by GHQ-12, among Singapore \\nresidents aged 18 to 74 years was 15.0% in 2023 (Table 12.1). More females (17.6%) \\nreported poor mental health compared to males (12.2%). Younger adults aged 18 to 29 \\nyears (26.0%) had the highest proportion with poor mental health while the prevalence \\nfor other age groups were much lower, ranging from 8.2% in the 60 to 74 years age group \\nto 17.2% in the 30 to 39 years age group. Among the ethnic groups, Malays (16.1%) and \\nIndians (16.1%) had higher proportion with poor mental health compared to Chinese \\n(14.7%) (Graph 12.1). The proportion of Indian females (21.1%) with poor mental health \\nwas almost doubled that of Indian males (11.3%) while the difference in proportion \\nbetween males and females among the Chinese and Malays were much narrower. \\nResidents with post-secondary education (16.4%) had higher prevalence of poor mental \\nhealth compared to residents with primary (9.5%) or secondary education (13.4%) (Table \\n12.2). \\n \\nTable 12.1: Age-specific prevalence (%) of poor mental health among Singapore \\nresidents aged 18 to 74 years by sex, 2023 \\nAge (years) \\nTotal \\nMales \\nFemales \\n18-29 \\n26.0 \\n20.4 \\n31.7 \\n30-39 \\n17.2 \\n14.0 \\n20.2 \\n40-49 \\n13.4 \\n10.5 \\n16.1 \\n50-59 \\n11.2 \\n8.8 \\n13.5 \\n60-74 \\n8.2 \\n7.8 \\n8.7 \\n18-74 \\n15.0 \\n12.2 \\n17.6 \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n67 \\n \\nGraph 12.1: Crude prevalence (%) of poor mental health among Singapore \\nresidents aged 18 to 74 years by sex and ethnicity, 2023 \\n \\n \\nTrends in Prevalence of Poor Mental Health \\nThe crude and age-standardised prevalence of poor mental health among Singapore \\nresidents aged 18 to 74 years increased between 2017 and 2023, though these increases \\nwere not significant (Table 12.2). The only significant increase in the prevalence of poor \\nmental health was observed among younger residents aged 18 to 29 years between 2017 \\n(16.5%) and 2023 (26.0%). \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n14.7\\n12.2\\n17.0\\n16.1\\n13.2\\n19.0\\n16.1\\n11.3\\n21.1\\n0.0\\n5.0\\n10.0\\n15.0\\n20.0\\n25.0\\n30.0\\nTotal\\nMales\\nFemales\\nPercent of respondents\\nChinese\\nMalays\\nIndians\\n\\n\\n \\n68 \\n \\nTable 12.2: Prevalence (%) of poor mental health among Singapore residents \\naged 18 to 74 years by age, sex, education, and ethnicity,  \\n2017 to 2023 \\nNotes: (1) \\nFigures in ( ) refer to the 95% confidence intervals. a Indicates that the results for any two consecutive \\nsurvey periods (where data are available) are significantly different statistically at 5% significance level \\nas the confidence intervals for these two survey periods did not overlap (e.g. NPHS 2022 and NPHS \\n2023). \\n \\n(2) \\nASR: Age-standardised rate. The reference population used is Singapore Census 2020 resident \\npopulation. \\n \\n(3) \\nAnalysis based on highest education attained, which served as a proxy for socio-economic factors. \\n \\n \\nPrimary education: No formal qualification/ Primary/ PSLE.  \\n \\n \\nSecondary education: Secondary/ GCE 'O'/ 'N' level.  \\n \\n \\nPost-secondary education: GCE ‘A' Level/ Polytechnic & other diploma/ Degree & professional \\nqualification. \\n \\n(4) \\nb Indicate statistically significant linear upward trend between 2017 and 2023 with p-value <0.05. \\n \\n \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\n2017 \\n2020 \\n2022 \\n2023 \\nTotal \\n12.5  \\n(10.9, 14.0) \\n13.4  \\n(12.4, 14.5) \\n17.0  \\n(15.9, 18.0)a \\n15.0  \\n(13.9, 16.0) \\nASR \\n12.4 \\n13.3 \\n17.0 \\n15.0 \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n18-29 \\n16.5  \\n(12.7, 20.3) \\n21.5  \\n(18.4, 24.6) \\n25.3  \\n(22.4, 28.2) \\n26.0b  \\n(22.6, 29.4) \\n30-39 \\n12.8  \\n(9.8, 15.7) \\n12.6  \\n(10.5, 14.8) \\n19.4  \\n(17.0, 21.8)a \\n17.2  \\n(14.9, 19.6) \\n40-49 \\n10.9  \\n(8.1, 13.6) \\n12.4  \\n(10.2, 14.6) \\n15.7  \\n(13.7, 17.7) \\n13.4  \\n(11.4, 15.4) \\n50-59 \\n10.6  \\n(7.8, 13.5) \\n11.4  \\n(9.2, 13.7) \\n15.0  \\n(12.8, 17.2) \\n11.2  \\n(9.3, 13.1) \\n60-74 \\n11.4  \\n(8.8, 13.9) \\n9.4  \\n(7.8, 11.1) \\n10.5  \\n(8.7, 12.2) \\n8.2  \\n(6.9, 9.5) \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nMales \\n11.4  \\n(9.3, 13.4) \\n12.0  \\n(10.5, 13.5) \\n15.2  \\n(13.8, 16.6)a \\n12.2  \\n(10.9, 13.5)\\na \\nFemales \\n13.5  \\n(11.4, 15.7) \\n14.8  \\n(13.3, 16.2) \\n18.6  \\n(17.2, 20.1)a \\n17.6  \\n(16.1, 19.1) \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nPrimary \\n12.6  \\n(9.6, 15.6) \\n12.6  \\n(10.0, 15.1) \\n12.2  \\n(9.8, 14.6) \\n9.5  \\n(7.4, 11.6) \\nSecondary \\n13.5  \\n(10.7, 16.2) \\n15.4  \\n(13.4, 17.5) \\n15.7  \\n(13.7, 17.6) \\n13.4  \\n(11.5, 15.3) \\nPost-secondary \\n11.8  \\n(9.8, 13.8) \\n12.7  \\n(11.3, 14.1) \\n18.2  \\n(16.9, 19.6)a \\n16.4  \\n(15.1, 17.8) \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nChinese \\n11.7  \\n(10.1, 13.3) \\n12.6  \\n(11.4, 13.8) \\n16.4  \\n(15.3, 17.6)a \\n14.7  \\n(13.5, 15.8) \\nMalays \\n16.9  \\n(13.2, 20.6) \\n16.3  \\n(13.2, 19.5) \\n19.5  \\n(16.6, 22.3) \\n16.1  \\n(13.2, 19.0) \\nIndians \\n12.4  \\n(8.1, 16.7) \\n15.9  \\n(12.2, 19.6) \\n15.7  \\n(12.6, 18.8) \\n16.1  \\n(12.7, 19.5) \\n\\n\\n \\n69 \\n \\nDefinition of Help-seeking Attitudes \\nRespondents were asked on their willingness to seek help from healthcare professionals \\nor informal support networks if they were constantly unable to cope with stress through \\nthe interviewer-administered questionnaire. Healthcare professionals include counsellors, \\ndoctors, psychologists or psychiatrists. Informal support networks refer to friends, \\nrelatives, colleagues, religious leaders and teachers in school. \\n \\nHelp-seeking Attitudes \\nIn 2023, Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years were more willing to seek help from \\ninformal support networks (78.4%) than from healthcare professionals (62.8%) if they \\nwere constantly unable to cope with stress (Tables 12.3 and 12.4). Females were more \\nwilling to seek help from healthcare professionals and informal support networks \\ncompared to males. Older adults aged 60 to 74 years (51.2%) were the least willing to \\nseek help from healthcare professionals while those aged 30 to 39 years (71.9%) were \\nthe most willing to seek help from healthcare professionals. Similarly, the willingness to \\nseek help from informal support decreased with age, it was highest among younger adults \\naged 18 to 39 years (85.4% for both 18 to 29 years and 30 to 39 years age groups) and \\nthe lowest among older adults aged 60 to 74 years (65.6%). Those with higher levels of \\neducational attainment were more willing to seek help from healthcare professionals and \\ninformal support networks, it was highest among those with post-secondary education \\nand the lowest among those with primary education. \\n \\nTrends in Help-seeking Attitudes \\nThere was no trend in the overall proportion of residents who were willing to seek help \\nfrom healthcare professionals between 2019 and 2023 (Table 12.3). Nonetheless, there \\nwas a significant improvement among residents aged 30 to 49 years, among males and \\nfemales, in Chinese and those with post-secondary education who were more willing to \\nseek professional help in 2023 compared to the previous year in 2022. \\n \\nLikewise, there was no trend in the overall proportion of residents who were willing to \\nseek help from informal support networks over the years (2019 to 2023) (Table 12.4). But \\nthe proportion of Indians who were willing to seek help from informal support networks \\ndid increase significantly in the last five years.  \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n70 \\n \\nTable 12.3: Proportion of Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years who were \\nwilling to seek help from healthcare professionals by age, sex, \\neducation, and ethnicity, 2019 to 2023 \\n \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\n2019 \\n2020 \\n2021 \\n2022 \\n2023 \\nTotal \\n47.8  \\n(46.0, 49.6) \\n60.4  \\n(58.9, 61.8)a \\n58.3  \\n(56.8, 59.8) \\n56.6  \\n(55.3, 57.9) \\n62.8  \\n(61.5, 64.2)a \\nASR \\n47.8 \\n60.4 \\n58.3 \\n56.8 \\n63.0 \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n18-29 \\n54.6  \\n(50.3, 58.8) \\n63.3  \\n(59.6, 67.0)a \\n62.2  \\n(58.4, 66.0) \\n60.1  \\n(56.7, 63.4) \\n64.5  \\n(60.8, 68.3) \\n30-39 \\n53.5  \\n(49.6, 57.4) \\n69.4  \\n(66.3, 72.5)a \\n67.7  \\n(64.8, 70.6) \\n62.0  \\n(59.2, 64.9) \\n71.9  \\n(69.2, 74.6)a \\n40-49 \\n47.0  \\n(43.2, 50.8) \\n63.8  \\n(60.6, 67.0)a \\n65.4  \\n(62.2, 68.5) \\n59.2  \\n(56.5, 61.9)a \\n67.4  \\n(64.8, 70.1)a \\n50-59 \\n42.9  \\n(38.9, 46.8) \\n58.9  \\n(55.5, 62.2)a \\n51.9  \\n(48.5, 55.4)a \\n55.2  \\n(52.1, 58.3) \\n61.0  \\n(58.0, 64.0) \\n60-74 \\n41.2  \\n(37.6, 44.8) \\n47.8  \\n(44.7, 50.9) \\n45.8  \\n(43.1, 48.5) \\n48.1  \\n(45.5, 50.8) \\n51.2  \\n(48.5, 53.9) \\n \\n  \\n  \\n \\n  \\n  \\nMales \\n45.4  \\n(43.1, 47.7) \\n59.0  \\n(56.8, 61.2)a \\n56.8  \\n(54.7, 58.8) \\n56.3  \\n(54.4, 58.1) \\n62.3  \\n(60.3, 64.3)a \\nFemales \\n50.1  \\n(47.7, 52.4) \\n61.6  \\n(59.6, 63.7)a \\n59.8  \\n(57.7, 61.9) \\n57.0  \\n(55.2, 58.8) \\n63.3  \\n(61.5, 65.2)a \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nPrimary \\n29.6  \\n(25.8, 33.5) \\n34.1  \\n(30.5, 37.8) \\n34.9  \\n(31.0, 38.7) \\n33.7  \\n(30.3, 37.1) \\n37.4  \\n(33.6, 41.1) \\nSecondary \\n44.0  \\n(41.3, 46.6) \\n52.5  \\n(49.7, 55.3)a \\n45.8  \\n(43.0, 48.6)a \\n48.0  \\n(45.4, 50.6) \\n52.9  \\n(50.2, 55.6) \\nPost-\\nsecondary \\n53.5  \\n(51.1, 55.8) \\n68.9  \\n(67.0, 70.8)a \\n67.6  \\n(65.8, 69.3) \\n64.0  \\n(62.4, 65.6)a \\n70.7  \\n(69.0, 72.3)a \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nChinese \\n48.2  \\n(46.2, 50.2) \\n61.5  \\n(59.8, 63.2)a \\n58.6  \\n(56.9, 60.3) \\n56.4  \\n(54.9, 57.9) \\n62.4  \\n(60.9, 64.0)a \\nMalays \\n48.5  \\n(44.6, 52.4) \\n54.0  \\n(49.6, 58.3) \\n55.2  \\n(51.2, 59.3) \\n53.7  \\n(50.1, 57.3) \\n61.0  \\n(57.2, 64.8) \\nIndians \\n44.4  \\n(39.2, 49.7) \\n59.3  \\n(54.2, 64.3)a \\n57.1  \\n(52.3, 61.9) \\n60.1  \\n(56.1, 64.2) \\n65.6  \\n(60.9, 70.3) \\nNotes: (1)  Figures in ( ) refer to the 95% confidence intervals. a Indicates that the results for any two \\nconsecutive survey years are significantly different statistically at 5% significance level as the \\nconfidence intervals for these two survey years did not overlap (e.g. NPHS 2022 and NPHS 2023). \\n \\n(2) ASR: Age-standardised rate. The reference population used is Singapore Census 2020 resident \\npopulation. \\n \\n(3) Analysis based on highest education attained served as a proxy to socio-economic factors. \\n \\n \\nPrimary education: No formal qualification/ Primary/ PSLE.  \\n \\n \\nSecondary education: Secondary/ GCE 'O'/ 'N' level.  \\n \\n \\nPost-secondary education: GCE ‘A' Level/ Polytechnic & other diploma/ Degree & professional \\nqualification. \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n71 \\n \\nTable 12.4: Proportion of Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years who were \\nwilling to seek help from informal support networks by age, sex,  \\neducation, and ethnicity, 2019 to 2023  \\n \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\nNPHS \\n2019 \\n2020 \\n2021 \\n2022 \\n2023 \\nTotal \\n74.5  \\n(73.0, 76.0) \\n79.2  \\n(78.0, 80.4)a \\n69.1  \\n(67.7, 70.6)a \\n79.7  \\n(78.6, 80.7)a \\n78.4  \\n(77.3, 79.5) \\nASR \\n74.4 \\n79.1 \\n69.2 \\n79.8 \\n78.6 \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n18-29 \\n86.0  \\n(83.1, 88.9) \\n88.1  \\n(85.9, 90.4) \\n84.3  \\n(81.2, 87.4) \\n88.1  \\n(86.0, 90.3) \\n85.4  \\n(82.9, 87.9) \\n30-39 \\n82.8  \\n(80.3, 85.4) \\n86.3  \\n(84.0, 88.6) \\n78.6  \\n(75.8, 81.4)a \\n85.5  \\n(83.4, 87.7)a \\n85.4  \\n(83.4, 87.5) \\n40-49 \\n76.1  \\n(72.9, 79.3) \\n81.7  \\n(79.3, 84.1) \\n73.7  \\n(70.0, 77.4)a \\n80.8  \\n(78.6, 83.0)a \\n82.5  \\n(80.4, 84.6) \\n50-59 \\n69.0  \\n(65.2, 72.8) \\n78.4  \\n(75.7, 81.0)a \\n61.0  \\n(57.6, 64.4)a \\n77.3  \\n(74.8, 79.9)a \\n75.5  \\n(72.8, 78.2) \\n60-74 \\n59.3  \\n(55.9, 62.6) \\n63.1  \\n(60.2, 66.1) \\n50.3  \\n(47.6, 53.0)a \\n68.4  \\n(66.1, 70.8)a \\n65.6  \\n(63.0, 68.1) \\n \\n  \\n  \\n \\n  \\n \\nMales \\n69.3  \\n(67.1, 71.5) \\n75.1  \\n(73.3, 77.0)a \\n64.3  \\n(62.3, 66.3)a \\n75.7  \\n(74.2, 77.3)a \\n75.1  \\n(73.4, 76.7) \\nFemales \\n79.5  \\n(77.7, 81.4) \\n83.1  \\n(81.6, 84.6)a \\n73.7  \\n(71.6, 75.8)a \\n83.5  \\n(82.1, 84.8)a \\n81.6  \\n(80.1, 83.0) \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nPrimary \\n56.4  \\n(52.2, 60.7) \\n61.2  \\n(57.6, 64.9) \\n49.8  \\n(45.9, 53.7)a \\n64.8  \\n(61.3, 68.2)a \\n64.0  \\n(60.3, 67.7) \\nSecondary \\n73.1  \\n(70.6, 75.6) \\n74.3  \\n(72.0, 76.7) \\n60.3  \\n(57.5, 63.1)a \\n74.6  \\n(72.4, 76.8)a \\n71.7  \\n(69.3, 74.0) \\nPost-secondary \\n79.1  \\n(77.1, 81.2) \\n84.8  \\n(83.4, 86.2)a \\n76.2  \\n(74.3, 78.0)a \\n84.3  \\n(83.0, 85.5)a \\n83.3  \\n(82.0, 84.6) \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nChinese \\n74.4  \\n(72.7, 76.1) \\n79.9  \\n(78.5, 81.2)a \\n67.9  \\n(66.2, 69.6)a \\n79.2  \\n(78.0, 80.4)a \\n77.9  \\n(76.6, 79.2) \\nMalays \\n78.3  \\n(74.8, 81.8) \\n79.2  \\n(75.9, 82.5) \\n72.2  \\n(68.4, 76.0) \\n81.8  \\n(79.1, 84.4)a \\n80.2  \\n(77.2, 83.2) \\nIndians \\n68.8  \\n(63.5, 74.0) \\n74.0  \\n(69.7, 78.2) \\n72.9  \\n(68.9, 77.0) \\n79.8  \\n(76.5, 83.0) \\n78.5d  \\n(74.8, 82.2) \\nNotes: (1)  Figures in ( ) refer to the 95% confidence intervals. a Indicates that the results for any two \\nconsecutive survey years are significantly different statistically at 5% significance level as the \\nconfidence intervals for these two survey years did not overlap (e.g. NPHS 2022 and NPHS 2023). \\n \\n(2) ASR: Age-standardised rate. The reference population used is Singapore Census 2020 resident \\npopulation. \\n \\n(3) Analysis based on highest education attained served as a proxy to socio-economic factors. \\n \\n \\nPrimary education: No formal qualification/ Primary/ PSLE.  \\n \\n \\nSecondary education: Secondary/ GCE 'O'/ 'N' level.  \\n \\n \\nPost-secondary education: GCE ‘A' Level/ Polytechnic & other diploma/ Degree & professional \\nqualification. \\n(4) d Indicate statistically significant linear upward trend between 2019 and 2023 with p-value <0.05. \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n72 \\n \\nChapter 13 Survey Methodology \\n \\nStudy Design and Objectives \\nThe NPHS is a cross-sectional population health survey series jointly managed by the \\nMinistry of Health and Health Promotion Board to track the health and risk factors of the \\nSingapore residents. The main objectives of the survey are to monitor the health of \\nSingapore residents and track progress towards national targets in the areas of: \\n(i) \\nrisk factors such as alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking and physical \\ninactivity; \\n(ii) \\ndiseases such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia; and \\n(iii) preventive health behaviours such as chronic disease screening; cervical, breast \\nand colorectal cancer screening; and vaccinations.  \\n \\nThe survey results were presented for the 18 to 74 years age group for most chapters \\nexcept chronic disease screening, cancer screening and vaccinations. For these few \\nchapters, the analyses were confined to relevant age groups recommended for screening \\nand immunisation. Data for the “Others” ethnic group were included in the compilation of \\nthe survey results shown under “Total”, but suppressed in ethnic-specific data of all \\nstatistical tables due to small counts or high sampling variability.   \\n \\nEthics Approval \\nThe NPHS methodology, protocol and procedures were approved by National Healthcare \\nGroup (NHG) Domain Specific Review Board (Domain F). \\n \\nSample Design \\nA representative sample of residential addresses was obtained from the Singapore \\nDepartment of Statistics (DOS) who maintains a sampling frame of residential addresses \\nfor the selection of samples for household surveys. The sample selection was based on \\na two-stage design where the primary sampling units comprised of geographical areas \\nand the secondary sampling units were the residential dwelling units.  \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n73 \\n \\nThe NPHS design comprised two components – (1) Household Interview (HI) and (2) \\nHealth Examination (HE). In the first component, a household member aged 18 to 79 \\nyears old (also known as “reference person”) was identified using KISH tables within each \\nselected address to participate in the household for a face-to-face questionnaire interview \\n(i.e. NPHS HI). Only Singapore citizens and permanent residents were recruited for the \\nsurvey. All reference persons who completed NPHS HI would be invited to undergo a \\nhealth examination (i.e. NPHS HE) at a designated clinic. Physical measurements e.g. \\nheight, weight, hip and waist circumference, blood pressure levels and bio-specimens \\nsuch as blood and urine samples of survey respondents were collected. The blood and \\nurine samples were sent to a medical laboratory to test for blood sugar, cholesterol, \\nproteins in urine and other conditions. A full report on the respondent’s health status was \\nmailed to him/ her six to eight weeks after the completion of the health examination.  \\n \\nQuestionnaire \\nAn electronic structured questionnaire administrated on a tablet was used in the survey \\nto collect information on the demographic, socio-economic, lifestyle practices relating to \\nthe major non-communicable diseases and risk factors, health conditions, knowledge, \\nattitude and practices on health screening as well as the help-seeking attitudes of the \\nrespondents. The questionnaire was adopted from that of the National Population Health \\nSurvey 2017 and National Health Surveillance Survey 2013; and included elements of \\nthe instruments used in the WHO STEP-wise approach to Surveillance of Non-\\nCommunicable Diseases (STEPS) Instrument for Non-Communicable Disease Risk \\nFactors and WHO’s Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ).    \\n \\nInvitation Letter and Publicity \\nAn invitation letter, in four official languages, was mailed to the selected household \\naddresses one week prior to visitation by the assigned interviewers. The invitation letter \\nprovided information on the survey purpose, what the survey comprised and expected \\nsurvey duration. It also informed that an interviewer from a research company \\ncommissioned by the Ministry of Health and Health Promotion Board would be visiting \\nthe household to enumerate, select and interview an eligible household member to take \\npart in the survey, and assured the household on the confidentiality of all collected \\ninformation. A dedicated NPHS webpage was set-up to provide detailed information on \\nthe conduct of the NPHS.   \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n74 \\n \\nTraining \\nAll survey interviewers were given an overview of the survey background and briefed \\nextensively on the fieldwork procedures such as procurement of appointments, \\nenumeration of household members, selection of eligible household members using KISH \\ntables and consent taking for survey participation. They were given training slides on \\nsurvey protocols and questionnaire administration as well as training in administrating the \\nelectronic questionnaire on a tablet. Fieldworkers carrying out the health examination \\nwere given training on consent taking and the standard operation procedures for the \\nconduct of health examination. These trainings helped to ensure compliance to standards \\nand protocols of the survey, and consistency in data collection for the household interview \\nand health examination.  \\n \\nHousehold Interview Fieldwork \\nThe survey fieldwork was conducted between 01 July 2022 and 30 June 2023. Survey \\ninterviewers from the appointed research company (National University of Singapore \\n(IPS-Social Lab)), commissioned by the Ministry of Health and Health Promotion Board \\nvisited all the selected household addresses. The interviewers made a minimum of five \\nvisit attempts, at different times of the day and on different days of a week to establish \\ncontact with the reference person or household member to conduct the survey or obtain \\na survey appointment if the reference person was unavailable at the point of visit. \\nInformed written consent was obtained from the reference person before the interviewer \\nadministered the questionnaire face-to-face. A token of appreciation was given to the \\nreference person who completed the survey interview. All reference persons who \\ncompleted the household interview were invited to go for a health examination and given \\na letter of invitation by the interviewer.  \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n75 \\n \\nHealth Examination Fieldwork \\nThe health examination fieldwork for NPHS 2023 was carried out between 18 July 2022 \\nand 28 August 2023 by a healthcare service provider (Healthway Medical Group) \\nappointed by the Ministry of Health and Health Promotion Board. Appointment setting \\nofficers from the service provider provided a reminder call to reference persons two to \\nthree days prior to their appointments and managed any requests for changes to the \\nappointments. At the appointed clinic, informed written consent was obtained by a \\nfieldworker before the conduct of the health examination and a token of appreciation was \\ngiven to the reference person after the completion of the health examination.   \\n \\nData Quality Control \\nInformed consent forms validation \\nAll the informed consent forms from the household interview and health examination were \\nchecked for completeness and accuracy of information captured. This included checks \\nfor missing information, consistency of information and any data-entry errors in the \\ndatasets.  \\n \\nInterview validation \\nData quality control was conducted by a separate team of staff who were not involved in \\nthe survey interview fieldwork. For each interviewer, 40% of their survey interviews were \\nrandomly selected and subjected to quality control checks via telephone validation or \\naudio audit. At least 30% of all quality control checks were conducted through telephone \\nvalidation where respondents were asked to verify their residential address and \\nresponses to nine specific fields with the respondents concerned. The remaining 10% of \\nthe checks were audio audits where a quality control staff listened to segments of the \\ninterview and checked if the interviewer complied with the stipulated survey protocols in \\nadministering the questions.   \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n76 \\n \\nData verification and consistency check \\nThe electronic survey questionnaire had built-in features that prompt data entry for fields \\nthat required a response or prompt data re-entry if data entered was outside the logical \\nor valid field range. Built-in checks for relational fields were also incorporated to ensure \\nthat responses for those fields across different sections of the questionnaire were \\nconsistent. The built-in features and checks ensured that missing values, data-entry \\nerrors and inconsistent responses were eradicated or kept to the minimum where possible. \\nThe database on the questionnaire records with the complete survey responses was \\nsubjected to a series of computer-programmed checks for missing values, valid field \\nrange and cross-field relational consistency. Missing values were obtained from \\nrespondents and data anomalies were clarified through direct verification with the \\nrespondents whenever necessary.  \\n \\nThe database on the physical measurements and laboratory results were also checked \\nfor missing value, valid field range and cross-field relational consistency. Missing values \\nand data anomalies were clarified with fieldworkers and corrected where possible.   \\n \\nData Confidentiality \\nThroughout all stages of the survey, strict confidentiality on individual respondent \\ninformation was maintained. All information, including audio recordings, questionnaire \\nanswers, health examination records collected for this survey, would be kept strictly \\nconfidential, and stored in a secure, password-protected environment. Any reporting of \\nfindings would be done on a grouped basis such that no individual survey respondents \\ncan be identified. The identity of the respondents would remain confidential in publications \\n(e.g. in national reports). \\n \\nAge-Standardisation \\nAge-standardisation of prevalence rates take into account the changing age distribution \\nof the population over the years and allows for more meaningful trend comparison, \\nespecially with an ageing population. Age-standardisation of prevalence was calculated \\nby the direct method, using the 2020 Census Singapore resident population as the \\nstandard (reference) population.  \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n77 \\n \\nResponse Rate \\nFrom a sample of 10,623 eligible households, 7,624 reference persons aged 18 to 79 \\nyears participated in the household interview, forming a response rate of 71.8% in NPHS \\n2023. 5,832 reference persons (76.5% of all reference persons) initially agreed to \\nparticipate in the follow-on health examination. However, only 4,498 (77.1%) of those who \\nagreed eventually attended the health examination.     \\n \\nComparison of Demographic Profile between Survey Respondents and Resident \\nPopulation \\nThe demographic profiles of survey respondents from household interview were shown \\nin Table 13.1. The survey sample was weighted to the age, ethnic group and sex \\ndistribution of the 2022 Singapore resident population to yield a similar population \\nstructure as the resident population. This was to ensure that the survey results apply to \\nthe general population.  \\n \\nSample Weights \\nThe sample weights for household interview were the composite of sample weights for \\nthe households and the selected household members. For each household, the sample \\nweight (WHH) comprised weight for non-response and unequal probability of selection \\nstratified by planning regions and housing type and benchmarked to the total number of \\nresident households. For each household member, the sample weight (WHH_Mem) \\ncomprised weight for unequal probability of selection and weight for post-stratification \\nstratified by age, sex and ethnic groups. The overall sample weight for household \\ninterview was the product of WHH and WHH_Mem. \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n78 \\n \\nTable 13.1: Percentage distribution (%) of the survey sample (unweighted) for \\nhousehold interview and 2022 Singapore resident population  \\nby demographic characteristics \\n  \\nHousehold Interview Survey \\nSample (Unweighted) \\nSingapore Resident 2022 \\n   Total \\n100.0 \\n100.0 \\n  \\n  \\n  \\n   18-29  \\n11.8 \\n18.4 \\n   30-39  \\n17.9 \\n18.8 \\n   40-49  \\n20.2 \\n18.7 \\n   50-59  \\n18.7 \\n18.3 \\n   60-69  \\n18.8 \\n16.6 \\n   70-79  \\n12.6 \\n9.1 \\n  \\n \\n \\n   Males \\n47.2 \\n48.8 \\n   Females \\n52.8 \\n51.2 \\n  \\n \\n \\n   Chinese \\n75.1 \\n75.1 \\n   Malays \\n12.3 \\n12.9 \\n   Indians \\n9.1 \\n8.8 \\n   Others \\n3.4 \\n3.2 \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n79 \\n \\nREFERENCES \\n \\nChapter 1: Alcohol Consumption \\nAnderson B, Berdzuli N, Ilbawi A, Kestel D, Kluge HP, Krech R, Mikkelsen B, Neufeld M, Poznyak \\nV, Rekve D, Slama S, Tello J, Ferreira-Borges C, Health and cancer risks associated with low \\nlevels of alcohol consumption. The Lancet Public Health. 2023; 8(1). doi: 10.1016/S2468-\\n2667(22)00317-6. \\n \\nWHO. Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health 2018. Geneva: World Health Organization, \\n2018. \\n \\nZhao J, Stockwell T, Naimi T, Churchill S, Clay J, Sherk A. Association Between Daily \\nAlcohol Intake and Risk of All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-\\nanalyses. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(3):e236185. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.6185. \\n \\nChapter 2: Cigarette Smoking \\nU.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking – 50 \\nYears of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and \\nHuman Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic \\nDisease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; 2014. \\n \\nChapter 3: Physical Activity \\nBennie JA, De Cocker K, Teychenne MJ, Brown WJ, Biddle SJH. The epidemiology of aerobic \\nphysical activity and muscle-strengthening activity guideline adherence among 383,928 U.S. \\nadults. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2019; 16:34.  \\n \\nU.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. 2nd \\nedition ed. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2018. \\n \\nU.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Introducing the Physical Activity Guidelines for \\nAmericans. 2nd edition ed. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; \\n2018. \\n \\nWHO. Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ), Analysis Guide, (Downloaded in 2014) \\n \\nWHO. Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health. Geneva: World Health \\nOrganization; 2010.  \\n \\nWHO. Physical Activity. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022.  \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n80 \\n \\nChapter 4: Self-reported Diabetes Mellitus \\nWHO. Classification of diabetes mellitus. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019. \\n \\nChapter 5: Self-reported Hypertension \\nWHO. A Global Brief on Hypertension. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013. \\n \\nWHO. Arterial Hypertension. Report of a WHO Expert Committee. No. 628 WHO Technical \\nReport Series. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1978. \\n \\nChapter 6: Self-reported Hyperlipidaemia \\nExpert Panel on the Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. \\nExecutive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) \\nExpert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult \\nTreatment Panel III). JAMA 2001; 285:2486–2497. \\n \\nNational Institutes of Health. National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel. Executive \\nsummary of the (NCEP) on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in \\nAdults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program \\n(NCEP) in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. \\nNational Institutes of Health. NHI Publication No. 02-5215. September 2002.   \\n \\nChapter 7: Chronic Disease Screening \\nHealth Promotion Board, Singapore. Screen for Life Booklet, October 2019. \\n \\nChapter 8: Breast Cancer Screening, Chapter 9: Cervical Cancer Screening and Chapter 10: \\nColorectal Cancer Screening \\nNational Registry of Diseases Office, Health Promotion Board, Singapore. Singapore Cancer \\nRegistry Annual Report 2022. Health Promotion Board, Singapore 2024. \\n \\nChapter 11: Vaccination \\nMinistry of Health, Singapore. National Adult Immunisation Schedule. Ministry of Health, \\nSingapore 2017.  \\n \\nChapter 12: Mental Health \\nWHO. Mental Health: Fact sheet. June 2020.  Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. \\n \\nChapter 13: Survey Methodology \\nSingapore Department of Statistics, Ministry of Trade & Industry, Singapore. Resident Population \\nby 5-Year Age Group, Sex and Ethnicity, 2022. \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n81 \\n \\nACKNOWLEDGEMENTS \\n \\nThe National Population Health Survey 2023 Project Team would like to gratefully \\nacknowledge Associate Professor Chua Tin Chiu, Department of Statistics and Applied \\nProbability, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore and Dr Loh Tze Ping for \\ntheir technical advice.  \\n \\nThe Team would also like to thank colleagues in the Ministry of Health and the Health \\nPromotion Board who have given inputs to the design of the survey questionnaire, \\nplanning of the fieldwork processes, management of administrative matters and the \\ndrafting of this report.  \\n \\nLast but not least, the Team would like to thank all Singapore residents who have \\nparticipated in this survey.  \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n82 \\n \\nAnnex A \\nSurvey Questionnaire \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n83 \\n \\n \\nNATIONAL POPULATION HEALTH SURVEY 2022/23 \\nQUESTIONNAIRE A [FOR PERSONS AGED 18 YEARS & ABOVE]  \\n全国人口健康调查2022/23 问卷 A [供18 岁或以上的人]  \\n \\nSerialhi \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nDate of Interview \\nD \\nD \\nM \\nM \\nY \\nY \\nY \\nY \\n \\nInterviewer’s \\nFull Name \\n \\nKISH Table Used \\n \\nHousehold Information \\nNumber of eligible PERSONS (Singapore citizens/PRs aged 18 to 79 years) in household: ________ \\n住户中合格的人士（18 至79 岁以下的新加坡公民/永久居民）人数 \\nNumber of eligible SENIORS (Singapore citizens/PRs aged 65 years & above) in household: ______ \\n住户中合格的乐龄人士（65 岁或以上的新加坡公民/永久居民）人数 \\n \\n1. REGISTRATION \\n \\nInterviewer: I would like to inform that your individual information collected for the survey will be kept \\nstrictly confidential. Any reporting would be done on a collective basis such that no participants in the \\nsurvey will be identifiable. \\n我想告诉您，本调查所收集的个人信息会严格保密。所有调查都会基于整体数据，因此不会泄\\n漏您的任何个人信息。 \\n \\n1000.     Year of birth:  \\n出生年份 \\n \\nAge:  \\n年龄 \\n \\n1001.     Record gender of participant [SA] \\n请注明受访者的性别 \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nY \\nY \\nY \\nY \\n \\n \\n \\n1 \\nMale \\n男性 \\n2 \\nFemale \\n女性 \\n\\n\\n \\n84 \\n \\n1002.     Ethnic group (as listed in NRIC) [SA] \\n种族（以身份证（NRIC）为准） \\nREAD ONLY IF NECESSARY \\n1 \\nChinese \\n华族 \\n2 \\nMalay \\n马来族 \\n3 \\nIndian \\n印度族 \\nDO NOT READ \\n4 \\nOthers, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n[Go to Q1003] \\n \\n \\n1003.     Are you a Singapore Citizen? [SA]  \\n您是新加坡公民吗？ \\nREAD  \\n1 \\nYes, I am a Singapore Citizen \\n是，我是新加坡公民 \\n2 \\nNo, I am a Permanent Resident \\n否，我是永久居民 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n[Go to Q1004] \\n \\n \\n1004.     May I know your height in metres, centimetres, or feet and inches? [SA] \\n请问您的身高是多少公尺、公分或英尺英寸？ \\n \\nHeight in cm, OR  \\n(nearest whole number) \\n公分，或 \\n（最近的整数) \\n \\nHeight in metres, OR \\n(nearest two decimal places) \\n公尺，或 \\n（最接近的两位小数） \\n \\nFeet (nearest whole number) AND \\n英尺（最近的整数)与 \\n \\nInches (nearest whole number) \\n英寸（最近的整数) \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q1005] \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n85 \\n \\n1005.     May I know your weight in kilograms or pounds? [SA] \\n请问您的体重是多少公斤或磅？ \\n \\nWeight in kg, OR   \\n(nearest one decimal place) \\n公斤，或 \\n（最接近的一位小数) \\n \\nWeight in lbs \\n(nearest whole number) \\n磅 \\n（最近的整数) \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\nEND OF SECTION 1. GO TO SECTION 2. \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n86 \\n \\n2. DEMOGRAPHICS \\n \\n \\n2000. \\nWhat is your current marital status? [SA] \\n请问您目前的婚姻状况是？ \\nUSE SHOWCARD  \\n1 \\nNever married \\n从未结婚 \\n2 \\nMarried \\n已婚 \\n3 \\nDivorced \\n离婚 \\n4 \\nSeparated \\n分居 \\n5 \\nWidowed \\n丧偶 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n[Go to Q2001] \\n \\n \\n2001. \\nDo you have any children, including adopted and step-children? Please do not include \\nfoster children. [SA] \\n请问您是否有孩子,这包括领养的孩子、继子和继女？ 请不要包括寄养的儿童。 \\nUSE SHOWCARD  \\n1 \\nYes \\n有 \\n[Go to Q2002] \\n2 \\nNo \\n没有 \\n[Go to Q2003] \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n \\n \\n2002. \\nAre any of your children within the following age range, including adopted and step-\\nchildren? Please do not include foster children. [SA] \\n您是否有属于以下年龄段的孩子，这包括领养的孩子、继子和继女？请不要包括寄养的\\n儿童。 \\nREAD \\na) Aged 6 years and below \\n6 岁或以下 \\n1) Yes \\n是 \\n2) No \\n否 \\n777) Refused \\n拒绝回答 \\nb) Aged 7 to 12 years \\n7 岁至12 岁 \\n1) Yes \\n是 \\n2) No \\n否 \\n777) Refused \\n拒绝回答 \\nc) Older than 12 years \\n12 岁以上 \\n1) Yes \\n是 \\n2) No \\n否 \\n777) Refused \\n拒绝回答 \\n[Go to Q2003] \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n87 \\n \\n2003. \\nWhat is the highest level of education* that you have attained? [SA] \\n请问您的最高教育程度\\n*是什么？ \\nUSE SHOWCARD AND DO NOT READ \\n1 \\nNo formal education / Primary \\n未接受正规教育/小学 \\n2 \\nPSLE or equivalent \\n小六离校毕业证书或同等学历 \\n3 \\nSecondary  \\n中学 \\n4 \\n’O’ / ‘N’ level or NTC3 cert or its \\nequivalent  \\n‘O’/‘N’水准或全国技工证书第3 级\\n(NTC 3)或同等学历 \\n5 \\n‘A’ level / International Baccalaureate \\n(IB)/ NTC 1-2 or Cert in office/ business \\nskills or its equivalent, WSQ certificates \\n‘A’水准或/国际高中文凭(IB)/全国技\\n工证书第1-2 级(NTC 1-2)或办公室/商\\n业技能证书或同等学历,WSQ 证书 \\n6 \\nPolytechnic Diploma \\n理工学院文凭 \\n7 \\nOther diploma & professional \\nqualification \\n其它文凭或专职业资格证书 \\n8 \\nUniversity and above \\n大学及以上学历 \\n9 \\nOthers, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q2004] \\n* Refers to the highest level or standard which a person had passed or attained and was awarded \\na certificate, either through attendance at an institution of learning, through correspondence or \\nself-study.  \\n最高教育程度指的是一个人通过在教育机构学习、函授或自修并获得证书的最高教育水平或学位。 \\n \\n \\n2004. \\nWhich of the following best describes your main work status* over the last 12 months? \\n[SA] \\n下列哪项最符合您在过去12 个月内的主要工作情况*？ \\nUSE SHOWCARD & READ ONLY IF NECESSARY \\n1 \\nWorking       \\n工作 \\n[Go to Q2005a] \\n2 \\nFull-time Student \\n全职学生 \\n[Go to Q2006] \\n3 \\nServing National Service \\n在服兵役/国民服役 \\n4 \\nHomemaker or housewife \\n家庭主妇/夫 \\n5 \\nRetired \\n退休 \\n[Go to Q2005a] \\n6 \\nUnemployed \\n无工作 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n[Go to Q2006] \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n* Refers to what you spent most of the usual working hours on during the last 12 months. \\n主要工作情况指的是在过去12 个月内的平常工作时间，您大部分的时间所做的事。 \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n88 \\n \\n2005a. Which industry do you work in, or used to work in? [SA] \\n您目前或以前从事哪一个行业的工作？ \\n \\n<write response 写回应> \\n \\n2005b. What is or was your occupation? [SA] \\n您目前或以前的职业是什么？ \\n \\n<write response 写回应> \\n \\nDO NOT READ (for internal coding only)  \\n1 \\nCommunity, Social and Personal \\nServices (e.g. education, nursing, arts, \\nentertainment, public administration, \\ndefence, …) \\n社区, 社会及个人服务业 (如教育, 护\\n理, 艺术, 娱乐, 公共行政, 国防， 等\\n等) \\n2 \\nManufacturing \\n制造业 \\n3 \\nBusiness Services (e.g. real estate, \\nlegal, accounting, architectural, R&D, \\ntravel, employment, …) \\n商业服务业 (如房地产, 法律, 会计, \\n建筑设计, 科研开发, 旅游, 雇员介\\n绍，等等) \\n4 \\nWholesale and Retail Trade \\n批发及零售业 \\n5 \\nFinancial and Insurance Activities \\n金融险业 \\n6 \\nInformation and Communications (e.g. \\npublishing, media, telecommunications, \\ninformation technology, …) \\n资讯通信业(如出版, 媒体, 电信, 资讯\\n科技 等等) \\n7 \\nOthers \\n(e.g. \\ntransport, \\nhotels, \\nrestaurants, construction) \\n其它(如交通, 酒店, 餐馆, 建筑业, 等\\n等) \\n8 \\nHave never worked \\n从来没有工作过 \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q2006] \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n89 \\n \\n2006. \\nOver the last 12 months, what is the average earnings (S$) of your household in one \\nmonth, before any deductions? Please include all sources of income such as bonuses, \\nrental and investment income, and other sources such as pension and contributions from \\nrelatives and friends who are not staying in the same household. [SA] \\n在过去 12 个月内，您全家每月的平均总收入，在任何扣除前，大概是多少新币？请包括\\n红利、租金和投资所得到的收入，也包括退休金和非同住在一起的家人或朋友所给的现\\n金零用钱/资助。 \\nUSE SHOWCARD  \\n1 \\nBelow 2,000 per month \\n每月收入低于 2,000 \\n2 \\n2,000 – 3,999 per month \\n每月收入在 2,000 – 3,999 之间 \\n3 \\n4,000 – 5,999 per month  \\n每月收入在 4,000 – 5,999 之间 \\n4 \\n6,000 – 9,999 per month  \\n每月收入在 6,000 – 9,999 之间 \\n5 \\n10,000 – 14,999 per month \\n每月收入在 10,000 – 14,999 之间 \\n6 \\n15,000 & above per month \\n每月收入 15,000 及以上 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\nEND OF SECTION 2. GO TO SECTION 3. \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n90 \\n \\n3. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY \\n \\n \\nInterviewer: The next questions are about the time you spend doing work. Think of work as the things \\nthat you have to do such as paid or unpaid work, household chores or looking for a job. Activities at \\nwork, focus on occupational physical activity. For homemakers, this refers to household chores. For \\nunemployed, this refers to looking for a job. For students, this refers to classes (including Physical \\nEducation if relevant). \\n接着我要询问您关于工作中的体力活动。工作是指您不得不做的事情，如有偿或无偿工作、家\\n务活以及找工作。工作中的活动，主要是指与职业相关的体力活动。对于家庭主妇来说，这指\\n的是家务劳动。对于无业人士来说，这指的是找工作。对于学生来说，这指的是上课（包括相\\n关的体育课）。 \\n \\nIn answering the next few questions, ‘vigorous-intensity activities’ are activities that require hard physical \\neffort and cause large increases in breathing or heart rate, ‘moderate-intensity activities’ are activities \\nthat require moderate physical effort and cause small increases in breathing or heart rate. \\n在以下的问题，“剧烈活动” 是指需要大量体力并引起呼吸心跳显著增加的活动，“中等强\\n度活动” 是指需引起呼吸心跳轻度增加的活动。 \\n \\n \\nActivity at work （在工作中的活动） \\n3000. \\nIn a typical week, on how many days do you do vigorous-intensity activities for at least \\n10 minutes continuously as part of your work? [SA] \\n您在工作中通常每周有多少天会做持续至少10 分钟的剧烈活动？ \\nUSE SHOWCARD FOR EXAMPLES \\n \\nDays a week \\n每周几天 \\n[If 0 day, go to Q3001. \\nElse go to Q3000a] \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n[Go to Q3001] \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n \\n \\n3000a. On a typical day on which you do vigorous-intensity activities for at least 10 minutes \\ncontinuously, how much time do you spend doing such activities at work? [SA] \\n在您有做持续至少10 分钟剧烈活动的平常一天里，您通常会花多长时间做此类活动？ \\n \\nHours \\n小时 \\n \\nMinutes \\n分钟 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q3001] \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n91 \\n \\n3001. \\nIn a typical week, on how many days do you do moderate-intensity activities for at least \\n10 minutes continuously as part of your work? [SA] \\n您在工作中通常每周有多少天会做持续至少10 分钟的中等强度活动？ \\nUSE SHOWCARD FOR EXAMPLES \\n \\nDays a week \\n每周几天 \\n[If 0 day, go to Q3002. \\nElse go to Q3001a] \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n[Go to Q3002] \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n \\n \\n3001a. On a typical day on which you do moderate-intensity activities for at least 10 minutes \\ncontinuously, how much time do you spend doing such activities at work? [SA] \\n在您有做持续至少10 分钟中等强度活动的平常一天里，您通常会花多长时间做此类活动？ \\n \\nHours \\n小时 \\n \\nMinutes \\n分钟 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q3002] \\n \\n \\nInterviewer: The next questions exclude the physical activities at work that you have previously \\nmentioned. Now, I would like to ask you about the usual way you travel to and from places. For example, \\ngoing to work, shopping, market, or church, temple or mosque or going out for lunch. \\n以下的问题不包括上述工作时的体力活动。现在我要询问您通常的交通方式。例如，上班、购\\n物、去市场、教堂、寺庙或清真寺，或出门用午餐。 \\n \\n \\nTravel to and from places （出行时） \\n3002. \\nIn a typical week, on how many days do you walk or cycle (pedal cycle) for at least 10 \\nminutes continuously to get to and from places? [SA] \\n您出行时，通常每周有多少天步行或骑脚踏车，持续至少10 分钟？ \\n \\nDays a week \\n每周几天 \\n[If 0 day, go to Q3003. \\nElse go to Q3002a] \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n[Go to Q3003] \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n92 \\n \\n3002a. On a typical day when you walk or cycle (pedal cycle) for at least 10 minutes continuously, \\nhow much time do you spend walking or cycling? [SA] \\n在您有步行或骑脚踏车持续至少10 分钟的一天里，您通常会花多长时间做此类活动？ \\n \\nHours \\n小时 \\n \\nMinutes \\n分钟 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q3003] \\n \\n \\nRecreational activities （娱乐性体力活动） \\n3003. \\nIn a typical week, on how many days do you do vigorous-intensity sports, fitness, \\nrecreational or leisure activities for at least 10 minutes continuously? [SA] \\n您通常每周有多少天会做持续至少10 分钟的剧烈运动、健身或娱乐性体力活动？ \\nUSE SHOWCARD FOR EXAMPLES \\n \\nDays a week \\n每周几天 \\n[If 0 day, go to Q3004. \\nElse go to Q3003a] \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n[Go to Q3004] \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n \\n3003a. On a typical day, how much time do you spend doing vigorous-intensity sports, fitness, \\nrecreational or leisure activities for at least 10 minutes continuously? [SA] \\n在您有做持续至少10 分钟剧烈运动、健身或娱乐性体力活动的平常一天里，您通常会花\\n多长时间做此类活动？ \\n \\nHours \\n小时 \\n \\nMinutes \\n分钟 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q3004] \\n \\n3004. \\nIn a typical week, on how many days do you do moderate-intensity sports, fitness, \\nrecreational or leisure activities for at least 10 minutes continuously? [SA] \\n您通常每周有多少天会做持续至少10 分钟的中等强度运动、健身或娱乐性体力活动？ \\nUSE SHOWCARD FOR EXAMPLES \\n \\nDays a week \\n每周几天 \\n[If 0 day, go to Q3006. \\nElse go to Q3004a] \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n[Go to Q3006] \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n\\n\\n \\n93 \\n \\n3004a. On a typical day, how much time do you spend doing moderate-intensity sports, fitness, \\nrecreational or leisure activities for at least 10 minutes continuously? [SA] \\n在您有做持续至少10 分钟中等强度运动、健身或娱乐性体力活动的平常一天里，您通常\\n会花多长时间做此类活动？ \\n \\nHours \\n小时 \\n \\nMinutes \\n分钟 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q3006] \\n \\n \\n3006. \\nIn a typical week, on how many days do you do physical activities or exercises to \\nstrengthen your muscles? Examples of these activities include tai-chi, qi-gong, yoga, \\nsit-ups, push-ups, the use of weight machines, free weights, or elastic bands. Do not \\ninclude aerobic activities like walking, running, or cycling. [SA] \\n您通常每周有多少天会为了增强肌肉而做运动或体育锻炼？这些运动包括太极、气功、\\n瑜伽、仰卧起坐或伏地挺身，以及那些使用举重器械、自由力量训练设备或弹力带的运\\n动。请勿包括有氧运动，如健步行走、跑步或骑脚踏车。 \\nInterviewer note: Record number of days per month if frequency is less than once a \\nweek. Respondents should complete at least 1 set of strength exercises to register as 1 \\nday. \\nUSE SHOWCARD FOR EXAMPLES & DEFINITION OF 1 SET OF EXERCISE \\n \\nDays per week OR \\n每周几天 或 \\n \\nDays per month \\n每月几天 \\nDO NOT READ \\n666 \\nNever do such activity or exercise \\n没有做这些运动或体育锻炼 \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q3005] \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n94 \\n \\nInterviewer: The next question is about sitting or reclining at work, at home, getting to and from \\nplaces, or with friends, including time spent sitting at a desk, sitting with friends, travelling in car, bus, \\ntrain, reading, playing cards or watching television but DO NOT include time spent sleeping. \\n以下的问题是关于工作中、在家里、出行或与朋友相处时的坐卧情况，包括坐在桌前、与朋友\\n坐在一起，乘坐汽车、巴士、地铁，阅读、打牌或看电视的时间，但不包括睡眠时间。 \\n \\n \\n3005. \\nOn a typical day, how much time do you usually spend sitting or reclining? [SA] \\n您通常每天花多长时间坐着或靠着？ \\n \\nHours \\n小时 \\n \\nMinutes \\n分钟 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\nEND OF SECTION 3. GO TO SECTION 4. \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n95 \\n \\n4. TOBACCO USE \\n \\nInterviewer: The next questions are on cigarette smoking. \\n现在，我要问一些有关吸烟的问题。 \\n \\n \\n4000. \\nHave you ever smoked cigarettes? [SA] \\n您曾吸过烟吗？ \\nREAD  \\n1 \\nYes \\n有 \\n[Go to Q4001] \\n2 \\nNo \\n没有 \\n[Go to Q4016 \\nOther Tobacco \\nProducts] \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n \\n4001. \\nHow old were you when you first tried or experimented with smoking cigarettes? [SA] \\n您第一次尝试吸烟时是几岁？ \\n \\nAge \\n几岁 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q4002] \\n \\n4002. \\nHave you ever smoked at least 100 cigarettes, or about 5 packs in your whole life? [SA] \\n您一生中曾经吸过的烟总数是否有至少 100 支（约 5 包）？ \\nREAD  \\n1 \\nYes \\n有 \\n[Go to Q4003] \\n2 \\nNo \\n没有 \\n[Go to Q4016 \\nOther Tobacco \\nProducts] \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n \\n4003. \\nHave you ever smoked cigarettes daily? [SA] \\n您曾经每天吸烟吗？ \\nREAD  \\n1 \\nYes \\n有 \\n[Go to Q4004] \\n2 \\nNo \\n没有 \\n[Go to Q4005] \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n96 \\n \\n4004. \\nAt what age did you start smoking cigarettes daily? [SA] \\n您从几岁开始每天吸烟的？ \\n \\nAge \\n几岁 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q4005] \\n \\n \\n4005. \\nHow often do you smoke cigarettes now, is it….? [SA] \\n您目前吸烟的频率, 是…？ \\nREAD \\n1 \\nDaily* \\n每天* \\n[Go to Q4006a] \\n2 \\nOccasionally \\n偶尔 \\n3 \\nHave stopped smoking \\ncompletely \\n已经彻底戒烟 \\n[If Q4003=1, go to Q4011 \\nEx-daily Smoker \\nIf Q4003=2, 777 or 888, go \\nto Q4015 Ex-smoker] \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n[Go to Q4016 Other \\nTobacco Products] \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n* Interviewer Note: Please include respondents who have stop smoking daily temporarily \\nbecause of religious fasting or medical reasons. \\n请包括受访者因宗教禁食或医疗因素而暂时停止每天吸烟。 \\n \\n \\n[If Q4005 = “Daily” or “Occasionally”, ask the following question] \\n4006a. Can you show me the pack of cigarettes that you are currently smoking so that we can \\nwrite down the flavour of cigarette? [SA]  \\n您是否能让我看您所吸的烟的包装以便我记下其烟的口味？ \\nInterviewer Note: If respondent does not have a pack or refused to show pack of \\ncigarettes, please ask for the flavour. If there are more than 1 flavour smoked, record the \\nflavour that was most often smoked.  \\nDO NOT READ [Record flavour as shown for 4006a] \\n1 \\nRegular  \\n2 \\nMenthol  \\n3 \\nMint \\n4 \\nClove/ Kretek \\n5 \\nOthers, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q4006] \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n97 \\n \\n4006. \\nBased on the pack of cigarettes, please code the theme of the graphic health warning. \\n[SA] \\nDO NOT READ [For internal coding by Interviewers] \\n1 \\nSmoking causes blindness \\n2 \\nSmoking causes cancer \\n3 \\nSmoking causes heart disease \\n4 \\nSmoking causes lung disease \\n5 \\nSmoking increases the risk of miscarriage \\n6 \\nWhen you’re hooked, your child suffers too \\n7 \\nSmoking can cause stillbirth \\n8 \\nSmoking causes oral cancer \\n9 \\nSmoking causes throat cancer \\n10 \\nSmoking leads to death from lung cancer \\n11 \\nTobacco smoke harms your baby \\n12 \\nSmoking causes premature ageing \\n13 \\nOthers please specify: ____________________________________________ \\n666 \\nNo graphic warnings \\n777 \\nRefused to show the pack of cigarette \\nNote: No translation of graphic warning theme is required.   \\n \\n \\n \\n[If Q4005 = “Daily”, go to Q4007. Else, go to Q4016 Other Tobacco Products]  \\n4007. \\n[Daily Smoker] On average, how many cigarettes do you smoke per day? [SA] \\n您平均每天吸多少支烟？ \\n \\nCigarettes daily \\n一天几支烟 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q4008] \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n98 \\n \\n4008. \\n[Daily Smoker] Do you have any intention to quit smoking? [SA]  \\n您是否有戒烟的打算？ \\nREAD AND USE SHOWCARD  \\n1 \\nYes, I plan to quit smoking within the next \\nmonth \\n有,我打算在下个月内戒烟 \\n2 \\nYes, I plan to quit smoking within the next 6 \\nmonths \\n有,我打算在未来 6 个月内戒烟 \\n3 \\nYes, I plan to quit smoking within the next 12 \\nmonths \\n有,我打算在未来 12 个月内戒烟 \\n4 \\nYes, I plan to quit smoking within the next 5 \\nyears \\n有,我打算在未来 5 年内戒烟 \\n5 \\nYes, I plan to quit smoking sometime in the \\nfuture \\n有,我打算在未来的某个时候戒烟 \\n6 \\nNo, I do not plan to quit smoking completely, \\nbut plan to cut down on the number of \\ncigarettes smoked \\n我没有打算完全戒烟,但有打算减少吸\\n烟 \\n7 \\nNo, I do not plan to quit smoking or cut down \\non the number of cigarettes smoked \\n我没有打算戒烟或减少吸烟 \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q4009] \\n \\n \\n4009. \\n[Daily Smoker] In the last 12 months, have you tried to stop smoking for at least 24 \\nhours? [SA] \\n在过去12 个月内，您是否有尝试连续至少 24 小时不吸烟？ \\nREAD  \\n1 \\nYes \\n有 \\n[Go to Q4010] \\n2 \\nNo \\n没有 \\n[Go to Q4016 \\nOther Tobacco \\nProducts] \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n \\n \\n4010. \\n[Daily Smoker] How many times did you try to quit smoking during the last 12 months? \\n[SA] \\n在过去12 个月内，您曾经几次尝试戒烟？ \\n \\nNumber of times in last 12 months \\n在过去12个月内有几次 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q4016 Other Tobacco Products] \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n99 \\n \\n[If Q4005 = “Have stopped smoking completely” and Q4003=1, go to Q4011. Else if Q4005 \\n= “Have stopped smoking completely” and Q4003=2, 777 or 888, go to Q4015.]    \\n4011. \\n[Ex-daily Smoker] How long has it been since you last smoked daily? [SA] \\n您已经有多久停止每日吸烟的习惯？ \\n \\nNumber of years, OR \\n几年，或 \\n \\nNumber of months \\n几月 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q4012] \\n \\n \\n4012. \\n[Ex-daily Smoker] How long did you smoke daily before you gave up smoking? [SA] \\n在戒烟之前，您曾经有多久每天吸烟？ \\n \\nNumber of years, OR \\n几年，或 \\n \\nNumber of months \\n几月 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q4015] \\n \\n \\n4015. \\n[Ex-smoker] How many times did you try to quit smoking before you succeeded? [SA] \\n在戒烟成功前，您曾经尝试戒烟过几次？ \\n \\nNumber of times \\n几次 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q4013] \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n100 \\n \\n4013. \\n[Ex-smoker] What was the main reason which made you stop smoking completely? [SA] \\n您彻底戒烟的主要原因是什么？ \\nDO NOT READ  \\n1 \\nExperienced the ill effects of smoking \\n身受吸烟之害 \\n2 \\nPressure to stop from the environment (e.g. \\nsmoking bans) \\n迫于环境（例如禁烟令）的压力而戒\\n烟 \\n3 \\nConcerned about the health of those around \\nme (through passive smoking) \\n担心周围人群的健康（通过二手烟） \\n4 \\nConcerned about the harmful effects of \\nsmoking \\n关注吸烟的害处 \\n5 \\nPressure/ advice to stop from family/ \\nfriends/ colleagues \\n出于家庭/朋友/同事的压力/建议而\\n戒烟 \\n6 \\nCigarettes have become too expensive \\n香烟价格太贵 \\n7 \\nSocial stigma associated with smoking \\n吸烟不光彩 \\n8 \\nAdvised to stop smoking by my doctor \\n医生建议我戒烟 \\n9 \\nOthers, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q4014] \\n \\n \\n4014. \\n[Ex-smoker] How did you quit smoking? [MA] \\n请问您是怎样戒烟的？ \\nDO NOT READ  \\n1 \\nAbstained from smoking on own accord \\n自我克制主动戒烟 \\n2 \\nAttended smoking cessation \\nprogramme/counselling in public/private hospitals \\n参加公立/私人医院的戒烟计划/\\n辅导 \\n3 \\nAttended smoking cessation \\nprogramme/counselling in public (including \\npolyclinics) /private GP clinics \\n参加公立(包括综合诊疗所)/私\\n人诊所的戒烟计划/辅导 \\n4 \\nAttended smoking cessation \\nprogramme/counselling in the workplace \\n参加工作场所的戒烟计划/辅导 \\n5 \\nAttended smoking cessation \\nprogramme/counselling through a retail pharmacy  \\n通过零售药店参加戒烟计划/辅\\n导 \\n6 \\nThrough talking to a quit advisor at Quitline \\n通过与戒烟热线的戒烟顾问沟通 \\n11 \\nThrough participating in I Quit programme \\n(constitutes SMS and Quitline as an option for \\nsmokers) \\n通过参加全国戒烟运动“ I \\nQuit” \\n7 \\nBy nicotine replacement therapy (e.g. nicotine \\npatch, inhaler) \\n通过尼古丁替代治疗（例如尼古\\n丁贴片、尼古丁吸入剂） \\n8 \\nBy herbal remedy \\n通过草药疗法 \\n9 \\nUsed \\nmedication \\n(e.g. \\nBupropion/ \\nZyban, \\nVarenicline/Champix) \\n药物治疗（例如耐烟盼牌的安非\\n他酮、戒必适牌的伐尼克兰) \\n10 \\nOthers, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q4016] \\n\\n\\n \\n101 \\n \\n4016. \\n[Ask All]  Other than cigarettes, which of the following tobacco products do you currently \\nsmoke? [SA] \\n除了香烟，您目前吸的是以下哪种烟草产品？ \\nUSE SHOWCARD \\nList of other tobacco \\nproducts \\n其它烟草产品的列表 \\n1) Yes, \\nDaily \\n是,每天 \\n2) Yes, \\nOccasionally \\n是, 偶尔 \\n3) No \\n否 \\n777) \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888) Don’t know \\n/ Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n4016a.  \\nCigar 雪茄 \\n□ \\n□ \\n□ \\n□ \\n□ \\n4016b.  \\nCigarillos 迷你雪茄 \\n□ \\n□ \\n□ \\n□ \\n□ \\n4016c.  \\nE-cigarette / E-vapouriser \\n电子香烟 \\n□ \\n□ \\n□ \\n□ \\n□ \\n4016d.  \\nHeated Tobacco 加热烟草 \\n□ \\n□ \\n□ \\n□ \\n□ \\n4016e.  \\nBeedis 比迪烟 \\n□ \\n□ \\n□ \\n□ \\n□ \\n4016f.  \\nRoll your own tobacco / \\nAng Hoon (loose tobacco) \\n卷烟 \\n□ \\n□ \\n□ \\n□ \\n□ \\n4016g.  \\nPipe Tobacco 烟丝 \\n□ \\n□ \\n□ \\n□ \\n□ \\n4016h.  \\nOthers 其它 \\n[Go to Q4016h(i) for “1” \\nor “2”] \\n□ \\n□ \\n□ \\n□ \\n□ \\n[If Q4016a to Q4016h=1 or 2, go to Q4020] \\nIf Q4016a to Q4016h=3, 777 or 888, go to Section 6] \\n \\n \\n4016h(i) [If respondent selected “1” or “2” for Q4016h, please specify below]: \\n其它（请注明）: \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n102 \\n \\n[If Q4000 = “Yes” or Q4016a to Q4016h = “Yes, Daily” or “Yes, Occasionally”] \\n4020. \\n[Ask All Smokers] When you first started smoking, which of the following tobacco \\nproduct did you smoke? [SA] \\n在您刚开始吸烟时，您吸的是以下哪种烟草产品？ \\nUSE SHOWCARD \\n1 \\nCigarettes \\n香烟 \\n2 \\nCigar \\n雪茄 \\n3 \\nCigarillo \\n迷你雪茄 \\n4 \\nE-cigarette / E-vapouriser \\n电子香烟 \\n5 \\nHeated Tobacco \\n加热烟草 \\n6 \\nBeedis  \\n比迪烟 \\n7 \\nRoll your own tobacco / Ang Hoon (loose \\ntobacco) \\n卷烟 \\n8 \\nPipe Tobacco  \\n烟丝 \\n9 \\nOthers, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q4021] \\n \\n \\n4021. \\n[Ask All Smokers] What was the flavour of (tobacco product mentioned in 4020) that \\nyou smoked when you first started smoking? [SA] \\n在您刚开始吸烟时，您吸的______是什么口味？ \\nUSE SHOWCARD \\n1 \\nRegular  \\n普通味 \\n2 \\nMenthol  \\n薄荷醇味 \\n3 \\nMint  \\n薄荷味 \\n4 \\nClove/ Kretek \\n丁香味 \\n5 \\nOthers, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\nEND OF SECTION 4. GO TO SECTION 6. \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n103 \\n \\n6. ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION \\n \\nInterviewer: Now I am going to ask you some questions about alcohol consumption. \\n现在，我要问您一些关于饮酒的问题。 \\n \\n6000. \\nIn the past 12 months, how frequent did you have at least one drink? [SA] \\n在过去12 个月内，您喝至少一杯酒的频率是多少？ \\nREAD AND USE SHOWCARD \\n1 \\n5 or more days a week \\n每周5 天或更多 \\n[Go to Q6003] \\n2 \\n1-4 days per week \\n每周1 至4 天 \\n3 \\n1-3 days a month \\n每月1 至3 天 \\n4 \\nLess than once a month \\n每月少于一天 \\n5 \\nDid not drink alcohol in the \\npast 12 months \\n在过去12 个月内没有喝酒 \\n[Go to Section \\n7] \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n \\n \\n6003. \\nOn the days that you drank alcohol, about how many drinks did you usually have? [SA] \\n每当喝酒时，您通常会在一天内喝几杯含有酒精的饮料？ \\nUSE SHOWCARD & EXPLAIN WHAT CONSTITUTES 1 DRINK \\n \\nNumber of drinks per day \\n一天内几杯饮料 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q6002] \\n \\n \\n6002. \\nHow many times during the past month did you have X [X = 5 for men, X = 4 for women] \\nor more drinks in any one drinking session? Please include all types of alcoholic drinks. \\n[SA] \\n在过去一个月内，您曾经有多少次在一次饮酒过程中喝了X [男性 X = 5，女性 X = 4] \\n杯或更多？请包括所有类型的酒精饮品。 \\nUSE SHOWCARD & EXPLAIN WHAT CONSTITUTES 1 DRINK \\n \\nTimes in the past month \\n过去一个月内有几次 \\n[If >0, go to Q6004] \\nDO NOT READ \\n666 \\nDid not drink X [X = 5 for \\nmen, X = 4 for women] or \\nmore drinks in any one \\ndrinking session \\n没有在一次饮酒过程中喝\\n超过 X [男性 X = 5，女\\n性 X = 4] 杯 \\n[Go to Section 7] \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n104 \\n \\n6004. \\nOn those days where you drink X [X = 5 for men, X = 4 for women] or more drinks, \\nwhere do you usually drink? [MA] \\n在您喝X [男性 X = 5，女性 X = 4] 杯酒或更多的那些天里, 您通常会在哪里喝？ \\nREAD (May choose more than one answer) \\n1 \\nAt home / relative’s/ friend’s home (e.g. \\nduring parties, celebratory occasions) \\n在家里/亲戚/朋友家里（聚会、庆祝场\\n合） \\n2 \\nPubs/ Bars/ Hotels lounges \\n酒吧/酒店酒廊 \\n3 \\nDiscos/ Nightclubs/ KTVs \\n歌舞厅/夜店/KTV 练歌房 \\n4 \\nRestaurants/ Coffeeshops/ Hawker \\nCentres \\n餐馆/咖啡店/小贩中心 \\n5 \\nOthers, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\nEND OF SECTION 6. GO TO SECTION 7. \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n105 \\n \\n7. DIABETES \\n \\nInterviewer: Now, I would like to ask you some questions about diabetes. Diabetes occurs when \\nthere is excess sugar in the blood.  Oral medications and insulin injections may be required if a person \\nwith diabetes is unable to adequately control his blood sugar levels despite lifestyle changes. \\n现在，我要问您一些关于糖尿病的问题。血糖过高会导致糖尿病。若糖尿病患者在改变生活方\\n式之后仍然无法控制血糖，那他/她就或许需要以服用口服降糖药或胰岛素注射来控制病情。 \\n \\n \\n7000. \\nCan you tell me who in your immediate family* has diabetes, excluding diabetes that \\nhappens only during pregnancy? [MA] \\n您的直系家庭*中谁患有糖尿病？这不包括只在怀孕期间患上的糖尿病。 \\nInterviewer note: Diabetes that happens only during pregnancy refer to diabetes that develop \\nduring pregnancy and usually stop at the end of pregnancy (also known as gestational diabetes). \\nREAD (May choose more than one answer) \\n1 \\nParents \\n父母 \\n2 \\nSiblings \\n兄弟姐妹 \\n3 \\nChildren \\n儿女 \\n4 \\nNo one in my family has diabetes \\n没有家人患有糖尿病 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q7013] \\n* Exclude spouse and non-blood relatives \\n不包括配偶及无血缘关系的亲戚 \\n \\n \\n7013. \\nCan you tell me how often should a person of your age check for diabetes by a \\ndoctor/healthcare professional? [SA] \\n您认为与您同龄的人应该多久一次由医生/医疗保健专业人员测量血糖？ \\nOnce every ________________ year(s) \\n每几年一次 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q7001] \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n106 \\n \\n7001. \\nHave you ever been told by a western-trained doctor that you have diabetes? [SA] \\n西医是否曾经告诉过您，您患有糖尿病？ \\n[If ‘Yes’ and respondent is female, ask “Was this only when you were pregnant?”] \\nREAD \\n1 \\nYes    \\n是 \\n[Go to Q7001a] \\n2 \\nYes, but only during \\npregnancy \\n是，不过仅在怀孕时 \\n[Go to Q7004] \\n3 \\nNo   \\n否 \\n4 \\nNo, pre-diabetes or borderline \\ndiabetes      \\n否，糖尿病前期或临界性糖尿\\n病 \\n[Go to Q7014] \\nDO NOT READ \\n[Go to Q7004] \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n \\n \\n7014.  \\nWhat lifestyle or dietary modifications have you made to prevent or delay the progression \\nto diabetes? [MA] \\n您是通过哪些生活或饮食的改变来预防或延缓糖尿病的进展？ \\nDO NOT READ (May record more than one answer) \\n1 \\nManage / Lose weight \\n控制体重/减肥 \\n2 \\nReduce intake of sugar, rice, bread \\n减少糖、米饭、面包的摄取量 \\n3 \\nIncrease intake of wholemeal bread, brown rice, \\nvegetables and high fibre food \\n增加全麦面包、糙米、蔬菜和高纤\\n维食物的摄取量 \\n4 \\nReduce fat intake \\n减少脂肪摄取量 \\n5 \\nCutting down/ stop smoking \\n减少/停止吸烟 \\n6 \\nDo more exercise  \\n多做运动 \\n7 \\nReduce alcohol intake \\n减少酒精摄取量 \\n8 \\nAvoid sugar-sweetened beverages \\n避免饮用含糖饮料 \\n9 \\nGo for regular blood sugar test  \\n定期做血糖测试 \\n10 \\nReceive health coaching to improve blood sugar \\ncontrol \\n接受健康辅导以改善血糖控制 \\n11 \\nOthers, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ \\n555 \\nUnaware that pre-diabetes can progress to \\ndiabetes \\n不知道糖尿病前期会导致糖尿病 \\n666 \\nNo lifestyle changes or dietary modifications \\n没有改变生活或饮食习惯 \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q7002] \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n107 \\n \\n7001a. Does your doctor currently give you treatment for your diabetes such as tablets or \\ninjections? [SA] \\n医生目前是否有给您治疗糖尿病的药物或注射？ \\nREAD  \\n1 \\nYes \\n有 \\n[Go to Q7001b] \\n2 \\nNo \\n没有 \\n[Go to 7002] \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n \\n \\n7001b. What type of medication are you on? [SA] \\n您正在使用哪种治疗方式？ \\nREAD \\n1 \\nInsulin injections \\n胰岛素注射 \\n2 \\nOral medications for diabetes \\n口服降糖药 \\n3 \\nBoth insulin injections & oral \\nmedications for diabetes \\n同时使用胰岛素注射和口服降糖药 \\n4 \\nOthers, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to 7002] \\n \\n \\n7002. \\nHow many times in the past 12 months have you seen a doctor for your X [X=pre-\\ndiabetes when Q7001=4, X=diabetes when Q7001=1]? [SA] \\n在过去12 个月内，您曾经有几次因为X [X=糖尿病前期when Q7001=4,X=糖尿病when \\nQ7001=1]而看医生？ \\n \\nNumber of times in the past 12 months \\n在过去12 个月内有几次 \\nDO NOT READ \\n666 \\nDid not see a doctor for X [X=pre-\\ndiabetes when Q7001=4, X=diabetes \\nwhen Q7001=1] \\n没有因为X [X=糖尿病前期 when \\nQ7001=4, X=糖尿病when Q7001=1]而看\\n医生 \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to 7003] \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n108 \\n \\n7003. \\nWhere do you seek treatment for your X [X=pre-diabetes when Q7001=4, X=diabetes \\n(when Q7001=1] most of the time? [SA] \\n您大多数是去哪里治疗您的X[X=糖尿病前期when Q7001=4,X=糖尿病when Q7001=1]？ \\nDO NOT READ  \\n1 \\nPrivate GP \\n家庭医生 \\n2 \\nPolyclinic \\n综合诊疗所 \\n3 \\nSpecialist outpatient clinic (public \\nhospital) \\n专科门诊诊所（公共医院） \\n4 \\nSpecialist outpatient clinic  \\n(private hospital) \\n专科门诊诊所（私人医院） \\n5 \\nOthers, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ \\n666 \\nNone, do not seek treatment for X \\n[X=pre-diabetes when Q7001=4, \\nX=diabetes when Q7001=1] \\n否， 没有为X [X=糖尿病前期when \\nQ7001=4,糖尿病when Q7001=1]寻求治疗 \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Section 8] \\n \\n \\n[If Q7001 = “Yes, but only during pregnancy”, “No”, “No, pre-diabetes or borderline \\ndiabetes”, “Refused” or “Don’t know / Not sure”] \\n7004. \\nBlood tests can be used to check for diabetes. When was the last time you had a blood \\ntest to check for diabetes? Please exclude checks done by yourself. [SA] \\n血糖检验是一种测试糖尿病的方法。您最后一次进行血糖测试是什么时候？请不要包括\\n自己做的检查。 \\nInterviewer note: Blood tests can be a fasting plasma glucose test (FPG), random plasma \\nglucose test, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) or HbA1c test. \\nREAD ONLY IF NECESSARY \\n1 \\n1 year ago or less \\n过去1 年或少于1 年 \\n[Go to Q7005] \\n2 \\nMore than 1 year to 2 years  \\n超过1 年但在2 年以内 \\n3 \\nMore than 2 years to 3 years  \\n超过2 年但在3 年以内 \\n4 \\nMore than 3 years to 5 years  \\n超过3 年但在5 年以内 \\n5 \\nMore than 5 years ago \\n超过5 年前 \\n6 \\nNever been checked \\n从未检查过 \\n[Go to Section \\n8]  \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n109 \\n \\n7005. \\nWhere did you go for your last blood test for diabetes? [SA] \\n您的最后一次血糖测试是在哪里进行的 ？ \\nInterviewer note: If respondent answers “Private GP”, probe to check if they are participating in \\nthe Screen for Life programme where they pay $0, $2 or $5 for the test. \\nDO NOT READ  \\n1 \\nPrivate GP (Screen for Life) \\n家庭医生（\\\"定期体检， 益您一生\\\" ） \\n2 \\nPrivate GP (Non-Screen for Life) \\n家庭医生（非\\\"定期体检， 益您一生\\\" ） \\n3 \\nPolyclinic \\n综合诊疗所 \\n4 \\nSpecialist outpatient clinic (public \\nhospital) \\n专科门诊诊所（公共医院） \\n5 \\nSpecialist outpatient clinic (private \\nhospital) \\n专科门诊诊所（私人医院） \\n6 \\nWorkplace \\n工作场所 \\n7 \\nCommunity venue \\n社区场所 \\n8 \\nOverseas clinic/ hospital  \\n国外的诊所或医院 \\n9 \\nArmy camp \\n军队兵营 \\n10 \\nOthers, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\nEND OF SECTION 7. GO TO SECTION 8. \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n110 \\n \\n8. HYPERTENSION \\n \\nInterviewer: Next, I would like to ask you some questions about hypertension, also commonly \\nknown as high blood pressure.  \\n接下来，我要问您一些关于高血压的问题。 \\n \\n \\n8000. \\nCan you tell me who in your immediate family* has high blood pressure, exclude high \\nblood pressure that only happens during pregnancy? [MA] \\n您的直系家庭*中谁患有高血压？这不包括只在怀孕期间患上的高血压。 \\nInterviewer note: High blood pressure that happens only during pregnancy refer to high blood \\npressure that develop during pregnancy and usually stop at the end of pregnancy. \\nREAD (May choose more than one answer) \\n1 \\nParents \\n父母 \\n2 \\nSiblings \\n兄弟姐妹 \\n3 \\nChildren \\n儿女 \\n4 \\nNo one in my family has high blood \\npressure \\n没有家人患有高血压 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q8011] \\n* Exclude spouse and non-blood relatives \\n不包括配偶及无血缘关系的亲戚 \\n \\n \\n8011. \\nCan you tell me how often should a person of your age check for high blood pressure by \\na doctor/healthcare professional? [SA] \\n您认为与您同龄的人应该多久一次由医生/医疗保健专业人员测量血压？ \\nOnce every ________________ year(s) \\n每几年一次 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q8001] \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n111 \\n \\n8001. \\nHave you ever been told by a western-trained doctor that you have high blood pressure? \\n[SA] \\n西医是否曾经告诉过您，您患有高血压？ \\n[If ‘Yes’ and respondent is female, ask “Was this only when you were pregnant?”] \\nREAD \\n1 \\nYes \\n是 \\n[Go to Q8002] \\n2 \\nYes, but only during \\npregnancy \\n是，不过仅在怀孕时 \\n[Go to Q8005] \\n3 \\nNo \\n否 \\n4 \\nNo, borderline hypertension      否，临界性高血压 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\nInterviewer Note: A person with blood pressure 140/90mmHg is defined to have high blood \\npressure or hypertension. \\n高血压指血压高于140/90mmHg. \\n \\n8002. \\nDoes your doctor currently give you medicine (e.g. tablets) for your high blood pressure? \\n[SA] \\n医生目前是否有给您治疗高血压的药物？ \\nREAD  \\n1 \\nYes \\n有 \\n2 \\nNo \\n没有 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q8003] \\n \\n \\n8003. \\nHow many times in the past 12 months have you seen a doctor for your high blood \\npressure? [SA] \\n在过去12 个月内，您为了治疗高血压看过几次医生？ \\n \\nNumber of times in the past 12 months \\n在过去12个月内有几次 \\nDO NOT READ \\n666 \\nDid not see a doctor for high blood \\npressure \\n没有因为高血压看医生 \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q8004] \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n112 \\n \\n8004. \\nWhere do you seek treatment for your high blood pressure most of the time? [SA] \\n您大多数是去哪里治疗您的高血压？ \\nDO NOT READ  \\n1 \\nPrivate GP \\n家庭医生 \\n2 \\nPolyclinic \\n综合诊疗所 \\n3 \\nSpecialist outpatient clinic (public hospital) \\n专科门诊诊所（公共医院） \\n4 \\nSpecialist outpatient clinic  \\n(private hospital) \\n专科门诊诊所（私人医院） \\n5 \\nOthers, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ \\n666 \\nNone, do not seek treatment for high blood \\npressure \\n否， 没有为高血压寻求治疗 \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Section 9] \\n \\n \\n[If Q8001 = “Yes, but only during pregnancy”, “No”, “No, borderline hypertension”, \\n“Refused” or “Don’t know / Not sure”] \\n8005. \\nWhen was the last time you had your blood pressure checked? Please exclude checks \\nby yourself. [SA] \\n您最后一次检查血压是什么时候？请不要包括自己做的检查。 \\nREAD ONLY IF NECESSARY \\n1 \\n1 year ago or less \\n过去1 年或少于1 年 \\n[Go to Q8006] \\n2 \\nMore than 1 year to 2 years  \\n超过1 年但在2 年以内 \\n3 \\nMore than 2 years to 3 years  \\n超过2 年但在3 年以内 \\n4 \\nMore than 3 years to 5 years  \\n超过3 年但在5 年以内 \\n5 \\nMore than 5 years ago \\n超过5 年前 \\n6 \\nNever been checked \\n从未检查过 \\n[Go to Section \\n9] \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n113 \\n \\n8006. \\nWhere did you go for your last blood pressure check-up? [SA] \\n您最后一次检查血压是在哪里进行的？ \\nInterviewer note: If respondent answers “Private GP”, probe to check if they are participating in \\nthe Screen for Life programme where they pay $0, $2 or $5 for the test. \\nDO NOT READ  \\n1 \\nPrivate GP (Screen for Life) \\n家庭医生（\\\"定期体检， 益您一生\\\" ） \\n2 \\nPrivate GP (Non-Screen for Life) \\n家庭医生（非\\\"定期体检， 益您一生\\\" ） \\n3 \\nPolyclinic \\n综合诊疗所 \\n4 \\nSpecialist outpatient clinic (public \\nhospital) \\n专科门诊诊所（公共医院） \\n5 \\nSpecialist outpatient clinic (private \\nhospital) \\n专科门诊诊所（私人医院） \\n6 \\nWorkplace \\n工作场所 \\n7 \\nCommunity venue \\n社区场所 \\n8 \\nOverseas clinic/ hospital  \\n国外的诊所或医院 \\n9 \\nArmy camp \\n军队兵营 \\n10 \\nOthers, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\nEND of SECTION 8. GO TO SECTION 9 \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n114 \\n \\n9. HIGH BLOOD CHOLESTROL \\n \\n9008. \\nCan you tell me who in your immediate family* has high blood cholesterol? [MA] \\n您的直系家庭*中谁患有高胆固醇? \\nREAD (May choose more than one answer) \\n1 \\nParents \\n父母 \\n2 \\nSiblings \\n兄弟姐妹 \\n3 \\nChildren \\n儿女 \\n4 \\nNo one in my family has high blood \\ncholesterol \\n没有家人患有高胆固醇 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q9009] \\n* Exclude spouse and non-blood relatives \\n不包括配偶及无血缘关系的亲戚 \\n \\n \\n9009. \\nCan you tell me how often should a person of your age check for high blood cholesterol \\nby a doctor/healthcare professional? [SA] \\n您认为与您同龄的人应该多久一次由医生/医疗保健专业人员测量胆固醇? \\nOnce every ________________ year(s) \\n每几年一次 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q9000] \\n \\n \\n9000. \\nHave you ever been told by a western-trained doctor that you have high blood \\ncholesterol? [SA] \\n西医是否曾经告诉过您，您患有高胆固醇？ \\nREAD \\n1 \\nYes    \\n是 \\n[Go to Q9001] \\n2 \\nNo   \\n否 \\n[Go to Q9004] \\n3 \\nNo, borderline high blood \\ncholesterol      \\n否，临界性高胆固醇 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n115 \\n \\n9001. \\nHow many times in the past 12 months have you seen a doctor for your high blood \\ncholesterol? [SA] \\n在过去12 个月内，您为了治疗高胆固醇看过几次医生？ \\n \\nNumber of times in the past 12 months \\n在过去12个月内有几次 \\nDO NOT READ \\n666 \\nDid not see a doctor for high blood \\ncholesterol  \\n没有因为高胆固醇看医生 \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q9002] \\n \\n \\n \\n9002. \\nDoes your doctor currently give you medicine (e.g. tablets) for your high blood \\ncholesterol? [SA] \\n医生目前是否有给您治疗高胆固醇的药物？ \\nREAD  \\n1 \\nYes \\n有 \\n2 \\nNo \\n没有 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q9003] \\n \\n \\n9003. \\nWhere do you seek treatment for your high blood cholesterol most of the time? [SA] \\n您大多数是去哪里治疗您的高胆固醇？ \\nDO NOT READ  \\n1 \\nPrivate GP \\n家庭医生 \\n2 \\nPolyclinic \\n综合诊疗所 \\n3 \\nSpecialist outpatient clinic (public \\nhospital) \\n专科门诊诊所（公共医院） \\n4 \\nSpecialist outpatient clinic  \\n(private hospital) \\n专科门诊诊所（私人医院） \\n5 \\nOthers, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ \\n666 \\nNone, do not seek treatment for high \\nblood cholesterol  \\n否，没有为高胆固醇寻求治疗 \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Section 10] \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n116 \\n \\n[If Q9000 = “No”, “No, borderline high blood cholesterol”, “Refused” or “Don’t know / Not \\nsure”] \\n9004. \\nWhen was the last time you had your blood cholesterol checked? [SA] \\n您最后一次检查胆固醇是什么时候？ \\nInterviewer note: Blood tests can be a fasting or non-fasting \\nREAD ONLY IF NECESSARY \\n1 \\n1 year ago or less \\n过去1 年或少于1 年 \\n[Go to Q9005] \\n2 \\nMore than 1 year to 2 years  \\n超过1 年但在2 年以内 \\n3 \\nMore than 2 years to 3 years  \\n超过2 年但在3 年以内 \\n4 \\nMore than 3 years to 5 years  \\n超过3 年但在5 年以内 \\n5 \\nMore than 5 years ago \\n超过5 年前 \\n6 \\nNever been checked \\n从未检查过 \\n \\n[Go to Section \\n10] \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n \\n \\n9005. \\nWhere did you go for your last blood test to check for cholesterol? [SA] \\n您最后一次检查胆固醇是在哪里进行的？ \\n \\nInterviewer note: If respondent answers “Private GP”, probe to check if they are participating in \\nthe Screen for Life programme where they pay $0, $2 or $5 for the test. \\nDO NOT READ  \\n1 \\nPrivate GP (Screen for Life) \\n家庭医生（\\\"定期体检， 益您一生\\\" ） \\n2 \\nPrivate GP (Non-Screen for Life) \\n家庭医生（非\\\"定期体检， 益您一生\\\" ） \\n3 \\nPolyclinic \\n综合诊疗所 \\n4 \\nSpecialist outpatient clinic (public \\nhospital) \\n专科门诊诊所（公共医院） \\n5 \\nSpecialist outpatient clinic (private \\nhospital) \\n专科门诊诊所（私人医院） \\n6 \\nWorkplace \\n工作场所 \\n7 \\nCommunity venue \\n社区场所 \\n8 \\nOverseas clinic/ hospital  \\n国外的诊所或医院 \\n9 \\nArmy camp \\n军队兵营 \\n10 \\nOthers, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\nEND OF SECTION 9. GO TO SECTION 10. \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n117 \\n \\n10. HEALTH CONDITIONS \\n \\n10040. Have you check your weight at least once in the past 12 months? Please include checks \\ndone by yourself or a health professional.  [SA]  \\n在过去的12 个月内，您是否至少检查过一次自己的体重?请包括您自己或健康专业人员\\n做的检查。 \\nREAD  \\n1 \\nYes \\n是 \\n2 \\nNo \\n否 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q10011] \\n \\n10011. \\nHave you been told by a western-trained doctor in the last 12 months that you need to \\nlose weight for health reasons? [SA] \\n在过去12 个月内，西医是否告诉过您必须为了健康而减轻体重？ \\nREAD \\n1 \\nYes    \\n是 \\n[Go to Q10041] \\n2 \\nNo   \\n否 \\n[Go to Q10020] \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n \\n10041. Have you try to lose weight after receiving the doctor’s advice about weight loss?  [SA]  \\n在收到医生关于减肥的建议后，您是否有尝试着减肥? \\nREAD  \\n1 \\nYes \\n是 \\n2 \\nNo \\n否 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q10020] \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n118 \\n \\n10020. In the past 30 days, have you had low back pain that lasted a whole day or more? [SA] \\n在过去30 天内，您是否曾有持续一整天或更长时间的腰背痛？ \\nREAD \\n1 \\nYes    \\n是 \\n[Go to Q10021] \\n2 \\nNo   \\n否 \\n[Go to Q10025] \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n \\n \\n10021. About how many days in the past 30 days did you experience this pain? [SA] \\n在过去30 天内，您有几天感受到腰背痛？ \\n \\nNumber of days in the past 30 days \\n在过去30天内有几天 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q10022] \\n \\n \\n10022. Were you limited in your usual activities because of low back pain? [SA] \\n腰背痛是否限制了您的日常活动？ \\nREAD  \\n1 \\nYes \\n是 \\n2 \\nNo \\n否 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q10023] \\n \\n \\n10023.   Do you feel that the pain was caused by work? [SA] \\n您觉得此疼痛是由工作造成的吗？ \\nREAD \\n1 \\nYes    \\n是 \\n2 \\nNo   \\n否 \\n3 \\nNot applicable      \\n不适用 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q10024] \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n119 \\n \\n10024.   In the past 12 months, how many days were you on medical leave or not able to go to \\nwork because of low back pain? [SA] \\n在过去12 个月内，您有多少天因为腰痛而拿病假或无法上班？ \\n \\nNumber of days in the past 12 months \\n在过去12 个月内有几天 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q10025] \\n \\n \\n10025. In the past 30 days, have you had neck pain that lasted a whole day or more? [SA] \\n在过去30 天内，您是否曾有持续一整天或更长时间的颈部疼痛？ \\nREAD \\n1 \\nYes    \\n是 \\n[Go to Q10026] \\n2 \\nNo   \\n否 \\n[Go to Q10030] \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n \\n \\n10026. About how many days in the past 30 days did you experience this pain? [SA] \\n在过去30 天内，您有几天感受到颈部疼痛？ \\n \\nNumber of days in the past 30 days \\n在过去30天内有几天 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q10027] \\n \\n \\n10027. Were you limited in your usual activities because of neck pain? [SA] \\n颈部疼痛是否限制了您的日常活动？ \\nREAD  \\n1 \\nYes \\n是 \\n2 \\nNo \\n否 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q10028] \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n120 \\n \\n10028.  Do you feel that the pain was caused by work? [SA] \\n您觉得此疼痛是由工作造成的吗？ \\nREAD \\n1 \\nYes    \\n是 \\n2 \\nNo   \\n否 \\n3 \\nNot applicable      \\n不适用 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q10029] \\n \\n10029. In the past 12 months, how many days were you on medical leave or not able to go to \\nwork because of neck pain? [SA] \\n在过去12 个月内，您有多少天因为颈部疼痛而拿病假或无法上班？ \\n \\nNumber of days in the past 12 months \\n在过去12个月内有几天 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q10030] \\n \\n \\n10030. Do you wear glasses or contact lenses? [SA] \\n您有戴眼镜或隐形眼镜吗？ \\nREAD \\n1 \\nYes    \\n是 \\n[Go to Q10031] \\n2 \\nNo   \\n否 \\n[Go to Q10032] \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n121 \\n \\n10031.  Why do you need to wear glasses or contact lenses? [MA] \\n您为什么戴眼镜或隐形眼镜？ \\nREAD  \\n1 \\nShort-sighted/ myopia (cannot see far) \\n近视（看不清远处） \\n2 \\nLong sighted/ presbyopia (cannot see \\nnear)    \\n远视（看不清近处） \\n3 \\nAstigmatism \\n散光 \\n4 \\nOthers, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q10032] \\n \\n \\n10032. Have you ever been told by a western-trained doctor that you have … ? \\n西医是否曾告诉过您患有…? \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n10033. Do you feel you have hearing loss? [SA] \\n您觉得您的听力受损了吗？ \\nREAD \\n1 \\nYes    \\n是 \\n[Go to Q10034] \\n2 \\nNo   \\n否 \\n[Go to Q10035] \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nREAD \\nDO NOT READ \\n \\nCondition \\n1      \\nYes    \\n是 \\n2         \\nNo         \\n否 \\n777 \\nRefused          \\n拒绝回答 \\n888                         \\nDon’t know/ Not \\nsure                    \\n不知道／不肯定 \\na. \\nCataract [SA]  \\n白内障 \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nb. \\nGlaucoma [SA] \\n青光眼 \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nc. \\nAge-related macular degeneration [SA] \\n年龄相关的黄斑变性 \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nd. \\nDiabetic eye disease [SA] \\n糖尿病引起的眼疾 \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n[Go to Q10033] \\n\\n\\n \\n122 \\n \\n10034. \\nDo you feel that the hearing loss was caused by work? [SA] \\n您觉得听力受损是由工作造成的吗？ \\nREAD  \\n1 \\nYes \\n是 \\n2 \\nNo \\n否 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q10035] \\n \\n \\n10035. Do you have difficulty following conversations in the presence of background noise? (e.g. \\nNoise from a TV or radio; traffic noise in the street; people talking at other tables in a \\ncrowded restaurant) [SA] \\n您觉得在嘈杂的环境下是否难以听清谈话？（如电视或收音机的噪音；街上的交通噪音；\\n在拥挤的饭店内人们在其他桌交谈产生的噪音） \\nREAD  \\n1 \\nYes \\n是 \\n2 \\nNo \\n否 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q10036] \\n \\n \\n10036. Do you wear a hearing aid? [SA] \\n您有戴助听器吗？ \\nREAD  \\n1 \\nYes \\n有 \\n2 \\nNo \\n没有 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\nEND OF SECTION 10. GO TO SECTION 11. \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n123 \\n \\n11. HEALTH SCREENING PROGRAMMES \\n \\nIF respondent is male & below 50 years of age, go to Q11023. \\nIF respondent is male & aged 50 and above, go to Q11016. \\nIF respondent is female & below 50 years of age, go to Q11000. \\nIF respondent is female & aged 50 and above, go to Q11002. \\n \\n \\n11000. [For women below 50 years of age] To your knowledge, are you pregnant now? [SA] \\n据您所知，您目前是否怀孕？ \\nREAD  \\n1 \\nYes \\n是 \\n2 \\nNo \\n否 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q11002] \\n \\n \\n11002. [For all women only] When was the last time you had a test to scrap cells from the \\nmouth of the womb to check for cervical cancer? These tests are also known as Pap test \\nor HPV test. [SA] \\n您最后一次接受子宫口细胞检查子宫颈癌时，是多久以前的事? 这些检查也称为子宫颈\\n抹片检查人或乳头瘤病毒检查(HPV) 。 \\nREAD ONLY IF NECESSARY \\n1 \\n1 year ago or less \\n过去1 年或少于1 年 \\n[Go to Q11003] \\n2 \\nMore than 1 year to 2 years  \\n超过1 年但在2 年以内 \\n3 \\nMore than 2 years to 3 years  \\n超过2 年但在3 年以内 \\n4 \\nMore than 3 years to 4 years  \\n超过3 年但在4 年以内 \\n5 \\nMore than 4 years to 5 years  \\n超过4 年但在5 年以内 \\n6 \\nMore than 5 years ago \\n超过5 年前 \\n7 \\nNever been checked \\n从未检查过 \\n [Go to Q11010 if \\naged 40 and above.  \\n \\nGo to Q11023 if aged \\nbelow 40] \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n124 \\n \\n11003. [For all women only] Where did you go for your last test to check for cervical cancer? \\n[SA] \\n您最后一次在哪里进行子宫颈癌检查？ \\nInterviewer note: If respondent answers “Private GP”, probe to check if they are participating in \\nthe Screen for Life programme where they pay $0, $2 or $5 for the test. \\nDO NOT READ  \\n1 \\nPrivate GP (Screen for Life) \\n家庭医生（\\\"定期体检， 益您一生\\\" ） \\n2 \\nPrivate GP (Non-Screen for Life) \\n家庭医生（非\\\"定期体检， 益您一生\\\" ） \\n3 \\nPolyclinic \\n综合诊疗所 \\n4 \\nSpecialist outpatient clinic (public hospital) \\n专科门诊诊所（公共医院） \\n5 \\nSpecialist outpatient clinic (private hospital) \\n专科门诊诊所（私人医院） \\n10 \\nSpecialist outpatient clinic (not in hospital) \\n专科门诊诊所 (不在医院经营) \\n6 \\nWorkplace \\n工作场所 \\n7 \\nCommunity venue \\n社区场所 \\n8 \\nOverseas clinic/ hospital  \\n国外的诊所或医院 \\n9 \\nOthers,  please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q11025] \\n \\n11025. [For all women only] Which of the following test have you taken for your last check for \\ncervical cancer? [SA] \\n您在最后一次检查子宫颈癌时接受了以下哪一种子宫口细胞检查？ \\nUSE SHOWCARD \\n1 \\nPap test \\n子宫颈抹片检查 \\n2 \\nHuman Papillomavirus (HPV) test \\n人乳头瘤病毒检查(HPV) \\n3 \\nPap test and Human Papillomavirus \\n(HPV) test on the same visit \\n在同一次进行子宫颈抹片检查和人乳头瘤\\n病毒检查 (HPV) \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Else, go to Q11010 if aged 40 and above.]  \\n[Else, go to Q11023 if aged below 40.] \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n125 \\n \\n11010. [Only for Women aged 40 years and older] A mammogram is an x-ray of each breast \\nto look out for breast cancer. When was the last time you had a mammogram? [SA] \\n乳房X 光检查是一种利用X 光检查乳癌的方法。您最后一次接受乳房X 光检查是多久以\\n前的事？ \\nREAD ONLY IF NECESSARY \\n1 \\n1 year ago or less \\n过去1 年或少于1 年 \\n[Go to Q11013] \\n2 \\nMore than 1 year to 2 years  \\n超过1 年但在2 年以内 \\n3 \\nMore than 2 years to 3 years  \\n超过2 年但在3 年以内 \\n4 \\nMore than 3 years to 4 years  \\n超过3 年但在4 年以内 \\n5 \\nMore than 4 years to 5 years  \\n超过4 年但在5 年以内 \\n6 \\nMore than 5 years ago \\n超过5 年前 \\n7 \\nNever been checked \\n从未检查过 \\n[Go to Q11026] \\n \\n \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n \\n \\n11013. [Only for Women aged 40 years and older] Where did you go for your last \\nmammogram? [SA] \\n您最后一次的乳房 X 光检查是在哪里进行的？ \\nDO NOT READ  \\n1 \\nPolyclinic \\n综合诊疗所 \\n2 \\nPublic hospital \\n公共医院 \\n3 \\nPrivate hospital \\n私人医院 \\n4 \\nPrivate X-ray centre \\n私人 X 光检查中心 \\n5 \\nMammobus \\n乳房 X 光检查流动巴士 \\n6 \\nWorkplace \\n工作场所 \\n7 \\nCommunity venue \\n社区场所 \\n8 \\nOverseas clinic/ hospital  \\n国外的诊所或医院 \\n9 \\nOthers, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n [Go to Q11026] \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n126 \\n \\n11026. [Only for Women aged 40 years and older] Have your periods stopped because of \\nmenopause? [SA] \\n您的月经是否因为更年期而已停止？ \\nREAD \\n1 \\nYes \\n是 \\n[Go to Q11027] \\n2 \\nNo \\n否 \\n[Go to Q11016 if aged 50 \\nand above.  \\nGo to Q11023 if aged \\nbelow 50] \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n \\n \\n11027. [Only for Women aged 40 years and older] At what age did your periods stop? [SA] \\n \\n您的月经在您几岁时停止？ \\n \\nAge \\n几岁 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q11016 if aged 50 and above.  \\nGo to Q11023 if aged below 50] \\n \\n \\n[For Male & Female respondents aged 50 years and above only] \\n11016. A blood stool test is a test to determine whether the stool contains blood, which can be \\ncaused by conditions such as piles or colorectal cancer. When was the last time you had \\na blood stool test? [SA] \\n便血检查能检测粪便中是否含有血液，这可能是由于痔疮或者结直肠癌等病症引起的。\\n您最后一次进行便血检查是多久以前的事？ \\nInterviewer note: A blood stool test can be also known as a faecal occult blood test (FOBT) or \\nfaecal immunochemical blood test (FIT). \\nREAD ONLY IF NECESSARY \\n1 \\n1 year ago or less \\n过去1 年或少于1 年 \\n[Go to Q11018] \\n2 \\nMore than 1 year to 2 years  \\n超过1 年但在2 年以内 \\n3 \\nMore than 2 years to 3 years  \\n超过2 年但在3 年以内 \\n4 \\nMore than 3 years to 5 years  \\n超过3 年但在5 年以内 \\n5 \\nMore than 5 years ago \\n超过5 年前 \\n6 \\nNever been checked \\n从未检查过 \\n[Go to Q11020] \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n127 \\n \\n11018. Where did you go for your last blood stool test? [SA] \\n您最后一次的便血检查是在哪里进行的？ \\n \\nInterviewer note: If respondent answers “Private GP”, probe to check if they are participating in \\nthe Screen for Life programme where they pay $0, $2 or $5 for the test. \\nDO NOT READ  \\n1 \\nPrivate GP (Screen for Life) \\n家庭医生（\\\"定期体检， 益您一生\\\" ） \\n2 \\nPrivate GP (Non-Screen for Life) \\n家庭医生（非\\\"定期体检， 益您一生\\\" ） \\n3 \\nPolyclinic \\n综合诊疗所 \\n4 \\nSpecialist outpatient clinic (public hospital) \\n专科门诊诊所（公共医院） \\n5 \\nSpecialist outpatient clinic (private hospital) \\n专科门诊诊所（私人医院） \\n6 \\nWorkplace \\n工作场所 \\n7 \\nCommunity venue \\n社区场所 \\n8 \\nOverseas clinic/ hospital  \\n国外的诊所或医院 \\n10 \\nCollection of Faecal Immunochemical Test \\n(FIT) kit (e.g. from pharmacies such as \\nWatson, Guardian, Eu Yan Seng, Unity \\nFamily Medicine Clinic, Singapore Cancer \\nSociety) \\n粪便免疫化学测验器 （例如屈臣氏\\n（Watson's)，佳宁药房（Guardian）, \\n余仁生，仁益家庭医药诊所，新加坡癌症\\n协会） \\n9 \\nOthers, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q11020] \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n128 \\n \\n[For Male & Female respondents aged 50 years and above only] \\n11020. Colonoscopy is a procedure where a flexible tube is inserted through the rectum and into \\nthe large intestines. A small camera allows the doctor to examine the intestinal wall for \\nabnormalities such as cancer. When was the last time you had a colonoscopy? [SA] \\n结肠内窥镜检查是一种将软管插入直肠然后进入大肠的检查方法。软管前端会有一个小\\n型摄像头，让医生可以检查肠壁是否有异常，例如癌症。您最后一次接受结肠内窥镜检\\n查是多久以前的事？ \\nInterviewer note: Before taking a colonoscopy, patients are required to drink a cleansing liquid \\nand be on a clear liquid diet at least one day before the test so that a clear view of their bowel \\ncan be taken.  \\nREAD ONLY IF NECESSARY \\n1 \\n1 year ago or less \\n过去1 年或少于1 年 \\n2 \\nMore than 1 year to 2 years  \\n超过1 年但在2 年以内 \\n3 \\nMore than 2 years to 3 years  \\n超过2 年但在3 年以内 \\n4 \\nMore than 3 years to 5 years  \\n超过3 年但在5 年以内 \\n5 \\nMore than 5 years to 10 years  \\n超过5 年但在10 年以内 \\n6 \\nMore than 10 years ago \\n超过10 年前 \\n7 \\nNever been checked \\n从未检查过 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q11023] \\n \\n \\n[For all Male & Female respondents] \\n11023. In the past 12 months, have you had an injection to protect you from getting flu? This \\ninjection is also known as influenza vaccination. [SA] \\n在过去12 个月内,您有没有接受流行性感冒的免疫注射？这也被称为接种流感疫苗注\\n射。 \\nREAD  \\n1 \\nYes \\n有 \\n2 \\nNo \\n没有 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q11024] \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n129 \\n \\n11024. Have you ever had pneumococcal vaccination before? This vaccine protects against a \\nbacterial infection that causes pneumonia, blood infection and inflammation of the brain \\n(meningitis). [SA] \\n您是否曾有接种肺炎球菌疫苗？这种疫苗可预防能引起肺炎、血液感染和脑炎(脑膜炎)\\n的细菌感染。   \\nREAD  \\n1 \\nYes \\n有 \\n2 \\nNo \\n没有 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\nEND OF SECTION 11. GO TO SECTION 12. \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n130 \\n \\n12. PRIMARY CARE \\n \\n12006. Do you have a regular* family doctor (i.e. a General Practitioner (GP) or Polyclinic) whom \\nyou consult when you have common illnesses such as diarrhoea or headache?  [SA] \\n您在患上腹泻或头痛等普通疾病的时候, 您是否会去看固定*的家庭医生，或者前往同一\\n间综合诊疗所看病？ \\nREAD ONLY IF NECESSARY \\n1 \\nYes, I have a regular family \\ndoctor in a private General \\nPractitioner (GP) clinic whom I \\nconsult on common illnesses           \\n有，我有固定的家庭医生看病 \\n[Go to Q12007] \\n2 \\nYes, I visit the same Polyclinic to \\nconsult a doctor on common \\nillnesses \\n有，我会探访同一所综合诊疗\\n所看病 \\n3 \\nNo, I do not have a regular family \\ndoctor whom I consult on \\ncommon illnesses \\n没有，我在患上普通疾病的时\\n候我没有固定家庭医生 \\n[Go to Q12008] \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n* A regular family doctor is defined as a primary care physician who you turn to frequently or \\nhabitually for healthcare advice/consultation. \\n \\n \\n12007. What are the reasons you choose him/ her as your regular family doctor or visit the same \\npolyclinic for your common illnesses? [MA] \\n您选择他/她作为您固定的家庭医生或者前往同一间综合诊疗所看病的原因是什么？ \\nInterviewer note: If respondent answers “convenient location”, probe if it is convenient to home \\nor workplace. \\nREAD ONLY IF NECESSARY \\n1 \\nProfessionally competent doctor / good \\ndoctor \\n医生的专业水平/医术高 \\n2 \\nCheaper charges \\n医疗费用比较便宜 \\n3 \\nConvenient location, nearer to my home \\n地点方便，靠近住家 \\n4 \\nConvenient location, nearer to my \\nworkplace \\n地点方便，靠近工作地点 \\n5 \\nHave been seeing this doctor since \\nyoung / for many years \\n从小就看这位医生/看这位医生很多年了 \\n7 \\nPart of company’s panel of doctors \\n是公司指定的医生团队 \\n6 \\nOthers, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q12008] \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n131 \\n \\n12008. Do you have a regular* family doctor (i.e. a General Practitioner (GP) or Polyclinic) whom \\nyou will consult on your chronic conditions^ (e.g diabetes, hypertension, high blood \\ncholesterol, asthma)? [SA] \\n您在患上慢性疾病^（例如:糖尿病、高血压、高胆固醇、哮喘）的时候，您是否会去看\\n固定*的家庭医生，或者前往同一间综合诊疗所看病？ \\nREAD ONLY IF NECESSARY \\n1 \\nYes, I have a regular family doctor in a \\nprivate General Practitioner (GP) clinic \\nwhom I consult on my chronic conditions      \\n有，我有固定的家庭医生看病 \\n[Go to \\nQ12009] \\n2 \\nYes, I visit the same Polyclinic to consult \\na doctor on my chronic conditions \\n有，我会探访同一所综合诊疗\\n所看病 \\n3 \\nNo, I do not have a regular family doctor \\nwhom I consult on my chronic conditions \\n没有，我在患上慢性疾病的时\\n候没有固定家庭医生去看病 \\n[Go to \\nQ12002] \\n4 \\nI do not have any chronic conditions \\n我没有任何慢性疾病 \\n[Go to \\nSection \\n13] \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n* A regular family doctor is defined as a primary care physician who you turn to frequently or \\nhabitually for healthcare advice/consultation. \\n^ Chronic conditions refer to long-term medical conditions that require regular management (e.g. \\ndiabetes, hypertension, high blood cholesterol, asthma) \\n \\n \\n12009. What are the reasons you choose him/ her as your regular family doctor or visit the same \\npolyclinic for your chronic conditions? [MA] \\n您选择他/她作为您固定的家庭医生或者前往同一间综合诊疗所看病的原因是什么？ \\nInterviewer note: If respondent answers “convenient”, probe if it is convenient to home or \\nworkplace. \\nREAD ONLY IF NECESSARY \\n1 \\nProfessionally competent doctor / good \\ndoctor \\n医生的专业水平/医术高 \\n2 \\nCheaper charges \\n医疗费用比较便宜 \\n3 \\nConvenient location, nearer to my home \\n地点方便，靠近住家 \\n4 \\nConvenient location, nearer to my \\nworkplace \\n地点方便，靠近工作地点 \\n5 \\nHave been seeing this doctor since \\nyoung / for many years \\n从小就看这位医生/看这位医生很多年了 \\n7 \\nPart of company’s panel of doctors \\n是公司指定的医生团队 \\n6 \\nOthers, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Section 13] \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n132 \\n \\n[If Q12006=“No, I do not have a regular family doctor whom I consult on common illnesses” \\nor Q12008=“No, I do not have a regular family doctor whom I consult on my chronic \\nconditions”] \\n12002. What are the reasons that you do not have a regular family doctor? [MA] \\n您没有固定的家庭医生或综合诊疗所的原因有哪些？ \\nREAD ONLY IF NECESSARY \\n1 \\nI visit different clinics depending on \\nconvenience – whichever clinic near \\nwherever I am \\n我会为了方便而选择探访不同的诊所– \\n哪家诊所靠近就去哪家 \\n3 \\nI visit different clinics because I compare \\nthe cost of visiting the different clinics \\n我探访不同的诊所是为了比较医疗费用 \\n4 \\nI don’t see the value / need to have a \\nregular family doctor \\n我不认为有需要看固定的家庭医生 \\n5 \\nOthers, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\nEND OF SECTION 12. GO TO SECTION 13. \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n133 \\n \\n13. HEALTH STATE DESCRIPTIONS \\n \\nInterviewer: Next, I would like to ask you some questions about your sleeping habits. \\n接下来我想问关于您的睡眠习惯。 \\n \\n \\n13006. How many hours do you usually sleep per day on weekdays? [SA] \\n \\n您通常在周日有几个小时的睡眠？ \\nInterviewer note: Please exclude nap time and record number of hours of sleep to the nearest \\n0.5 hours e.g. 8 hours 30 minutes per weekday is 8.5 hours per weekday. \\n \\nHours per day on weekdays \\n每个周日几小时 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q13007] \\n \\n \\n13007. How many hours do you usually sleep per day on weekends? [SA] \\n \\n您通常在周末有几个小时的睡眠？ \\nInterviewer note: Please exclude nap time and record number of hours of sleep to the nearest \\n0.5 hours e.g. 8 hours 30 minutes per weekend is 8.5 hours per weekend. \\n \\nHours per day on weekends \\n每个周末日几小时 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q13008] \\n \\n \\n13008. What do you usually do 30 minutes before bedtime? [MA] \\n \\n您通常在睡前30 分钟做什么？ \\nDO NOT READ (May record more than one answer) \\n1 \\nWatch TV \\n2 \\nPlay video console games \\n3 \\nUse handheld electronic devices (e.g. mobile phone, tablet) for non-school work/ \\noffice work (e.g. socialising with friends, doing hobby, etc) \\n4 \\nDo school work/ office work \\n5 \\nRead a book/ listen to music \\n6 \\nSpend time with family members/ friends \\n7 \\nExercise \\n8 \\nOthers, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q13009] \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n134 \\n \\n13009. Do you think you are getting adequate sleep? [SA] \\n您认为您的睡眠充足吗? \\nREAD  \\n1 \\nYes \\n是 \\n[Go to Q13004] \\n2 \\nNo \\n否 \\n[Go to Q13010] \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n \\n \\n13010. Why do you think you are not getting adequate sleep?  [MA] \\n为什么您认为自己睡眠不足? \\nDO NOT READ (May record more than one answer) \\n1 \\nStay up late to study/ do homework/ do office work \\n2 \\nStay up late to watch TV/ play games \\n3 \\nStay up late because family members/ friends also sleep late \\n4 \\nDue to shift work \\n5 \\nEating/ drinking too late \\n6 \\nDue to medical conditions (e.g. asthma)  \\n7 \\nDue to sleeping disorders (e.g. insomnia, sleep apnea) \\n8 \\nOthers, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q13011] \\n \\n \\n13011. How often do you feel sleepy in the day while working/ in school? [SA] \\n当您工作/上学的时候，您多经常感到困意? \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nREAD \\n1 \\nAll the time \\n一直都有 \\n2 \\nOften \\n经常 \\n3 \\nSometimes \\n有时 \\n4 \\nRarely  \\n很少 \\n5 \\nNever  \\n从来没有 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q13004] \\n\\n\\n \\n135 \\n \\n \\n13004. Have you recently (in the past 6 weeks) ...? [SA]  \\n \\n您最近（过去6 周内）是否…？ \\nREAD AND USE SHOWCARD \\n \\n1) \\n2) \\n3) \\n4) \\n13004a.  \\nBeen able to concentrate on whatever \\nyou are doing? \\n能够集中精神做事？ \\n□ \\nBetter than \\nusual \\n优于往常 \\n□ \\nSame as \\nusual \\n与往常一样 \\n□ \\nLess than \\nusual \\n比往常稍差 \\n□ \\nMuch less \\nthan usual \\n比往常差很多 \\n13004b.  \\nLost much sleep over worry? \\n因担忧而严重失眠？ \\n□ \\nNot at all \\n根本不 \\n□ \\nNo more \\nthan usual \\n与往常一样 \\n□ \\nRather more \\nthan usual \\n比往常稍差 \\n□ \\nMuch more \\nthan usual \\n比往常差很多 \\n13004c.  \\nFelt that you are playing a useful part in \\nthings? \\n感觉自己在某些事情中发挥作用？ \\n□ \\nMore than \\nusual \\n优于往常 \\n□ \\nSame as \\nusual \\n与往常一样 \\n□ \\nLess useful \\nthan usual \\n比往常稍差 \\n□ \\nMuch less \\nuseful \\n比往常差很多 \\n13004d.  \\nFelt capable of making decisions about \\nthings? \\n感觉有能力做决定？ \\n□ \\nMore so \\nthan usual \\n优于往常 \\n□ \\nSame as \\nusual \\n与往常一样 \\n□ \\nLess so than \\nusual \\n比往常稍差 \\n□ \\nMuch less \\ncapable \\n比往常差很多 \\n13004e.  \\nFelt constantly under strain? \\n经常感觉紧张？ \\n□ \\nNot at all \\n根本不 \\n□ \\nNo more \\nthan usual \\n与往常一样 \\n□ \\nRather more \\nthan usual \\n比往常稍差 \\n□ \\nMuch more \\nthan usual \\n比往常差很多 \\n13004f. \\nFelt you couldn’t overcome your \\ndifficulties? \\n感觉自己不能克服困难？ \\n□ \\nNot at all \\n根本不 \\n□ \\nNo more \\nthan usual \\n与往常一样 \\n□ \\nRather more \\nthan usual \\n比往常稍差 \\n□ \\nMuch more \\nthan usual \\n比往常差很多 \\n13004g. \\nBeen able to enjoy your normal day-to-\\nday activities? \\n能够享受正常的日常活动？ \\n□ \\nMore so \\nthan usual \\n优于往常 \\n□ \\nSame as \\nusual \\n与往常一样 \\n□ \\nLess so than \\nusual \\n比往常稍差 \\n□ \\nMuch less \\nthan usual \\n比往常差很多 \\n13004h. \\nBeen able to face up to your problems? \\n能够面对自己的问题？ \\n□ \\nMore so \\nthan usual \\n优于往常 \\n□ \\nSame as \\nusual \\n与往常一样 \\n□ \\nLess able \\nthan usual \\n比往常稍差 \\n□ \\nMuch less \\nable \\n比往常差很多 \\n13004i. \\nBeen feeling unhappy and depressed? \\n一直感觉不开心和抑郁？ \\n□ \\nNot at all \\n根本不 \\n□ \\nNo more \\nthan usual \\n与往常一样 \\n□ \\nRather more \\nthan usual \\n比往常稍差 \\n□ \\nMuch more \\nthan usual \\n比往常差很多 \\nInterviewer: Now, I would ask about your health in general over the last 6 weeks. For each question, \\ntell me which answer you think best applies to you in the last 6 weeks. Remember that I want to know \\nabout present and recent complaints, not those you had in the past. All answers will be treated as \\nconfidential.  \\n我要问您在过去6 周内的整体健康状况。请您在每一题选择最能够代表您在过去6 周内的状况。\\n请切记，我想知道您目前以及最近的心理诉状，不包括您以前的诉状。所有答案将完全保密。 \\n\\n\\n \\n136 \\n \\nREAD AND USE SHOWCARD \\n \\n1) \\n2) \\n3) \\n4) \\n13004j. \\nBeen losing confidence in yourself? \\n一直没有自信？ \\n□ \\nNot at all \\n根本不 \\n□ \\nNo more \\nthan usual \\n与往常一样 \\n□ \\nRather more \\nthan usual \\n比往常稍差 \\n□ \\nMuch more \\nthan usual \\n比往常差很多 \\n13004k. \\nBeen thinking of yourself as a worthless \\nperson? \\n一直认为自己没有价值？ \\n□ \\nNot at all \\n根本不 \\n□ \\nNo more \\nthan usual \\n与往常一样 \\n□ \\nRather more \\nthan usual \\n比往常稍差 \\n□ \\nMuch more \\nthan usual \\n比往常差很多 \\n13004l. \\nBeen feeling reasonably happy, all \\nthings considered? \\n整体上一直感觉比较开心？ \\n□ \\nMore so \\nthan usual \\n优于往常 \\n□ \\nSame as \\nusual \\n与往常一样 \\n□ \\nLess so than \\nusual \\n比往常稍差 \\n□ \\nMuch less \\nthan usual \\n比往常差很多 \\n[Go to Q13002] \\n \\n \\n13002. If you feel like you are constantly unable to cope with stress, would you be willing to seek \\nhelp from a…? [SA] \\n若您觉得经常无法应付/面对压力时，您是否愿意向以下人士求助？ \\nREAD \\n \\n1) Yes \\n是 \\n2) No \\n否 \\n777) Refused \\n拒绝回答 \\na. Healthcare professional, for example a counsellor, \\ndoctor, psychologist or psychiatrist? \\n医疗专业人士例如辅导员、医生、心理学家、精神病医生？ \\n□ \\n□ \\n□ \\nb. Friend, relative, colleague, religious leader or teacher in \\nschool? \\n朋友、亲戚、同事、宗教领袖、学校的老师？ \\n□ \\n□ \\n□ \\n[Go to Q13012] \\n \\n \\n13012. \\nHave you sought help or advice from the following groups when you were constantly \\nunable to cope with stress in the past 6 months? [SA] \\n在过去6 个月内，当您经常无法应付压力时，是否曾向以下组织寻求帮助或建议? \\nREAD \\n \\n1) Yes \\n是 \\n2) No \\n否 \\n777) Refused \\n拒绝回答 \\na. Healthcare professional, for example a counsellor, \\ndoctor, psychologist or psychiatrist? \\n医疗专业人士例如辅导员、医生、心理学家、精神病医生？ \\n□ \\n□ \\n□ \\nb. Friend, relative, colleague, religious leader or teacher in \\nschool? \\n朋友、亲戚、同事、宗教领袖、学校的老师？ \\n□ \\n□ \\n□ \\n[If Q103012a = 1 then go to Q13013. Else, go to Q13014] \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n137 \\n \\n[If Q13012a = “1 Yes”] \\n13013. Which of the following channels have you used when seeking help in the past 6 months? \\n[MA] \\n过去6 个月内，您曾使用过下列哪一种途径寻求帮助? \\nREAD AND USE SHOWCARD \\n1 \\nIn-person services (e.g. face-to-face \\nconsultation with a counsellor, doctor, \\npsychologist or psychiatrist) \\n面对面服务(例如与辅导员、医生、心理\\n学家或精神科医生面对面谘询) \\n2 \\nMental health support hotlines (e.g. \\nNational Care Hotline, SOS or IMH 24-\\nhour helpline) \\n心理健康支援热线(如全国关爱热线、\\nSOS 或心理卫生学院24 小时热线服务) \\n3 \\nText-based consultation (e.g. via instant \\nmessaging with SOS Care Text or e-\\nmails) \\n简讯咨询(例如，通过SOS 援人协会关怀\\n简讯或电子邮件即时通讯) \\n4 \\nDigital or self-help resources (e.g. \\nMindSG, Mindline, NCSS Beyond the \\nLabel Website, Youthtopia, AIC.sg) \\n数码或自助资源(如MindSG、Mindline、\\n国家福利理事会的“跨越成见，退去标\\n签”网站、Youthtopia、护联中心.sg) \\n5 \\nOnline support groups (e.g. social media \\ncommunity support groups) \\n线上支援小组(如社交媒体社区支援小\\n组) \\n6 \\nOthers, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ \\nDO NOT READ \\n666 \\nNone of the above \\n以上都不是 \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q13014] \\n \\n13014. Which of the following channels would you be willing to use when seeking help? [MA] \\n在寻求帮助时，您愿意使用下列哪一种途径? \\nREAD AND USE SHOWCARD \\n1 \\nIn-person services (e.g. face-to-face \\nconsultation with a counsellor, doctor, \\npsychologist or psychiatrist) \\n面对面服务(例如与辅导员、医生、心理\\n学家或精神科医生面对面谘询) \\n2 \\nMental health support hotlines (e.g. \\nNational Care Hotline, SOS or IMH 24-\\nhour helpline) \\n心理健康支援热线(如全国关爱热线、\\nSOS 或心理卫生学院24 小时热线服务) \\n3 \\nText-based consultation (e.g. via instant \\nmessaging with SOS Care Text or e-\\nmails) \\n简讯咨询(例如，通过SOS 援人协会关怀\\n简讯或电子邮件即时通讯) \\n4 \\nDigital or self-help resources (e.g. \\nMindSG, Mindline, NCSS Beyond the \\nLabel Website, Youthtopia, AIC.sg) \\n数码或自助资源(如MindSG、Mindline、\\n国家福利理事会的“跨越成见，退去标\\n签”网站、Youthtopia、护联中心.sg) \\n5 \\nOnline support groups (e.g. social media \\ncommunity support groups) \\n线上支援小组(如社交媒体社区支援小\\n组) \\n6 \\nOthers, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ \\nDO NOT READ \\n666 \\nNone of the above \\n以上都不是 \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q13017] \\n\\n\\n \\n138 \\n \\n13017. Mental wellbeing relates to our thoughts, feelings and our ability to cope with day-\\nto-day life so that we can achieve our goals and contribute to the community. In \\nthe last 2 weeks, did you do anything to improve your mental wellbeing? [SA] \\n \\n心理健康与我们的思想、感情和处理日常生活的能力息息相关，由此我们才可以实现我\\n们的目标，为社区做出贡献。在过去两周内，您有做什么来改善您的心理健康吗? \\nREAD  \\n1 \\nYes \\n是 \\n2 \\nNo \\n否 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q13101] \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n139 \\n \\nInterviewer: Next, I would like to ask how you have been feeling, thinking and behaving over the \\nlast 2 weeks. \\nFor each sentence, tell me which number on the scale ranging from 1: Strongly Disagree to 9: Strongly \\nAgree best corresponds to how well each sentence describes you over the last 2 weeks. \\n接下来，我想问关于您在前两周内的心情、思想及行为。请仔细阅读以下句子。 \\n请您在每个句子旁的比例表（从1：强烈不同意至9：强烈同意）选择最代表您在前两周内的\\n心情、思想及行为。 \\n \\nREAD AND USE SHOWCARD  \\n1 \\nStrongly \\nDisagree \\n强烈不同意 \\n \\n2 \\n3 \\n4 \\nMildly \\nDisagree \\n稍微不同\\n意 \\n5 \\nNeither Agree \\nNor Disagree \\n不同意也不反对 \\n \\n6 \\nMildly \\nAgree \\n稍微同意 \\n \\n7 \\n8 \\n9 \\nStrongly \\nAgree \\n强烈同意 \\n \\n \\n \\nScore \\n[1 to 9] \\n13101a. \\nI am optimistic about the future.   \\n我对未来感到乐观。 \\n \\n13101b. \\nI am spiritual.  \\n我的心灵感到满足。 \\n \\n \\n13101c. \\nI am able to accept myself.  \\n我能够接受自己。 \\n \\n \\n13101d. \\nI am able to accept reality.  \\n我能够接受现实。 \\n \\n13101e. \\nI am able to cope with life’s challenges.  \\n我能够应付生活的挑战。 \\n \\n13101f. \\nI am calm.  \\n我感到镇定。 \\n \\n13101g. \\nI am not depressed.  \\n我不会感到忧郁。 \\n \\n13101h. \\nI am able to make friends.  \\n我能够交朋友。 \\n \\n13101i. \\nI have the strong support of my family and friends.  \\n \\n \\n我有朋友与家人的支持及鼓励。 \\n \\n13101j. \\nI seek for self-development/growth/cultivation.  \\n我寻求自我提升/成长/修炼。 \\n \\n13101k. \\nI am able to offer help to others.  \\n我能够帮助其他人。 \\n \\n13101l. \\nI am appreciative of life.  \\n我对生活具有欣赏力。 \\n \\n13101m. \\nI appreciate my own self-worth.  \\n我赏识我的自我价值。 \\n \\n13101n. \\nI am happy.  \\n我感到开心。 \\n \\n13101o. \\nI am able to think clearly.  \\n我能够清楚地思考。 \\n \\n13101p. \\nI am able to make good decisions.  \\n我能够做好的决定。 \\n \\nEND OF SECTION 13. GO TO SECTION 14. \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n140 \\n \\n14. DENTAL HEALTH \\n \\nInterviewer: Now, I would like to ask you some questions about your dental health. \\n现在，我想问您关于口腔健康的问题。 \\n \\n14000. How often do you visit a dentist? [SA] \\n您多久看一次牙医？ \\nREAD ONLY IF NECESSARY \\n1 \\nOnce every 6 months \\n每6 个月一次 \\n[Go to Q14001] \\n \\n2 \\nOnce a year \\n一年一次 \\n3 \\nOnce every 2 years \\n每两年一次 \\n4 \\nOnly if there is pain or when I \\nhave a dental problem \\n只有在有牙疼或有口腔问题的\\n时侯 \\n5 \\nOthers, please specify: 其它，请注明: _____________________ \\nDO NOT READ \\n666 \\nHave never been to a dentist \\n从未看过牙医 \\n[Go to Section \\n15] \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n \\n \\n14001. When was the last time you visited a dentist? [SA] \\n您最后一次看牙医是什么时候？ \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nREAD ONLY IF NECESSARY \\n1 \\nLess than 6 months ago \\n \\n过去6 个月内 \\n2 \\n6-12 months ago \\n \\n6 到12 个月内 \\n3 \\nMore than a year, but less than 2 years \\nago \\n \\n超过1 年，但少过2 年内 \\n4 \\n2 years or more, but less than 5 years ago  2 年以上，但少过5 年内 \\n5 \\n At least 5 years ago \\n至少5 年以前 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\nEND OF SECTION 14. GO TO SECTION 15. \\n\\n\\n \\n141 \\n \\n15. ADDITIONAL DIABETES QUESTIONS  \\n \\n15001. To your knowledge, what are some ways to prevent diabetes? [MA] \\n据您所识， 有哪些方法可以预防糖尿病呢？ \\n \\n \\n<write response 写回应> \\n \\nDO NOT READ (for internal coding only)  \\n1 \\nExercise regularly  \\n经常运动 \\n2 \\nExercise for at least 150 minutes per \\nweek  \\n每周运动至少150 分钟 \\n3 \\nGo for regular health screening \\n定期体检 \\n4 \\nGo for blood sugar / blood glucose \\nscreening / testing \\n检查血糖/血糖检验/测试 \\n5 \\nEat a balanced diet  \\n注意饮食平衡 \\n6 \\nEat more fruits and/or vegetables \\n多吃水果和/或蔬菜 \\n7 \\nEat wholegrains / brown rice \\n吃全谷物/糙米 \\n8 \\nEat less sweetened food \\n少吃甜食 \\n9 \\nEat less carbohydrate rich food (e.g.  \\nrice/ bread/ noodle) \\n少吃碳水化合物（比如米饭/面包/面\\n条） \\n10 \\nEat lower calorie meals / foods \\n吃低卡路里的食物 \\n11 \\nLimit processed foods \\n减少工业加工的食品 \\n12 \\nHave “siu dai” / lower sugar beverage \\n喝少糖的饮品 \\n13 \\nDo not smoke / quit smoking \\n不吸烟/戒烟 \\n14 \\nControl your blood pressure \\n控制血压 \\n15 \\nManage / Lose weight \\n控制体重/减肥 \\n16 \\nManage stress \\n调节压力 \\n17 \\nOthers, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q15004] \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n142 \\n \\n15004. Diabetes can lead to some health conditions. What are some of these conditions? [MA] \\n糖尿病能够引起一些其它病症。下面哪些病症可能由糖尿病引发呢？ \\nREAD (May choose more than one answer) \\n1 \\nKidney Disease \\n肾病 \\n2 \\nStroke \\n中风 \\n3 \\nHeart Disease / Heart Attack  \\n心脏病/心脏病发作 \\n4 \\nFoot Amputation \\n截肢 \\n5 \\nBlindness \\n眼盲 \\n6 \\nCancer \\n癌症 \\n7 \\nOthers, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\nEND OF SECTION 15. GO TO SECTION 19. \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n143 \\n \\n19 CAREGIVING \\n \\nInterviewer: Now, I would like to ask you some questions about caregiving (i.e. providing regular \\ncare or assistance to a friend or family member who has a health problem, long-term illness, or \\ndisability).  \\n现在，我要问一些有关看护的问题（即为有健康问题、长期患病或有残疾的朋友或家庭成员提\\n供经常性的护理或帮助。） \\n \\n19000. During the past month, did you provide any such care or assistance to a friend or family \\nmember? [SA] \\n在过去一个月内，您曾为朋友或家庭成员提供过此类护理或帮助吗？ \\nREAD  \\n1 \\nYes \\n有 \\n[Go to Q19001] \\n2 \\nNo \\n没有 \\n[Go to Section \\n20] \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n \\n \\n19001. How many people do you provide care to? [SA] \\n您看护了多少人？ \\n \\nNumber of people \\n人数 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q19004] \\n \\n \\n[IF Q19001 > “1”, please provide the following information based on the person you spend \\nmost time caring for.] \\n19004. Are you the only person providing care for this person? [SA] \\n您是此人的唯一看护人吗？ \\nREAD  \\n1 \\nYes \\n是 \\n[Go to Q19006] \\n2 \\nNo \\n否 \\n[Go to Q19005] \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n144 \\n \\n19005. Who else provides care to this person? [MA] \\n此人的其他看护人是什么身份？ \\nREAD (May choose more than one answer) \\n1 \\nOther family members \\n其他家庭成员  \\n2 \\nLive-in helper / Migrant Domestic \\nWorker (MDW) \\n居住在雇主家的女佣 \\n3 \\nNurse / other nursing professional  \\n护士/其他专业护理人员 \\n4 \\nDay-care & other institutions \\n日间护理中心和其他机构 \\n5 \\nOthers, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q19006] \\n \\n \\n19006. What is the care recipient’s relationship to you? For example, is he/she your \\n(mother/daughter or father/son)? [SA] \\n您看护的人与您是什么关系？例如，他/她是您的（母亲/女儿或父亲/儿子）？ \\nREAD \\n1 \\nParent \\n父母 \\n2 \\nParent-in-law \\n岳父母或公婆 \\n3 \\nChild \\n子女 \\n4 \\nSpouse \\n配偶 \\n5 \\nSibling \\n兄弟姐妹 \\n6 \\nGrandparent \\n祖父母 \\n7 \\nGrandchild \\n孙子/孙女 \\n8 \\nOther relatives (e.g niece, nephew, \\nuncle, aunt) \\n其他亲戚关系(例如侄女，侄儿， 叔\\n叔，阿姨) \\n9 \\nNon-relative (e.g. friend, neighbour) \\n无亲戚关系(例如朋友，领居) \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q19007] \\n \\n \\n19007. How old is the person to whom you are giving care? [SA] \\n您看护的人年龄有多大？ \\n \\nAge \\n岁 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q19008] \\n\\n\\n \\n145 \\n \\n19008. Is this person whom you giving care to male or female? [SA] \\n您看护的人是男性还是女性？ \\n1 \\nMale \\n男性 \\n2 \\nFemale \\n女性 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q19009] \\n \\n \\n19009. How long have you been providing care to this person? [SA] \\n您已经为此人提供了多长时间的看护？ \\nREAD ONLY IF NECESSARY \\n1 \\n1 year or less \\n1 年或少于1 年 \\n2 \\nMore than 1 year to 2 years  \\n超过1 年但在2 年以内 \\n3 \\nMore than 2 years to 5 years  \\n超过2 年但在5 年以内 \\n4 \\nMore than 5 years to 10 years \\n超过5 年但在10 年以内 \\n5 \\nMore than 10 years \\n超过10 年 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q19010] \\n \\n \\n19010. In an average week, what is the total number of hours of care you provide to this person? \\n[SA] \\n您平均每周为此人提供多少小时的看护？ \\n \\nHours per week \\n每周几小时 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q19011] \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n146 \\n \\n19011. What are the health problems, long-term illnesses, or disabilities that the person you care \\nfor has according to the doctor? [MA] \\n根据医生的判断，您所看护的这个人有什么健康问题、长期疾病或残疾？ \\nUSE SHOWCARD \\n1 \\nArthritis / Rheumatism/ Joint Pains \\n关节炎/风湿/关节疼痛 \\n2 \\nCancer \\n癌症 \\n3 \\nDiabetes \\n糖尿病 \\n4 \\nHeart Disease \\n心脏病 \\n5 \\nHypertension / High Blood Pressure \\n高血压 \\n6 \\nLung Disease / Emphysema / COPD \\n肺病/肺气肿 \\n7 \\nOsteoporosis \\n骨质疏松症 \\n8 \\nParkison’s Disease \\n帕金森病 \\n9 \\nStroke \\n中风 \\n10 \\nEye / Vision Problem (blindness) \\n眼疾/视力问题（失明） \\n11 \\nHearing Problems (deafness) \\n听力问题（失聪） \\n12 \\nKidney disease / Renal failure \\n肾病/肾功能衰竭 \\n13 \\nFracture \\n骨折 \\n14 \\nAlzheimer’s Disease / Dementia \\n阿尔茨海默病或痴呆 \\n15 \\nCerebral Palsy (CP) \\n脑性麻痹 (CP) \\n16 \\nDown’s Syndrome \\n唐氏综合征 \\n17 \\nAnxiety / Depression \\n焦虑/忧郁症 \\n18 \\nIntellectually Disabled \\n智力残障 \\n19 \\nOthers, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q19012] \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n147 \\n \\n19012. In which of the following areas does the person you care for need your help? [MA] \\n以下哪些方面是您的被看护人需要您帮助的？ \\nUSE SHOWCARD \\n1 \\nTo move from one place to another, e.g. \\nmove around within the home or outside \\nof home \\n从一个地方移动到另一个地方，例如在\\n家中或户外移动 \\n2 \\nTo get in and out of bed or onto a chair \\n移到床上或床下，或移到椅子上 \\n3 \\nTo dress and undress themselves \\n自己穿衣服或脱衣服 \\n4 \\nTo shower \\n冲凉 \\n5 \\nTo feed themselves e.g. cutting food  \\n自己进食，例如将食物切成小块 \\n6 \\nTo get to and use the toilet \\n使用厕所 \\n7 \\nTo do shopping e.g. buying groceries \\n购物，例如买菜 \\n8 \\nTo prepare meals \\n煮饭 \\n9 \\nTo do house chores e.g. cleaning and \\ndoing laundry \\n做家务，例如打扫房间和洗衣服 \\n10 \\nTo move around using public transport \\nor driving \\n搭乘公共交通或驾车出行 \\n11 \\nTo manage money e.g. paying bills \\n管理钱财，例如支付账单 \\n12 \\nTo communicate with others e.g. \\nmaking a phone call \\n与他人交流，例如打电话 \\n13 \\nTo help with medications needs \\nincluding injections e.g. taking \\nmedications on time \\n协助药物治疗，包括注射，例如按时服\\n药 \\n14 \\nTo do simple procedures e.g. using \\nfeeding tubes, changing of dressings \\n进行简单的医疗护理（例如使用喂食\\n管、更换敷料） \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q19013] \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n148 \\n \\nCare services for care recipients \\n19013. Has the person you care for used or is currently using any of the following services/ \\nprogrammes? [MA] \\n您看护的这个人是否用过或者正在使用以下服务/计划？ \\nUSE SHOWCARD \\n1 \\nHelplines \\n求助热线 \\n3 \\nSupport groups \\n互助团体 \\n4 \\nCase management & counselling \\n个案管理与辅导 \\n5 \\nEldercare Centre Services (i.e. Active \\nAgeing Centre / Active Ageing Care Hub) \\n(e.g. active ageing programmes, \\nbefriending or buddying services, \\ninformation and referral to care services) \\n乐龄综合中心服务(如，活跃乐龄中心) \\n(例如，活跃乐龄活动、友伴服务、护\\n理咨询与转介援助)” \\n6 \\nSheltered Workshop \\n庇护工作坊 \\n7 \\nResidential Homes / Nursing Homes  \\n老人公寓/疗养院 \\n8 \\nCommunity Rehabilitation Centres \\n(e.g.occupational therapy, physical rehab) \\n社区康复中心 \\n（例如职业疗法、物理康复） \\n9 \\nDay Care Centres/ Senior Care Centres \\n(e.g. Maintenance Day Care, Dementia Day \\nCare) \\n日间护理中心/乐龄护理中心 \\n（例如保健日间护理、失智症日间护\\n理） \\n10 \\nHome Care services \\n(e.g. Home Medical, Home Nursing, Home \\nPersonal Care services) \\n居家护理服务 \\n（例如居家医疗服务、居家疗养服务、\\n居家个人护理服务） \\n19 \\nHome, Day and Inpatient Palliative/Hospice \\nCare \\n(e.g. Medical, nursing and psychosocial \\ncare for end-of-life patients) \\n慈怀居家、日间和住院护理 \\n（例如为临终病人提供医疗，护理和社\\n会心理护理） \\n11 \\nEscort and transport services  \\n(e.g. to medical appointments or centres) \\n护送和交通服务  \\n（例如陪送复诊或送往医疗中心） \\n12 \\nMeal delivery services \\n膳食派送服务 \\n13 \\nTraining programmes \\n(e.g. Social skills training, Psychosocial \\nskills training, illness management)  \\n培训课程 \\n（例如社会技能培训、社会心理技能培\\n训、疾病管理） \\n14 \\nEmployment-related services \\n(e.g. skills upgrading, job placement/ \\nsupport) \\n就业相关服务 \\n（例如技能提升、就业安排/支持） \\n15 \\nAssistive Devices \\n(e.g. walking stick, hearing aid, wheelchair) \\n辅助设备 \\n（例如拐杖、助听器、轮椅） \\n16 \\nSpiritual / Religious based support \\n精神上/宗教上的支持 \\n17 \\nOthers, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ \\n18 \\nNone of the above \\n以上都不是 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[If ALL Option 1 to Option 17 and Option 19 are selected, go to Q19015. Else go to  \\nto Q19014] \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n149 \\n \\n[Show only options not selected in Q19013]  \\n19014. Is the person you care for interested in using any of the following services/ programmes? \\n[MA] \\n您看护的这个人是否有兴趣使用以下服务/计划？ \\nUSE SHOWCARD \\n1 \\nHelplines \\n求助热线 \\n3 \\nSupport groups \\n互助团体 \\n4 \\nCase management & counselling \\n个案管理与辅导 \\n5 \\nEldercare Centre Services (i.e. Active \\nAgeing Centre / Active Ageing Care Hub) \\n(e.g. active ageing programmes, \\nbefriending or buddying services, \\ninformation and referral to care services) \\n乐龄综合中心服务(如，活跃乐龄中心) \\n(例如，活跃乐龄活动、友伴服务、护\\n理咨询与转介援助)” \\n6 \\nSheltered Workshop \\n庇护工作坊 \\n7 \\nResidential Homes / Nursing Homes  \\n老人公寓/疗养院 \\n8 \\nCommunity Rehabilitation Centres \\n(e.g.occupational therapy, physical rehab) \\n社区康复中心 \\n（例如职业疗法、物理康复） \\n9 \\nDay Care Centres/ Senior Care Centres \\n(e.g. Maintenance Day Care, Dementia \\nDay Care) \\n日间护理中心/乐龄护理中心 \\n（例如保健日间护理、失智症日间护\\n理） \\n10 \\nHome Care services \\n(e.g. Home Medical, Home Nursing, \\nHome Personal Care services) \\n居家护理服务 \\n（例如居家医疗服务、居家疗养服务、\\n居家个人护理服务） \\n19 \\nHome, Day and Inpatient \\nPalliative/Hospice Care \\n(e.g. Medical, nursing and psychosocial \\ncare for end-of-life patients) \\n慈怀居家、日间和住院护理 \\n（例如为临终病人提供医疗，护理和社\\n会心理护理） \\n11 \\nEscort and transport services  \\n(e.g. to medical appointments or centres) \\n护送和交通服务  \\n（例如陪送复诊或送往医疗中心） \\n12 \\nMeal delivery services \\n膳食派送服务 \\n13 \\nTraining programmes \\n(e.g. Social skills training, Psychosocial \\nskills training, illness management)  \\n培训课程 \\n（例如社会技能培训、社会心理技能培\\n训、疾病管理） \\n14 \\nEmployment-related services \\n(e.g. skills upgrading, job placement/ \\nsupport) \\n就业相关服务 \\n（例如技能提升、就业安排/支持） \\n15 \\nAssistive Devices \\n(e.g. walking stick, hearing aid, \\nwheelchair) \\n辅助设备 \\n（例如拐杖、助听器、轮椅） \\n16 \\nSpiritual / Religious based support \\n精神上/宗教上的支持 \\n17 \\nNone of the above \\n以上都不是 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q19015] \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n150 \\n \\n19015. \\nCurrently, is there any form of help given to you as the caregiver? [SA] \\n您目前有得到作为看护者所需要的帮助吗？ \\nREAD  \\n1 \\nYes \\n是 \\n2 \\nNo \\n否 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q19019] \\n \\n \\nCare services for caregivers \\n19019. Have you heard of the following services/ programmes? [MA] \\n您是否听说过以下服务/计划？ \\nUSE SHOWCARD \\n1 \\nHelplines \\n求助热线 \\n2 \\nBefriending services \\n益友服务 \\n3 \\nSupport groups \\n互助团体 \\n4 \\nCase management & counselling \\n个案管理与辅导 \\n5 \\nRespite Care \\n(e.g. Eldersitter, Day Care, Child Care) \\n短暂看护（例如长者护理计划、日间护\\n理、儿童托管） \\n6 \\nGovernment assistance and subsidies \\n(e.g. Community Health Assist Scheme \\n(CHAS), Seniors’ Mobility and Enabling \\nFund (SMF), Home Caregiving Grant \\n(HCG)) \\n政府援助及津贴（例如社保援助计划\\n（CHAS）、乐龄助行基金（SMF）、居\\n家看护津贴（HCG）） \\n7 \\nEmployment-related services \\n(e.g. skills upgrading, job placement/ \\nsupport) \\n就业相关服务 \\n（例如技能提升、就业安排/支持） \\n8 \\nCaregiving related training programmes \\n(e.g. information sharing sessions, \\ncaregiving training) \\n看护相关培训课程（例如资讯分享活\\n动、看护培训） \\n9 \\nSpiritual / Religious based support \\n精神上/宗教上的支持 \\n10 \\nOthers, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ \\n11 \\nNone of the above \\n以上都不是 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[If Option 11 or 777 or 888 is selected, go to Q19017. \\nIf any Option 1 to Option 10 is selected, go to Q19016. \\nIf any Option 1 to 10 is not selected, go to Q19017] \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n151 \\n \\n[Show only options not selected in Q19019]  \\n19016. Which of the following services/ programmes have you used or are currently using? [MA] \\n您是否用过或者正在使用以下服务/计划？ \\nUSE SHOWCARD \\n1 \\nHelplines \\n求助热线 \\n2 \\nBefriending services \\n益友服务 \\n3 \\nSupport groups \\n互助团体 \\n4 \\nCase management & counselling \\n个案管理与辅导 \\n5 \\nRespite Care \\n(e.g. Eldersitter, Day Care, Child Care) \\n短暂看护（例如长者护理计划、日间护\\n理、儿童托管） \\n6 \\nGovernment assistance and subsidies \\n(e.g. Community Health Assist Scheme \\n(CHAS), Seniors Mobility and Enabling \\nFund (SMF), Home Caregiving Grant \\n(HCG)) \\n政府援助及津贴（例如社保援助计划\\n（CHAS）、乐龄助行基金（SMF）、 居\\n家看护津贴（HCG） \\n7 \\nEmployment-related services \\n(e.g. skills upgrading, job placement/ \\nsupport) \\n就业相关服务 \\n（例如技能提升、就业安排/支持） \\n8 \\nCaregiving related training programmes \\n(e.g. information sharing sessions, \\ncaregiving training) \\n看护相关培训课程（例如资讯分享活\\n动、看护培训） \\n9 \\nSpiritual / Religious based support \\n精神上/宗教上的支持 \\n10 \\nOthers, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ \\n11 \\nNone of the above \\n以上都不是 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q19018] \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n152 \\n \\n[Show only options not selected in Q19019]  \\n19017. Which of the following services/ programmes are you interested in trying? [MA] \\n您有兴趣尝试以下何种服务/计划？ \\nUSE SHOWCARD \\n1 \\nHelplines \\n求助热线 \\n2 \\nBefriending services \\n益友服务 \\n3 \\nSupport groups \\n互助团体 \\n4 \\nCase management & counselling \\n个案管理与辅导 \\n5 \\nRespite Care \\n(e.g. Eldersitter, Day Care, Child Care) \\n短暂看护（例如长者护理计划、日间护\\n理、儿童托管） \\n6 \\nGovernment assistance and subsidies \\n(e.g. Community Health Assist Scheme \\n(CHAS), Seniors Mobility and Enabling Fund \\n(SMF) , Home Caregiving Grant (HCG)) \\n政府援助及津贴（例如社保援助计划\\n（CHAS）、乐龄助行基金（SMF））、 \\n居家看护津贴（HCG） \\n7 \\nEmployment-related services \\n(e.g. skills upgrading, job placement/ support) \\n就业相关服务 \\n（例如技能提升、就业安排/支持） \\n8 \\nCaregiving related training programmes \\n(e.g. information sharing sessions, caregiving \\ntraining) \\n看护相关培训课程（例如资讯分享活\\n动、看护培训） \\n9 \\nSpiritual / Religious based support \\n精神上/宗教上的支持 \\n10 \\nOthers, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ \\n11 \\nNone of the above \\n以上都不是 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q19018] \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n153 \\n \\n19018. In which of the following areas do you think you (the caregiver) should be given training \\nin order to provide care to others? [MA] \\n您认为您（看护人）应接受以下哪个领域的培训，以便看护他人？ \\nUSE SHOWCARD \\n1 \\nHelping care recipient to move from one \\nplace to another, e.g. move around \\nwithin the home or outside of home \\n协助护人从一个地方移动到另一个地\\n方，例如在家中或户外移动 \\n2 \\nHelping care recipient to get in and out \\nof bed or onto a chair \\n协助护人移到床上或床下，或移到椅子\\n上 \\n3 \\nHelping care recipient to dress or \\nundress themselves \\n协助护人穿或脱衣服 \\n4 \\nHelping care recipient to shower \\n协助护人冲凉 \\n5 \\nHelping care recipient to feed \\nthemselves e.g. cutting food  \\n协助护人进食，例如将食物切成小块 \\n6 \\nHelping care recipient to get to and use \\nthe toilet \\n协助护人使用厕所 \\n7 \\nPerforming simple procedures (e.g. \\nusing feeding tubes, changing of \\ndressings) \\n进行简单的医疗护理（例如使用喂食\\n管、更换敷料） \\n8 \\nMedication management, including \\ninjections  \\n协助药物治疗，包括注射，例如按时服\\n药 \\n9 \\nFirst aid and management of emergency \\ne.g. CPR training  \\n急救和紧急救护培训，例如CPR 培训 \\n11 \\nCaring for the emotional or \\npsychological needs of care recipient \\n照顾护人的情绪或心理需求 \\n12 \\nInformation and techniques for your own \\nself-care, e.g. how to cope with \\ncaregiver stress \\n自我照顾的资讯及技巧，例如，如何应\\n付看护人的压力 \\n10 \\nOthers, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\nEND OF SECTION 19. GO TO SECTION 20. \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n154 \\n \\n20. ELDERLY HEALTH (FOR RESPONDENT AGED 55 AND ABOVE)  \\n \\nIF respondent is below 55 years of age, go to Section 22. \\nIF respondent is aged 55 and above, go to Q20000. \\n \\nInterviewer: Now, I would like to ask you some questions about your functional mobility, personal \\ncare, eye sight, hearing and communication.  \\n现在，我想问您关于您行动能力、个人护理、视力、听力及沟通能力的问题。 \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nUSE SHOWCARD \\n \\n(1)  \\nOnly with \\nsomeone \\nto help \\n需要其他\\n人帮忙 \\n(2)  \\nWith \\nsome \\ndifficulty \\n有些困\\n难 \\n(3) \\nWithout \\ndifficulty \\n完全没\\n有困难 \\n(777) \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n(888) \\nDon’t \\nknow / \\nNot sure \\n不知道／\\n不肯定 \\nLocomotion 行动能力 \\n20000. Can you walk or move from one \\nplace to another independently, \\nincluding with the use of a \\nwalking aid or wheelchair?  [SA] \\n \\n您是否能自己步行（包括使用助\\n行器）或自立行驶到达不同的场\\n所（包括使用轮椅）？ \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nPersonal care 个人护理 \\n20001. \\nCan you get in and out of bed or \\na chair on your own? [SA] \\n您是否能自己上下床或从坐着\\n的椅子上站起来？ \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n20002. \\nCan you dress and undress \\nyourself on your own? [SA] \\n您是否能自己穿或脱衣服？ \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n20003. \\nCan you shower on your own? \\n[SA] \\n您是否能自己洗燥？ \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n20004. \\nCan you feed yourself, including \\ncutting up food? [SA] \\n您是否能自己用餐，包括切割\\n食物？ \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n20005. \\nCan you get to and use the toilet \\non your own? [SA] \\n您是否能自己上洗手间？ \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n[Go to Q20006] \\n\\n\\n \\n155 \\n \\nSeeing 视力 \\n20006. Can you see well enough to recognise a friend at a distance of four meters (across a \\nroad)? If no, can you see well enough to recognize a friend at a distance of one meter \\n(at arm’s length)?  [SA] \\n您能在四公尺外辨认出您的朋友（如马路对面）吗？ 若不行，那在一公尺外（手臂的长\\n度）能辨认出您的朋友吗？ \\nREAD  \\n1 \\nCan recognise a friend at four meters \\n(across a road) \\n在四公尺外（马路对面）能 辨认出朋友 \\n2 \\nCan recognise a friend at one meter (at \\narm’s length) but not at four meters \\n(across a road) \\n能在一公尺外（手臂的长度）辨认出朋友\\n却不能 \\n在四公尺外（马路对面 \\n3 \\nCannot recognise a friend at one meter \\n(at arm’s length) \\n不能在一公尺外（手臂的长度）辨认出朋\\n友 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q20007] \\n \\n \\nHearing 听力 \\n20007. Is your hearing good enough to follow a TV programme at a volume others find \\nacceptable? If not, can you follow a TV programme with the volume turned up?  [SA] \\n您是否能在其他人能够接受的音量看电视节目？若不能, 您需要调高声量吗? \\nREAD  \\n1 \\nCan follow a TV programme at normal \\nvolume \\n能接受跟常人一样的声量  \\n2 \\nCan follow a TV programme with volume \\nturned up \\n需要调高声量 \\n3 \\nCannot follow a TV programme with \\nvolume turned up \\n调高声量还是听不清楚 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q20008] \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n156 \\n \\nEldercare Services \\n20008. Which of the following eldercare services have you heard of … ? [MA] \\n您听说过以下哪种长者看护服务…？ \\nUSE SHOWCARD \\n11 \\nEldercare Centre Services (i.e. Active \\nAgeing Centre / Active Ageing Care Hub) \\n(E.g. active ageing programmes, \\nbefriending or buddying services, \\ninformation and referral to care services) \\n乐龄综合中心服务(如，活跃乐龄中心) \\n(例如，活跃乐龄活动、友伴服务、护理\\n咨询与转介援助)” \\n1 \\nHome Medical, Home Nursing and/or Home \\nTherapy services  \\n(E.g. minor medical procedures, wound \\ndressing, changing of nasogastric tubes \\nprovided at home) \\n居家医疗、居家护理和/或居家治疗服务 \\n(例如在家中提供的小型医疗程序，伤口\\n敷料，更换鼻胃管) \\n2 \\nHome Personal Care  \\n(E.g. assistance with showering, \\nhousekeeping, medication reminders, mind-\\nstimulating activities and other personal \\ncare tasks at home) \\n居家个人看护 \\n(例如协助沐浴，家政，药物提醒，精神\\n刺激的活动和家中的其他个人护理任务) \\n3 \\nDay Care and/or Dementia Day Care  \\n(E.g. Custodial day care for seniors)  \\n日间护理和/或失智症日间看护 \\n(例如老年人的监护日托) \\n4 \\nCommunity Rehabilitation \\n(E.g. physiotherapy or occupational therapy \\nat a centre) \\n社区康复 \\n(例如中心里的物理治疗或职业疗法) \\n5 \\nMedical Escort and Transport \\n(E.g. Escort and transportation to medical \\nappointments for seniors unable to attend \\non their own) \\n医疗护送 \\n(例如接送需要帮助的老人去医疗复诊) \\n6 \\nMeals-on-Wheels \\n(E.g. Daily meal delivery programme for \\nhomebound elderly who are unable to \\nprepare meals) \\n送餐服务 \\n(例如每日为无法准备饭菜而无法出门的\\n老人送餐) \\n7 \\nNursing Home Respite Care/Centre-based \\nRespite Care \\n(E.g. Short-term care of a few hours or \\ndays at eldercare centres or nursing \\nhomes) \\n疗养院短暂看护/中心短暂看护 \\n(例如在老人护理中心或疗养院进行短短\\n几小时或几天的护理) \\n8 \\nNursing Home  \\n(E.g. Long term residential care service) \\n疗养院 \\n(例如长期住宿护理服务) \\n9 \\nHome, Day and Inpatient Palliative/Hospice \\nCare  \\n(E.g. Medical, nursing and psychosocial \\ncare for end-of-life patients) \\n慈怀居家、日间和住院护理 \\n(例如为临终病人提供医疗，护理和社会\\n心理护理) \\n10 \\nNone of the above \\n以上都没有 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[If Option 1 to Option 9 or Option 11 is selected, go to Q20009. Else go to Section 22. \\nIf Option 10 or 777 or 888 is selected, go to Section 22] \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n157 \\n \\nFor those eldercare services selected in Q20008, go to Q20009. \\n20009. Which of the following eldercare services have you used in the past one year? [MA]  \\n在过去的一年里，您使用过以下哪项长者护理服务？ \\nUSE SHOWCARD \\n11 \\nEldercare Centre Services (i.e. Active \\nAgeing Centre / Active Ageing Care Hub) \\n(E.g. active ageing programmes, \\nbefriending or buddying services, \\ninformation and referral to care services) \\n乐龄综合中心服务(如，活跃乐龄中心) \\n(例如，活跃乐龄活动、友伴服务、护理\\n咨询与转介援助)” \\n1 \\nHome Medical, Home Nursing and/or Home \\nTherapy services  \\n(E.g. minor medical procedures, wound \\ndressing, changing of nasogastric tubes \\nprovided at home) \\n居家医疗、居家护理和/或居家治疗服务 \\n(例如在家中提供的小型医疗程序，伤口\\n敷料，更换鼻胃管) \\n2 \\nHome Personal Care  \\n(E.g. assistance with showering, \\nhousekeeping, medication reminders, mind-\\nstimulating activities and other personal \\ncare tasks at home) \\n居家个人看护 \\n(例如协助沐浴，家政，药物提醒，精神\\n刺激的活动和家中的其他个人护理任务) \\n3 \\nDay Care and/or Dementia Day Care  \\n(E.g. Custodial day care for seniors)  \\n日间护理和/或失智症日间看护 \\n(例如老年人的监护日托) \\n4 \\nCommunity Rehabilitation \\n(E.g. physiotherapy or occupational therapy \\nat a centre) \\n社区康复 \\n(例如中心里的物理治疗或职业疗法) \\n5 \\nMedical Escort and Transport \\n(E.g. Escort and transportation to medical \\nappointments for seniors unable to attend \\non their own) \\n医疗护送 \\n(例如接送需要帮助的老人去医疗复诊) \\n6 \\nMeals-on-Wheels \\n(E.g. Daily meal delivery programme for \\nhomebound elderly who are unable to \\nprepare meals) \\n送餐服务 \\n(例如每日为无法准备饭菜而无法出门的\\n老人送餐) \\n7 \\nNursing Home Respite Care/Centre-based \\nRespite Care \\n(E.g. Short-term care of a few hours or \\ndays at eldercare centres or nursing \\nhomes) \\n疗养院短暂看护/中心短暂看护 \\n(例如在老人护理中心或疗养院进行短短\\n几小时或几天的护理) \\n8 \\nNursing Home  \\n(E.g. Long term residential care service) \\n疗养院 \\n(例如长期住宿护理服务) \\n9 \\nHome, Day and Inpatient Palliative/Hospice \\nCare  \\n(E.g. Medical, nursing and psychosocial \\ncare for end-of-life patients) \\n慈怀居家、日间和住院护理 \\n(例如为临终病人提供医疗，护理和社会\\n心理护理) \\n10 \\nNone of the above \\n以上都没有 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure  \\n不知道／不肯定 \\nEND OF SECTION 20. GO TO SECTION 22. \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n158 \\n \\n22. HYGIENE PRACTICES AND USE OF ANTIBIOTICS  \\n \\n22000. I am now going to read out some practices that will prevent the spread of infectious \\ndiseases like common cold or influenza that are caused by viruses. For the prevention \\nof infectious diseases, do you usually …? [MA] \\n我现在将读出一些防止由病毒所引起的传染病，例如预防普通感冒或流感传播的措施。 为了预防\\n传染病，您通常是否会 …? \\nUSE SHOWCARD (You may choose more than one answer) \\n1 \\nwash your hands regularly with soap and \\nwater or use a hand sanitiser  \\n定期用肥皂和水洗手或使用消毒洗手液 \\n2 \\ncover your nose and mouth when coughing \\nor sneezing \\n在咳嗽或打喷嚏时掩住鼻子和嘴巴 \\n3 \\nstay at home if you feel unwell \\n在感到不适的时候待在家里 \\n4 \\nuse a surgical mask when you are unwell  \\nInterviewer note: Exclude reusable mask \\n在身体不适的时候使用手术型口罩 \\n5 \\ngo see a doctor if you feel unwell \\n在感到不适的时候去看医生 \\n6 \\ngo for yearly flu vaccination  \\nInterviewer note: Flu vaccination refers to \\nan injection to protect you from getting the \\nflu \\n接受年度流感疫苗接种 \\n7 \\nOthers, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ \\nDO NOT READ \\n666 \\nNo, I do not have these habits  \\n不，我没有这些习惯 \\n777 \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888 \\nDon’t know / Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n[Go to Q22001] \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n159 \\n \\n22001. I am now going to read out some statements on the use of antibiotics. Do you agree \\nthat…? [SA] \\n我现在将读出几个有关服用抗生素的句子，请告诉我您觉得每一项的答案是对或错。 \\nUSE SHOWCARD  \\nStatement \\n \\n1) Yes \\n对 \\n2) No \\n错 \\nDO NOT READ \\n777) \\nRefused \\n拒绝回答 \\n888) Don’t know \\n/ Not sure \\n不知道／不肯定 \\n(a) Antibiotics do not work on flu virus \\n \\n抗生素对流感病毒无效 \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n(b) Antibiotics will lose its effectiveness in \\nthe long term if one takes antibiotics for \\ncommon cold and flu, does not complete \\nthe full course of antibiotics or take \\nleftover antibiotics \\n如果因为普通感冒和流感而服用抗生\\n素，或者未完成整个抗生素疗程，或者\\n服用剩余的抗生素，长期以来, 抗生素将\\n失去效力 \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n(c) You should ask the doctor for antibiotics \\nif not prescribed \\n如果医生未开抗生素处方，您应该向医\\n生要求抗生素 \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n(d) You will recover faster when you take \\nantibiotics for your respiratory infections \\nlike the flu \\n如果服用抗生素治疗呼吸道感染如流感\\n等，您将会更快复原 \\n \\n \\n \\n \\nEND OF SECTION 22.  \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n \\n\\n\\n \\n160 \\n \\nAnnex B \\nProject Team \\n \\nSurvey Planning, Preparation,  \\nFieldwork & Survey Report \\nSurvey Report (Writers) \\n \\nMOH \\nDr Derrick Heng \\nDr Chow Wai Leng \\nSutowo \\nDr Stefan Ma \\nTeo Wei Ting \\nIrene Soh  \\nLee Chee Min \\n \\n \\nHPB \\nDr Annie Ling \\nDr Karen Cheong \\nDr Foo Ling Li \\nDaniel Lin \\nAngela Koh \\n \\n \\nMOH \\nIrene Soh (Editor) \\nLee Chee Min \\nJasmon Hoh \\n \\n \\nHPB \\nAngela Koh \\nWang Nan Xin\",\"difficulty\":\"hard\",\"domain\":\"Single-Document QA\",\"length\":\"medium\",\"question\":\"In the 2023 National Population Health Survey, multiple factors affecting public health are examined, including physical activity levels and alcohol consumption patterns. Given the complex relationship between lifestyle behaviors and societal expectations, what is the most subtle yet impactful factor that may prevent middle-aged adults (ages 40-59) from fully embracing both regular physical activity and reduced alcohol consumption?\",\"sub_domain\":\"Governmental\"}","display_format":"text","language":"","answer_status":"published","assets":[],"source_url":"https://huggingface.co/datasets/zai-org/LongBench-v2","history":"initial import","indexing_mode":"noindex","subproblems":[],"grids":[]}