{"kind":"task","effective_mode":"full","benchmark":{"kind":"benchmark","effective_mode":"full","slug":"longbench-v2","formal_name":"LongBench v2","introduction":"LongBench v2 evaluates deep understanding and reasoning over long contexts through multiple-choice questions. Its official description lists 503 questions spanning tasks such as single-document and multi-document QA and code-repository understanding.","introduction_ja":"","introduction_en":"","category":"Category not supplied","task_count":null,"acquisition_status":"Acquisition status not supplied","official_url":"https://huggingface.co/datasets/zai-org/LongBench-v2","indexing_mode":"noindex","profile":{"resources":[],"task_format":"","scoring":"","metric":"","size":"","answer_access":"","license":"","citation":"","maintainer":"","released":"","why_hard":"","related":[]}},"task_id":"c80305cb-0740-536e-8f9b-6647282ccdcb","task_key":"train--66f78ecfbb02136c067c2f12","task_revision_id":"3","upstream_id":"66f78ecfbb02136c067c2f12","short_description":"How has the United States’ attitude toward Israel-Hezbollah conflict changed…","config":"","split":"train","body":"{\"choice_A\":\"It continues to provide Israel with military equipment and other support.\",\"choice_B\":\"It believes that the current situation has exceeded expectations and is committed to mediating the conflict.\",\"choice_C\":\"It believes that Israel's war with Hezbollah can only be achieved through diplomacy to make the borders sufficiently secure.\",\"choice_D\":\"If the Islamic Republic attacks Israel, the United States will respond militarily, thereby dragging Iran into a wider conflict。\",\"context\":\"Biden struggles to contain conflict as\\nIsrael and Hezbollah on the brink\\n3 days ago\\nSave\\nTom Bateman\\nState Department correspondent at the UN\\nShare\\nFull-scale war not in anyone's interest, says US President Joe Biden\\nUS President Joe Biden has spent nearly a year vowing his determination to prevent\\nthe war in Gaza engulfing the wider Middle East. On Tuesday, he repeated that resolve\\nin his last ever United Nations speech as president, as he addressed the fighting\\nbetween Israel and Hezbollah in Lebanon.\\n“A diplomatic solution is still possible. In fact, remains the only path to lasting\\nsecurity,” Biden said.\\n“Full scale war is not in anyoneʼs interest,” he added.\\nBut the Israel-Lebanon crisis is now on the brink.\\n0:36\\nHome\\nNews\\nUS Election\\nSport\\nBusiness\\nInnovation\\nCulture\\nArts\\nTravel\\nEarth\\nVideo\\nLive\\n\\n\\n\\nAnd Bidenʼs calls for restraint from the podium of the UN, like his pleas for Israel and\\nHamas to finally reach a ceasefire and hostage release deal, are being heard in the hall\\nbut not in the region.\\nOn Monday, Israel unleashed hundreds of airstrikes on Lebanon, inflicting the\\ndeadliest day on the country since the end of its bloody, sectarian civil war more than\\nthree decades ago. Israelʼs bombardment killed more than 500 people, according to\\nLebanese health officials.\\nHezbollah, the Iran-backed armed group that dominates the country – reeling and\\ndamaged from Israelʼs wave of exploding pager attacks last week - launched hundreds\\nof rockets into northern Israel, smashing homes and setting streets ablaze.\\nOnce again the US is trying to restrain Israel, the key regional ally it arms, and urging\\nits adversaries against escalating too, all the while seeking a diplomatic outcome that\\nthe sides themselves lack either the ability or will to agree.\\n• Live: Latest news on Israel and Hezbollah\\n• Explained: What is Hezbollah and why is Israel attacking Lebanon?\\n• Watch: Hezbollah rockets hit residential areas in Israel\\n• Analysis: Israel is gambling Hezbollah will crumple but it faces a well-armed, angry\\nenemy\\nIsrael says itʼs acting to disarm the Lebanese militia so Israeli residents can return to\\ntheir homes in the north. Hezbollah says itʼs been striking Israel for the past 11 months\\nto deter and degrade Israeli attacks on Palestinians in Gaza. Months of shuttle\\ndiplomacy by the US envoy Amos Hochstein - building on already established UN\\nSecurity Resolutions on Israel and Hezbollah - have come to nothing.\\nInstead, in another split screen moment as Biden was urging calm at the podium at the\\nUN, the Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu posted a video on X vowing: \\\"We\\nwill continue to hit Hezbollah. He who has a missile in his living room and a rocket in\\nhis garage - he will not have a home.\\\"\\nThe White House supports what it calls Israelʼs right to hit Hezbollah. But the often\\ndysfunctional political relationship with the Israeli leadership has again become\\napparent over recent weeks, amid serious concerns in the administration that the\\nexploding pager attacks and subsequent Israeli airstrikes could lead to all out war.\\nBiden struggles to contain conflict as Israel and Hezboll...\\n\\n\\n\\nNo call between Biden and Netanyahu was announced despite the crisis of the last\\nweek. US Secretary of State Antony Blinken recently made his tenth trip to the region\\nsince the 7 October attacks but for the first time did not visit Israel. Critics both within\\nand outside the administration have repeatedly blamed an inability of the White\\nHouse to wield influence over Netanyahu on a failure to condition US weapons supply.\\nThe administration categorically rejects this, saying it is committed to Israelʼs defence.\\nPresident Biden always believed the key to solving the crisis on the Israel-Lebanon\\nborder, involving 11 months of cross border fire and tens of thousands of people\\ndisplaced on either side, was instead clinching the ceasefire deal in Gaza. But this is\\nbadly stalled with few signs either side is willing to reach it. Blinken recently pinned\\nthis on a lack of “political will” by both Israel and Hamas.\\nThe White House denies that it is pursuing a diplomatic effort doomed to defeat – and\\nthat President Biden, with four months left in office, has given up hope of achieving a\\nbreakthrough.\\n“No, he absolutely hasnʼt given up,” White House National Security Advisor Jake\\nSullivan said of Bidenʼs attempts to reach a deal that would end the war in Gaza.\\n“There have been difficulties and setbacks. Weʼve had challenges getting the [Israeli]\\nprime minister across the line. Weʼve had challenges getting Hamasʼs leader Sinwar\\nacross the line. But weʼre determined to keep at it,” Mr Sullivan told CNN.\\n“The president this week in New York will be huddling with other leaders to try to\\nbring about a ceasefire and hostage deal in Gaza and really critically, to try and avert\\nan all-out war in the Middle East.”\\nBehind the scenes here in New York, a stream of diplomacy is taking place. According\\nto a senior state department official, the US is presenting allies with potential plans to\\nresolve the crisis between Israel and Hezbollah.\\n“Weʼve got some concrete ideas weʼre going to be discussing with allies and partners\\nthis week to try to figure out the way forward on this,” said the official who spoke on\\ncondition of anonymity.\\nPressed on what the “concrete ideas” were, the official would not be drawn, noting\\ninstead that while the US does not speak directly to Hezbollah, some of its allies\\ngathered in New York do and these partners “might have a more refined sense of\\nHezbollah thinking so we can stress test our ideas.”\\nBiden struggles to contain conflict as Israel and Hezboll...\\n\\n\\n\\nRelated\\nBut the official also renewed US opposition to any Israeli ground invasion of Lebanon.\\nAnd they rejected Israeli officialsʼ reported belief that ramping up the conflict with\\nHezbollah could force them into cutting a diplomatic deal that would stabilise the\\nsituation on either side of the Israel-Lebanon border – a strategy referred to as “de-\\nescalation by escalation”.\\n“I can't recall, at least in recent memory, a period in which an escalation or\\nintensification led to a fundamental de escalation and led to profound stabilisation of\\nthe situation,” said the official.\\nOne week on, how the Lebanon attacks have changed the Middle East\\n'We just had to flee': Fear and tension in Lebanon under deadly Israeli bombardment\\nWhat is Hezbollah and why is Israel attacking Lebanon?\\nMiddle East\\nIsrael\\nHezbollah\\nLebanon\\nUnited Nations\\nHamas\\nUnited States\\nJoe Biden\\nHuge air strikes hit Beirut\\nas Israel says it targeted\\nHezbollah headquarters\\n6 hrs ago\\nMiddle East\\nWatch: BBC\\ncorrespondent records\\nmoment air strike hits\\nBeirut\\n8 hrs ago\\nMiddle East\\nIsrael striking Hezbollah\\nwith ‘full forceʼ despite\\nceasefire calls\\n22 hrs ago\\nMiddle East\\nBiden struggles to contain conflict as Israel and Hezboll...\\n第4页 共6页\\n2024/9/28 10:36\\n\\n\\nDamage, destruction and fear along the\\nIsrael-Lebanon border\\n23 July 2024\\nSave\\nAhmed Nour, Peter Ball and BBC World Service Visual Journalism team\\nBBC Arabic & BBC World Service\\nShare\\nGetty Images\\nHome\\nNews\\nUS Election\\nSport\\nBusiness\\nInnovation\\nCulture\\nArts\\nTravel\\nEarth\\nVideo\\nLive\\nYour Account\\nIsrael-Hezbollah: Mapping the scale of damage of cross-bo...\\n第1页 共17页\\n2024/9/28 11:10\\n\\n\\nBBC analysis has uncovered the extent of damage caused by nine months of fighting\\nbetween the Lebanese armed group Hezbollah and Israel.\\nSatellite photos, radar imagery and records of military activity show that entire\\ncommunities have been displaced, with thousands of buildings and large swathes of\\nopen land damaged on the border between Israel and Lebanon.\\nBoth sides have so far stopped short of all-out war, but evidence shows that near daily\\nattacks have left communities in both Israel and Lebanon devastated.\\nThe current fighting began when Hezbollah fired rockets at Israeli positions, which the\\ngroup said was in solidarity with the Palestinians, a day after the outbreak of the\\nIsrael-Gaza war. Israelʼs military offensive on Gaza was triggered by Hamasʼs\\nunprecedented attack on Israel on 7 October 2023.\\nGetty Images\\nData gathered by the US-based Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project\\n(Acled) and analysed by the BBC suggest both sides together carried out a combined\\n7,491 cross-border attacks between 8 October 2023 and 5 July 2024. These figures\\nindicated that Israel has carried out around five times as many as Hezbollah.\\nThe UN says the attacks have forced more than 90,000 people in Lebanon from their\\nhomes, with around 100 civilians and 366 Hezbollah fighters killed in Israeli strikes.\\nIn Israel, officials say 60,000 civilians have had to abandon their homes and 33 people\\nhave been killed, including 10 civilians, because of attacks by Hezbollah.\\nSouthern Lebanon building damage\\nIsrael-Hezbollah: Mapping the scale of damage of cross-bo...\\n第2页 共17页\\n2024/9/28 11:10\\n\\n\\nAnalysis reveals more than 60% of the border communities in Lebanon have suffered\\nsome kind of damage as a result of Israeli air and artillery strikes. As of 10 July, more\\nthan 3,200 buildings may have suffered damage.\\nThe findings were put together by Corey Scher of City University of New York\\nGraduate Center and Jamon Van Den Hoek of Oregon State University. They are based\\non comparisons of about 500 separate images, revealing changes in the height or\\nstructure of buildings which suggests damage.\\nThe towns of Aita el Shaab, Kfar Kila and Blida appear to have been among the worst\\naffected.\\nIsrael-Hezbollah: Mapping the scale of damage of cross-bo...\\n第3页 共17页\\n2024/9/28 11:10\\n\\n\\nAita el Shaab has been extensively hit, with at least 299 attacks since October,\\naccording to Acled.\\nBuildings along the main road of the town, including restaurants and shops have\\nparticularly suffered damage.\\nIsrael-Hezbollah: Mapping the scale of damage of cross-bo...\\n第4页 共17页\\n2024/9/28 11:10\\n\\n\\nThe BBC spoke to the mayor of Aita el Shaab, who described the town “as if it was hit\\nby an earthquake”.\\nMajed Tehini said 17 people from the town have been killed in the Israeli strikes,\\nincluding two civilians.\\nHe left Aita el Shaab with his family immediately after the hostilities started in\\nOctober last year, but he said he returned almost every fortnight, mainly to attend\\nfunerals.\\n“Every time I visit, I feel it has changed. The sight of the destruction is just terrible,” he\\ntold the BBC.\\n“The houses of Aita have become mere structures. The destroyed ones have been\\nreduced to rubble. Those still standing are uninhabitable”, he added.\\nIsrael-Hezbollah: Mapping the scale of damage of cross-bo...\\n第5页 共17页\\n2024/9/28 11:10\\n\\n\\nMr Tehini recalled seeing the town destroyed in the past, mainly in the 2006 war\\nbetween Israel and Hezbollah, but he says the bombs have caused much bigger\\ndestruction this time.\\nHe explained that all the infrastructure has been damaged, including the electrical grid\\nand the water supply system.\\n“Our house is still standing. But itʼs just by appearance. Itʼs all ruined”. he added\\nTown centres damaged\\nMore than 200 attacks targeted Kfar Kila, damaging several supermarkets and service\\nshops in the central area of the town, according to Acled\\nIsrael-Hezbollah: Mapping the scale of damage of cross-bo...\\n第6页 共17页\\n2024/9/28 11:10\\n\\n\\nBlida town has also been hit at least 130 times since October, damaging several\\nbuildings as well as a pharmacy, according to Acled.\\nIsrael-Hezbollah: Mapping the scale of damage of cross-bo...\\n第7页 共17页\\n2024/9/28 11:10\\n\\n\\nThe damage has been focused on the central part of the town where the main services,\\nshops and facilities are located.\\nDr Burcu Ozcelik, a senior research fellow for Middle East security at Rusi said Israel is\\ntargeting towns in the border area because these are areas where it says Hezbollah is\\ndeeply entrenched.\\n“Israel believes that they have sufficient documented evidence that there are a\\nnetwork for fortifications and tunnels in the vicinity of homes.”\\nShe said Israel is targeting this area to send a message to Hezbollah that they “should\\nnot be there”, but believes Hezbollah would find it unthinkable to evacuate.\\n“The US has been trying to find a middle ground, such as getting Hezbollah to\\nwithdraw four miles from the border. Hezbollah has rejected this.”\\nThe Israel Defense Forces (IDF) told the BBC it has carried out strikes against military\\ntargets to “remove the threat posed by Hezbollah to Israel, its citizens, and their\\nhomes”.\\nIsraelʼs fire damage\\nIsrael-Hezbollah: Mapping the scale of damage of cross-bo...\\n第8页 共17页\\n2024/9/28 11:10\\n\\n\\nAcross the border, buildings in northern Israel have also been destroyed by strikes\\nfrom the other side.\\nIsraeli media has reported more than 1000 buildings have been damaged since\\nOctober. The IDF and the Israeli Ministry of Defence were contacted, but did not want\\nto comment.\\nBut itʼs the destruction of land which has been significant here.\\nThe BBC has used data supplied by Dr He Yin at Kent State University to examine the\\namount of land damaged by the huge wildfires that have been sparked by the cross-\\nborder attacks.\\nDr Yin processed data from publicly available satellite images filmed in near-infrared\\nand shortwave infrared (which are outside the visible spectrum) to identify areas that\\nare suspected to have been burned.\\nThis was checked against satellite photographs and local news reports.\\nHuge amounts of land have been burnt in both countries, but the BBC estimates that\\nIsrael and the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights have been hit hardest, with around 55 sq\\nkm (21 sq miles) of land affected, compared to 40 sq km for Lebanon.\\nSome recent estimates by Israelʼs Nature and Park Authority have put this figure as\\nhigh as 87 sq km.\\nIsrael-Hezbollah: Mapping the scale of damage of cross-bo...\\n第9页 共17页\\n2024/9/28 11:10\\n\\n\\nThe pattern of damage shows that many of the areas burnt are set back from the\\nborder, which reflects the use of large numbers of unguided weapons by Hezbollah.\\nThese have been fired at civilian areas and military bases which arenʼt immediately\\nnext to the frontier. If Israelʼs anti-missile Iron Dome system detects that missiles will\\nnot land in populated areas, it does not intercept, leaving the missiles to land in the\\nopen.\\nIt results in extensive damage to agricultural land, farmland and forests. Dr Ozcelik\\nsaid thatʼs intentional on the part of Hezbollah.\\n“You could attribute the fires to the types of weapons that are being used but part of\\nthat story is that Hezbollah seeks to create chaos and a level of insecurity among the\\nIsraeli population which creates a pressure point on the Israeli government.”\\nThe scale of evacuation is “unheard of in the Israeli context,” Dr Ozcelik added.\\nThe scale of the damage is illustrated by images of the settlement of Katzrin in the\\nIsraeli-occupied Golan Heights. A huge swathe of burnt land, larger than the\\nsettlement itself, appeared after a barrage of rocket fire in early June.\\nIsrael-Hezbollah: Mapping the scale of damage of cross-bo...\\n第10页 共17页\\n2024/9/28 11:10\\n\\n\\nAbout 20 miles (30km) to the north east, lives Tzahi Gabay, a farmer and a member of\\nthe local response team.\\nHe is one of the few Israelis to remain in the border area. His wife and two children,\\naged 5 and 7, fled their town of Kfar Yuval, which lies just metres from the frontier,\\nand have been living in a small hotel room for the past nine months. Mr Gabay sees\\nthem only once a week.\\nIsrael-Hezbollah: Mapping the scale of damage of cross-bo...\\n第11页 共17页\\n2024/9/28 11:10\\n\\n\\nGetty Images\\nHe has seen first-hand the fires that have been devastating huge areas of northern\\nIsrael.\\n“Fearing the rocket attacks, people neglected the vegetation and it dried up during the\\nspring. Every UAV [drone], rocket or missile that was fired immediately ignited\\nenormous fires in the Galilee. The entire area was burning. We had to fight the flames,\\nto put out the fires, to prevent greater damage to our fields, to our businesses”, he\\nadded.\\nGetty Images\\nThe fires are not the only danger.\\nIsrael-Hezbollah: Mapping the scale of damage of cross-bo...\\n第12页 共17页\\n2024/9/28 11:10\\n\\n\\nHis neighbours, Barak and Mira Ayalon, were killed in January. They were having\\nlunch in the kitchen when a missile blasted through their living-room wall.\\nMr Gabay has known the family for years.\\n“We grew up together. Removing their bodies in that condition… People I knew well…\\nIt wasnʼt easy,” he sighs.\\nWhile a small number of his townʼs residents have stayed to keep their fruit trees alive,\\naround 90% have evacuated, knowing theirs may never produce another harvest.\\nHezbollah did not respond to a request for comment. But its leader Hassan Nasrallah\\nsaid on Wednesday that the Israeli “persistence in targeting civilians” would push the\\ngroupʼs fighters to target new “settlements” with missiles and warned Israel that its\\ntanks would be destroyed if they crossed into Lebanon.\\nAnd in a televised address on 10 July, he reiterated a vow to suspend his organisationʼs\\nattacks if a ceasefire is reached between Israel and Hamas.\\nWhite phosphorus\\nIsrael-Hezbollah: Mapping the scale of damage of cross-bo...\\n第13页 共17页\\n2024/9/28 11:10\\n\\n\\nMost of the 40 sq km of land estimated by the BBC to have been affected by fire in\\nLebanon is close to or adjacent to the security barrier between the two countries.\\nLebanese Agriculture Minister Abbas Hajj Hassan told the BBC that 55 towns across\\nthe border line were affected by the fires caused by Israel.\\nHe accused Israel of using white phosphorous among other ammunition and of\\nwanting to render the area barren and abandoned.\\nWhite phosphorous is a chemical substance that ignites immediately on contact with\\noxygen. It sticks to skin and clothing and can even burn through bone.\\nThe international campaign group, Human Rights Watch, has verified the use of white\\nphosphorus over several populated areas in southern Lebanon, including al-Bustan.\\nIt says Israelʼs use of white phosphorus is “unlawfully indiscriminate in populated\\nareas”.\\nIsrael-Hezbollah: Mapping the scale of damage of cross-bo...\\n第14页 共17页\\n2024/9/28 11:10\\n\\n\\nThe IDF disputes this, saying the use of white phosphorus shells to create a\\nsmokescreen “is lawful under international law”. It says these shells are not used in\\ndensely populated areas “with certain exceptions”.\\nConcerns over escalation\\nAccording to the Acled data, the intensity of hostilities between Israel and Hezbollah\\nhas not reduced since 8 October, with even a slight increase in the number of attacks\\nbetween both sides in recent months.\\nDr Ozcelik said there are concerns that any further escalation in fighting could trigger\\nan all-out war, which could even draw Iran into a direct confrontation with Israel in\\ndefence of Hezbollah.\\nBut, in a note of optimism, she said she believes both Israel and Hezbollah are trying to\\navoid that eventuality.\\n“Both sides are being quite calibrated in their approach across the border to avoid a\\nmisfire or a human error or a miscalculation.”\\nAdditional reporting: Carine Torbey, Michael Shuval, Joya Berbery, Daniele Palumbo\\nIsrael-Gaza war\\nIsrael\\nHezbollah\\nLebanon\\nIsrael-Hezbollah: Mapping the scale of damage of cross-bo...\\n第15页 共17页\\n2024/9/28 11:10\\n\\n\\nIran faces dilemma of restraint or\\nrevenge for attacks on ally Hezbollah\\n2 days ago\\nSave\\nJiyar Gol\\nWorld affairs correspondent, BBC World Service\\nShare\\nEPA\\nPresident Masoud Pezeshkian (R) and Revolutionary Guards commanders have not yet threatened to retaliate for Israeli\\nattacks on their ally, Hezbollah\\nMany hardline conservatives in Iran are growing uneasy about its lack of action as\\nIsrael targets the Lebanese armed group Hezbollah, their countryʼs closest and most\\nlong-standing ally.\\nWhen President Masoud Pezeshkian addressed the UN General Assembly on Tuesday,\\nhe criticised Israelʼs war in Gaza and warned that its attacks on Lebanon could not go\\nunanswered.\\nBut Mr Pezeshkian, who was elected in July, adopted a more conciliatory tone than his\\nhard-line predecessors, avoiding rhetoric about annihilating the Islamic Republicʼs\\narch-enemy.\\n“We seek peace for all and have no intention of conflict with any country,” he stated.\\nHe also expressed his government's readiness to resume nuclear talks with Western\\npowers, saying: “We are ready to engage with participants of the 2015 nuclear deal.”\\nHome\\nNews\\nUS Election\\nSport\\nBusiness\\nInnovation\\nCulture\\nArts\\nTravel\\nEarth\\nVideo\\nLive\\nYour Account\\nIran's dilemma over restraint or revenge for attacks on H...\\n第1页 共6页\\n2024/9/28 10:52\\n\\n\\nOther senior Iranian officials and commanders of the Islamic Revolution Guard Corps\\n(IRGC) have also appeared to be unusually restrained when expressing their intentions\\nto take revenge on Israel for its actions against their country and its key allies Hamas\\nand Hezbollah.\\nBowen: Israel is gambling Hezbollah will crumple but it faces a well-armed, angry\\nenemy\\nOne week on, how the Lebanon attacks have changed the Middle East\\nWhat is Hezbollah and why is Israel attacking Lebanon?\\nIran has armed, funded and trained both armed groups, but Tehran's leaders rely on\\nHezbollah to be a major deterrent preventing direct attacks on their country by Israel.\\nIranian support has been critical to Hezbollahʼs transformation into Lebanonʼs most\\npowerful armed force and political actor since the IRGC helped found the group in the\\n1980s.\\nIt is the main supplier of the weapons that Hezbollah can deploy against Israel,\\nparticularly advanced missiles and drones, and the US has previously alleged that it\\nalso provides as much as $700m in funds annually.\\nLast week, Mojtaba Amani, Iranʼs ambassador to Lebanon, was severely injured when\\nhis pager exploded last week at the embassy in Beirut. Thousands more pagers and\\nwalkie-talkies used by Hezbollah members also blew up in two attacks that killed a\\ntotal of 39 people.\\nIran blamed Israel, but it made no immediate public threats of retaliation.\\nIn contrast, when Israel struck the Iranian consulate in Damascus in April, killing\\neight high-ranking IRGC Quds Force commanders, Iran swiftly responded by\\nlaunching hundreds of drones and missiles at Israel.\\nIran also vowed to retaliate after blaming Israel for the assassination of Hamas\\npolitical leader Ismail Haniyeh in Tehran in late July, although it has not announced\\nthat it has taken any action yet.\\nIran's dilemma over restraint or revenge for attacks on H...\\n第2页 共6页\\n2024/9/28 10:52\\n\\n\\nReuters\\nIranʼs ambassador to Lebanon, Mojtaba Amani - seen here at an event in April commemorating the Iranian commanders\\nkilled in an alleged Israeli air strike in Syria - was among thousands injured in last week's exploding pager attack\\nA former IRGC commander told the BBC that repeatedly threatening Israel without\\nfollowing through was further damaging the forceʼs credibility among its supporters\\ninside Iran and its proxies abroad.\\nOn Monday, President Pezeshkian told members of the US media in New York that\\nIsrael was seeking to draw Iran into a war.\\n“Iran is ready to defuse tensions with Israel and lay down arms if Israel does the\\nsame,” he insisted.\\nSome hardline conservatives close to Iranʼs Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei,\\ncriticised the president for talking about defusing tensions with Israel, asserting that\\nhe should recognize his position and avoid giving live interviews.\\nMr Pezeshkian was due to hold a press conference in New York on Wednesday, but it\\nwas cancelled. It was unclear if he was forced to cancel because of his comments.\\nIn Iran, power lies in the hands of Ayatollah Khamenei and the IRGC. They are the\\nones making the key strategic decisions, not the president.\\nIt is notable that Ayatollah Khamenei also did not mention any plans for retaliation or\\nissue threats toward Israel, which is quite unusual for him, when he addressed\\nveterans on Wednesday.\\nIran's dilemma over restraint or revenge for attacks on H...\\n第3页 共6页\\n2024/9/28 10:52\\n\\n\\nEPA\\nMissiles are currently on public display in Tehran for Iran's Defence Week\\nBarak Ravid, an Israeli journalist at the US news site Axios, reported on Tuesday that\\ntwo Israeli officials and Western diplomats had indicated that Hezbollah was urging\\nIran to come to its aid by attacking Israel. The Israeli officials claimed that Iran had\\ntold Hezbollah that “the timing isnʼt right”, according to Ravid.\\nLast week, the host of the Iranian internet TV program Maydan, which is known to\\nhave ties to the IRGC, cited Iranian intelligence sources as claiming that Israel had also\\n“carried out a special operation last month, killing IRGC members and stealing\\ndocuments”.\\nHe asserted that the Iranian press had been forbidden from reporting on the incident,\\nwhich allegedly happened inside in Iran, and that the authorities were attempting to\\ncontrol the narrative.\\nIn response, Tasnim News Agency, which also linked to the IRGC, denied the\\nallegations.\\nThe Islamic Republic finds itself in a precarious situation.\\nIt is concerned that attacking Israel could provoke a US military response, dragging\\nthe country into a broader conflict.\\nWith a crippled economy due to US sanctions and ongoing domestic unrest, a\\npotential US strike against the IRGC could further weaken its the regimeʼs security\\napparatus, possibly emboldening the Iranian opponents to rise up once more.\\nHowever, if Iran refrains from direct intervening in Hezbollahʼs conflict with Israel, it\\nrisks sending a signal to other allied militias in the region that, in times of crisis, the\\nIslamic Republic may prioritize its own survival and interests over theirs.\\nThis could weaken Iranʼs influence and alliances across the region.\\nIsrael\\nHezbollah\\nLebanon\\nIran\\nIran's dilemma over restraint or revenge for attacks on H...\\n第4页 共6页\\n2024/9/28 10:52\\n\\n\\nBowen: Israel is gambling Hezbollah\\nwill crumple but it faces a well-armed,\\nangry enemy\\n3 days ago\\nSaved\\nJeremy Bowen\\nInternational Editor, BBC News\\nReporting from\\nJerusalem\\nShare\\nGetty Images\\nIsrael has launched more than 1,000 air strikes on Lebanon over the past two days\\nIsraelʼs leaders are jubilant about the progress of the offensive against Hezbollah that\\nstarted with the detonation of weaponised pagers and radios and moved on to intense\\nand deadly airstrikes.\\nDefence Minister Yoav Gallant did not hold back his praise after Mondayʼs air strikes.\\n“Today was a masterpiece… This was the worst week Hezbollah has had since its\\nestablishment, and the results speak for themselves.”\\nGallant said airstrikes destroyed thousands of rockets that could have killed Israeli\\ncitizens. In the process Lebanon says Israel killed more than 550 of its citizens,\\nincluding 50 children. That is almost half Lebanonʼs dead in a month of war between\\nIsrael and Hezbollah in 2006.\\nHome\\nNews\\nUS Election\\nSport\\nBusiness\\nInnovation\\nCulture\\nArts\\nTravel\\nEarth\\nVideo\\nLive\\nYour Account\\nIsrael is gambling Hezbollah will crumple but it faces a ...\\n第1页 共8页\\n2024/9/28 10:28\\n\\n\\nIsrael believes that a ferocious offensive will coerce Hezbollah into doing what it\\nwants, inflicting so much pain that its leader Hassan Nasrallah and his allies and\\nbackers in Iran decide that the price of resistance is too high.\\nIsraelʼs politicians and generals need a victory. After almost a year of war Gaza has\\nbecome a quagmire. Hamas fighters still emerge out of tunnels and ruins to kill and\\nwound Israeli soldiers and are still holding Israeli hostages.\\nHamas caught Israel by surprise last October. The Israelis did not see Hamas as a\\nsignificant threat, with devastating consequences. Lebanon is different. The Israel\\nDefense Forces (IDF) and the Mossad spy agency have been planning the next war\\nagainst Hezbollah since the last war ended in a stalemate in 2006.\\nIsraelʼs leader, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, believes the current offensive is\\nmaking big progress towards his declared objective of tipping the balance of power\\naway from Hezbollah.\\nHe wants to stop Hezbollah firing rockets over the border into Israel. At the same time,\\nthe Israeli military says the plan is to force Hezbollah back from the border and to\\ndestroy military facilities that threaten Israel.\\nAnother Gaza?\\nThe last week in Lebanon brings back echoes of the last year of war in Gaza. Israel\\nissued warnings to civilians, as it did in Gaza, to move out of areas about to be\\nattacked. It blames Hezbollah, as it blames Hamas, for using civilians as human\\nshields.\\nSome critics as well as enemies of Israel said the warnings were too vague and did not\\ngive enough time for families to evacuate. The laws of war demand that civilians be\\nprotected, and forbid indiscriminate, disproportionate use of force.\\nSome of Hezbollah's attacks on Israel have hit civilian areas, breaking laws designed to\\nprotect civilians. They have also targeted the Israeli military. Israel and key Western\\nallies, including the US and UK, classify Hezbollah as a terrorist organisation.\\nIsrael insists it has a moral army that respects the rules. But much of the world has\\ncondemned its conduct in Gaza. The ignition of a wider border war will deepen the gap\\nat the centre of a highly polarised argument.\\n• Live: Latest news on Israel and Hezbollah\\n• Explained: What is Hezbollah and why is Israel attacking Lebanon?\\n• Watch: Hezbollah rockets hit residential areas in Israel\\nIsrael is gambling Hezbollah will crumple but it faces a ...\\n第2页 共8页\\n2024/9/28 10:28\\n\\n\\nWatch: Small explosion in Lebanon supermarket\\nTake the pager attack. Israel says it was aimed at Hezbollah operatives who had been\\nissued with the pagers. But Israel could not know where they would be when the\\nbombs inside the pagers were triggered, which was why civilians and children in\\nhomes, shops and other public places were wounded and killed. That, some leading\\nlawyers say, proves that Israel was using deadly force without distinguishing between\\ncombatants and civilians; a violation of the rules of war.\\nThe fight between Israel and Hezbollah started in the 1980s. But this border war began\\nthe day after Hamas attacked Israel on 7 October, when Hassan Nasrallah ordered his\\nmen to begin a limited, but almost daily barrage over the border to support Hamas. It\\ntied up Israeli troops and forced around 60,000 people in border towns to leave their\\nhomes.\\nShadows of invasions past\\nA few voices in the Israeli media have compared the impact of the air strikes on\\nHezbollah's capacity to wage war to Operation Focus, Israelʼs surprise attack on Egypt\\nin June 1967. It was a famous raid that destroyed the Egyptian air force when its\\naircraft were lined up on the ground. Over the next six days Israel defeated Egypt,\\nSyria and Jordan. The victory created the shape of the current conflict as Israel\\ncaptured the West Bank, including east Jerusalem, the Gaza Strip and the Golan\\nHeights.\\nIt is not a good comparison. Lebanon, and war with Hezbollah, is different. Israel has\\ninflicted heavy blows. But so far it has not stopped Hezbollah's capacity or will to fire\\ninto Israel.\\nIsraelʼs earlier wars with Hezbollah were grinding, attritional and never produced a\\ndecisive victory for either side. This one might go the same way, however satisfying\\nthe last week of offensive action has been for Israel, its intelligence services and its\\nmilitary.\\n0:22\\nIsrael is gambling Hezbollah will crumple but it faces a ...\\n第3页 共8页\\n2024/9/28 10:28\\n\\n\\nIsraelʼs offensive rests on an assumption - a gamble - that a point will come when\\nHezbollah will crumple, retreat from the border and stop firing into Israel. Most\\nobservers of Hezbollah believe it will not stop. Fighting Israel is the main reason why\\nHezbollah exists.\\nThat means Israel, just as reluctant to admit defeat, would have to escalate the war\\nfurther. If Hezbollah continued to make northern Israel too dangerous for Israeli\\ncivilians to return home, Israel would have to decide whether to launch a ground\\noffensive, probably to capture a strip of land to act as a buffer zone.\\nGetty Images\\nAn Israeli jet flies over northern Israel on Tuesday - the country's defence minister has called this week's air strikes on\\nLebanon a \\\"masterpiece\\\"\\nIsrael has invaded Lebanon before. In 1982 its forces swept up to Beirut to try to stop\\nPalestinian raids into Israel. They were forced into an ignominious retreat in the face\\nof fury at home and abroad, after Israeli troops held the perimeter as their Lebanese\\nChristian allies massacred Palestinian civilians in the Sabra and Shatila refugee camps\\nin Beirut.\\nBy the 1990s Israel still occupied a broad band of Lebanese land along the border.\\nTodayʼs Israeli generals were then young officers, who fought in endless skirmishes\\nand firefights against Hezbollah, which was growing stronger as it fought to drive\\nIsrael out. Ehud Barak, then Israelʼs prime minister and a former chief of staff of the\\nIDF, withdrew from the so-called \\\"security zone\\\" in 2000. He decided that it did not\\nmake Israel any safer and was costing Israel the lives of too many soldiers.\\nIn 2006 an ill-judged raid by Hezbollah across the tense and highly militarised border\\nkilled and captured Israeli soldiers. After the war ended Hassan Nasrallah said he\\nwould not have allowed the raid had he realised what Israel would do in return. Ehud\\nOlmert, by then Israelʼs prime minister, went to war.\\nAt first Israel hoped air power would stop rocket attacks into Israel. When it did not,\\nground troops and tanks once again rolled back over the border. The war was a\\ndisaster for Lebanese civilians. But on the last day of the war, Hezbollah was still\\nlaunching salvoes of rockets into Israel.\\nIsrael is gambling Hezbollah will crumple but it faces a ...\\n第4页 共8页\\n2024/9/28 10:28\\n\\n\\nWars present and yet to come\\nIsraelʼs commanders know that entering Lebanon under fire would be much more\\nformidable military challenge than fighting Hamas in Gaza. Hezbollah has also been\\nmaking plans since the end of the 2006 war, and would be fighting on home ground, in\\nsouth Lebanon which has plenty of rugged, hilly terrain that suits guerrilla tactics.\\nBiden struggles to contain conflict as Israel and Hezbollah on the brink\\nOne week on, how the Lebanon attacks have changed the Middle East\\nWhat is Hezbollah and why is Israel attacking Lebanon?\\nIsrael has not been able to destroy all the tunnels Hamas dug through sand in Gaza. In\\nthe borderlands of south Lebanon, Hezbollah has spent the last 18 years preparing\\ntunnels and positions in solid rock. It has a formidable arsenal, supplied by Iran.\\nUnlike Hamas in Gaza, it can be resupplied by land through Syria.\\nThe Center for Strategic and International Studies, a think tank in Washington DC,\\nestimates that Hezbollah has around 30,000 active fighters and up to 20,000 reserves,\\nmostly trained as mobile small units of light infantry. Many of its men have combat\\nexperience fighting in support of the Assad regime in Syria.\\nMost estimates say that Hezbollah has something between 120,000 and 200,000\\nmissiles and rockets, ranging from unguided weapons to longer-range weapons that\\ncould hit Israelʼs cities.\\nGetty Images\\nHezbollah has been trading fire with Israel since last October and has forced the evacuation of tens of thousands of people\\nfrom northern Israeli towns such as Kiryat Shmona\\nIsrael may be gambling that Hezbollah will not use all of them, fearful that the Israeli\\nair force will do to Lebanon what it did to Gaza, turning entire towns to rubble and\\nkilling thousands of civilians. Iran might not want Hezbollah to use weapons it would\\nlike to reserve as insurance against an Israeli attack on Iranʼs nuclear facilities. Thatʼs\\nanother gamble. Hezbollah might decide to use more of its arsenal before Israel\\ndestroys it.\\nIsrael is gambling Hezbollah will crumple but it faces a ...\\n第5页 共8页\\n2024/9/28 10:28\\n\\n\\nRelated\\nWith the war continuing in Gaza, and rising levels of violence on the occupied West\\nBank, Israel would also have to contemplate a third front if it invaded Lebanon. Its\\nsoldiers are motivated, well trained and equipped, but the reserve units that provide\\nmuch of Israelʼs fighting power are already feeling the strain after a year of war.\\nA diplomatic dead end\\nIsraelʼs allies, led by the United States, did not want Israel to escalate the war with\\nHezbollah and do not want it to invade Lebanon. They insist that only diplomacy can\\nmake the border safe enough for civilians to return to their homes on either side of it.\\nAn American envoy has worked out an agreement, partly based on UN Security\\nresolution 1701 that ended the 2006 war.\\nBut diplomats have their hands tied without a ceasefire in Gaza. Hasan Nasrallah has\\nsaid Hezbollah will stop attacking Israel only when the Gaza war stops. At the moment\\nneither Hamas nor the Israelis are prepared to make the necessary concessions that\\nwould produce a ceasefire agreement in Gaza and a swap of Israeli hostages for\\nPalestinian prisoners.\\nAs Israeli air strikes continue to pound Lebanon, civilians who were already struggling\\nto provide for their families in a broken economy face terrible pain and uncertainty.\\nFear crosses front lines. Israelis know that Hezbollah could do them much worse\\ndamage than they have in the last year.\\nIsrael believes the time has come to be aggressive and audacious, to blast Hezbollah\\naway from its borders. But it faces an obdurate, well-armed and angry enemy. This is\\nthe most dangerous crisis in the long year of war since Hamas attacked Israel and at\\nthe moment nothing is stopping it spiralling towards something much worse.\\nGet in touch with BBC News via this form\\nHezbollah\\nIsrael\\nIsrael Gaza war\\nLebanon\\nWho is Hezbollah leader Hassan\\nNasrallah?\\n3 hrs ago\\nMiddle East\\nBowen: Huge Beirut strike leaves\\nWest powerless as Israel chases\\nvictory\\n4 hrs ago\\nMiddle East\\nHuge air strikes hit Beirut as\\nIsrael says it targeted Hezbollah\\nheadquarters\\n6 hrs ago\\nMiddle East\\nIsrael is gambling Hezbollah will crumple but it faces a ...\\n第6页 共8页\\n2024/9/28 10:28\\n\\n\\nOne week on, how the Lebanon attacks\\nhave changed the Middle East\\n4 days ago\\nSave\\nDavid Aaronovitch\\nPresenter, The Briefing Room • DAaronovitch\\nShare\\nBBC\\nThe war in Gaza always had the capacity to spread. Near-daily rocket attacks in and\\naround northern Israel by Hezbollah, Hamas's Lebanese allies, and air strikes by\\nIsrael have displaced tens of thousands of civilians on either side of the border.\\nYour Account\\nOne week on, how the Lebanon attacks have changed the Mid...\\n第1页 共9页\\n2024/9/28 10:40\\n\\n\\nBut until recently, the smart money was on both Israel and Hezbollah avoiding full\\nescalation. That money isn't looking so smart today.\\nLast week's extraordinary targeting of thousands of Hezbollah operatives through\\ntheir pagers and walkie-talkies seems to have altered the calculus.\\nIsrael is believed to have been behind this attack - so why might it have carried out this\\noperation, and why last week? What does it say about how modern wars are\\nconducted? And what can we expect to happen in the weeks to come - how likely is a\\nground war between Israel and Hezbollah?\\nFirst of all, itʼs important to understand exactly what Hezbollah is and where it comes\\nfrom.\\nThe group came into existence in the early 1980s after Israel occupied southern\\nLebanon during the Lebanese civil war.\\nAt first Hezbollah presented itself as a resistance group against Israel and the voice of\\nLebanonʼs Shia community, says Lina Khatib, director of the Middle East Institute at\\nSOAS University of London.\\nGetty Images\\nThe Briefing Room: Lebanon attacks\\nHow do the attacks alter the equation in the Middle East? David Aaronovitch and\\nguests discuss the recent events in Lebanon.\\nListen now on BBC Sounds\\nBut when Israel withdrew from Lebanon in 2000, Hezbollah kept its weapons in\\nviolation of a UN resolution requiring it to disarm. It continued to present itself as a\\nnecessary force for the defence of Lebanon and “became the country's most powerful\\npolitical actor”, says Prof Khatib.\\nAlthough it is represented in Lebanonʼs government, Hezbollahʼs real power lies\\nbehind the scenes, she adds - as an armed group that many analysts say is more\\npowerful than the Lebanese army, it has the ability to intimidate its opponents.\\n“It is able to set the foreign policy agenda for Lebanon to a large extent, as well as\\ndeclare war, basically, on behalf of Lebanon,” says Prof Khatib.\\nHezbollah is also aligned with Iran - the groupʼs “principal armourer”, according to\\nShashank Joshi, The Economist's defence editor. “There isn't simply a sort of\\nimmediate direct command, but they are very, very closely tied in aims and in\\npractices.”\\nOne week on, how the Lebanon attacks have changed the Mid...\\n第2页 共9页\\n2024/9/28 10:40\\n\\n\\n• Live updates: Israel strikes dozens more sites in southern Lebanon\\n• 'We just had to flee': Fear and tension in Lebanon\\n• Bowen: Israel believes it has weakened Hezbollah but escalation risky\\n• Cold military logic takes over in Israel-Hezbollah conflict\\n• Deadliest day in years for Lebanon as Israel steps up strikes on Hezbollah\\nThe rubric that we're supposed to use when we discuss these attacks is that Israel is\\nbelieved to have carried them out because Israel has not confirmed that it did so - a\\nlong-standing policy on the part of Israeli officials.\\nWhen operations take place in the occupied West Bank and Gaza, “they tend to put\\ntheir hands up but they donʼt when itʼs Lebanon or Iran”, says Ronen Bergman, an\\nIsraeli investigative journalist with the New York Times.\\nHowever, the attacks are widely cited as having been carried out by Mossad, Israelʼs\\nforeign intelligence service.\\nUnlike other such agencies around the world, Mossadʼs role is not just restricted to\\nintelligence gathering, according to Bergman.\\nMossad also sees it as its duty to “translate the intelligence it collects into what they\\ncall kinetic or aggressive or physical operations”, he says, including “explosives,\\nsabotage, targeted killings”.\\nA week has now passed since the pager attacks. And the day after, the walkie-talkies\\nwere targeted too. So what do we know about these attacks?\\nGetty Images\\nHezbollah claims that Israel was involved in the production of the pagers, but Israel have not accepted responsibility\\nAccording to Joshi, it looks to have been a supply-chain attack in which Mossad set up\\nfront companies that look to have manufactured real pagers for some time.\\nOne week on, how the Lebanon attacks have changed the Mid...\\n第3页 共9页\\n2024/9/28 10:40\\n\\n\\nAnd when it came to this consignment bound for Hezbollah, it seems that Mossad\\nplaced explosives inside the devices that they were then subsequently able to remotely\\ntrigger.\\nIn 2018, Bergman says, a young intelligence officer found out that Hezbollah had\\nstarted using pagers and came up with the idea of Mossad infiltrating their supply\\nchain. Some 4,500 booby-trapped devices were then supplied to Hezbollah, Bergman\\nadds.\\nThere are some accounts that suggest Mossad knew where these pagers were and who\\nwas in possession of them before detonating them. However, Joshi is sceptical of these\\nclaims.\\nHe says, too, that “this was not some magical cyber-attack in which the batteries\\nspontaneously combusted by some clever bit of code as people may initially have\\nthought or suspected”.\\nCCTV footage of the pagers going off were broadcast around the world.\\nThe images were shocking - and they also tell us a great deal about Hezbollah's\\norganisation and structure, says Prof Khatib.\\nTypically, the group operates with a high degree of secrecy, she says: “Not all its\\nmembers are known, sometimes even to their own families.”\\nWhat the attacks have done, then, is expose who paid members of Hezbollah actually\\nwere. That information, she says, has already proved useful to Israel.\\nIn one case, “one of the people who ended up in hospital was later visited by someone,\\nand that person as a visitor was later tracked by Israel, leading them to find out where\\nthe leaders of Hezbollah were meeting on the Friday that came after the attack”, Prof\\nKhatib adds. Those commanders were later targeted by an Israeli strike, she adds.\\nTo some the attacks will have looked like a new type of warfare. Joshi, however, is not\\nso sure. “Itʼs always been possible if you wanted to put explosives inside a phone, a\\npager, inside a banana, if you feel like it. The point is to what end?”\\nHe says the Americans had contemplated carrying out similar attacks in the past, but\\nhad shied away because of the potential implications.\\nOne week on, how the Lebanon attacks have changed the Mid...\\n第4页 共9页\\n2024/9/28 10:40\\n\\n\\nGetty Images\\nExperts say the pagers and radios were likely rigged with explosives before they entered Hezbollahʼs possession\\nAfter all, everybody now knows that Israel is capable of such an operation and can\\ntherefore take steps to prevent another one in future - taking apart devices and\\nchecking them for explosives, for instance.\\nAs a result, he says, “my suggestion is that we're not going to see many attacks like\\nthis”.\\nThe implication is that this was a one-off, use-it-or-lose-it situation - once you've\\ncarried out an operation like this, you can't do so again.\\nFor this reason, Bergman says there are divisions within Israelʼs hierarchy about\\nwhether this was the right time to do it.\\n“The timing of the attack is interesting,” says Bergman. “There are a lot of people in the\\ndefence establishment who are furious because they said this button was not\\nsupposed to be pushed here and now.”\\nAll this raises the question of what Israel was thinking. Previously, many had thought\\nthat Israel was avoiding full-blown conflict with Hezbollah and didn't want war on\\ntwo fronts while it was fighting in Gaza. The attacks might indicate that this\\ncalculation has changed.\\nBut Bergman says it remains the case that most of the Israel Defence Forceʼs generals,\\nincluding its chief of staff, oppose a ground invasion of Lebanon - conscious from their\\nexperience during the occupation in the 1980s and 90s that it could be a “death trap”.\\nHe suggests that the aim was to force Hezbollahʼs secretary general Hassan Nasrallah\\nto agree to a ceasefire without Israel ending the war in Gaza.\\nOne week on, how the Lebanon attacks have changed the Mid...\\n第5页 共9页\\n2024/9/28 10:40\\n\\n\\nNasrallah has promised that he will not end his solidarity with Hamas until Israel ends\\nits war in Gaza, says Bergman, while “Prime Minister Netanyahu, for his coalition\\nintegrity, doesn't want to end the war with Hamas”.\\nThe calculation, then, was that the pager and walkie-talkie attacks would shift the\\nbalance, allowing the IDF to focus on Gaza. “Of course, the risk of this is that it will\\nlead to the other way - it will lead, instead of a ceasefire and a political solution, to an\\nall-out war,” says Bergman.\\nMore from InDepth\\nWhy do concert tickets now cost as much as a games console?\\nAmazon says workers must be in the office. The UK government disagrees. Who is\\nright?\\nLabour insiders frustrated at Starmer's 'breathtaking' wardrobe row\\nProf Khatib says it would be “completely foolish” of Israel to attempt a ground\\ninvasion of southern Lebanon - Hezbollah is well-prepared, with long experience of\\nground warfare.\\nBut Joshi says it remains a risk. Recent air strikes against Hezbollah arms depots as\\nwell as the attacks themselves on the groupʼs leadership are “all the kinds of things\\nyou would need to be doing ahead of a major ground campaign inside Lebanon”.\\nThat brings us to the question of whether Hezbollah's capacity has been so degraded\\nin recent weeks and its confidence so undermined that actually it isn't in a position to\\nfight an all-out war.\\nJoshi says that Hezbollah has taken a “battering”, having seen much of its leadership\\nwiped out. “However, I think it would be a grave mistake to think it doesn't have\\nconsiderable missile power at its disposal.”\\nThe thousands of Hezbollah rockets aimed at Tel Aviv and Haifa and other Israeli\\ntowns and cities represent a major reason why Israel might not want to engage in an\\nall-out war, as do the thousands of residents of northern Israel who have already been\\nevacuated from their homes because of the cross-border fighting.\\n“The people who have remained are the people who probably don't have the means to\\nflee,” says Prof Khatib. “But certainly things don't seem to be calming down anytime\\nsoon.”\\nTop Image: Getty Images\\nBBC InDepth is the new home on the website and app for the best analysis and expertise\\nfrom our top journalists. Under a distinctive new brand, weʼll bring you fresh perspectives\\nthat challenge assumptions, and deep reporting on the biggest issues to help you make\\nsense of a complex world. And weʼll be showcasing thought-provoking content from across\\nBBC Sounds and iPlayer too. Weʼre starting small but thinking big, and we want to know\\nwhat you think - you can send us your feedback by clicking on the button below.\\nOne week on, how the Lebanon attacks have changed the Mid...\\n第6页 共9页\\n2024/9/28 10:40\\n\\n\\nRelated\\nLebanon\\nMiddle East\\nBenjamin Netanyahu\\nHezbollah\\nIsrael\\nIsrael & the Palestinians\\nIsrael Gaza war\\nWho is Hezbollah leader Hassan\\nNasrallah?\\n3 hrs ago\\nMiddle East\\nBowen: Huge Beirut strike leaves\\nWest powerless as Israel chases\\nvictory\\n4 hrs ago\\nMiddle East\\nHuge air strikes hit Beirut as\\nIsrael says it targeted Hezbollah\\nheadquarters\\n6 hrs ago\\nMiddle East\\nOne week on, how the Lebanon attacks have changed the Mid...\\n第7页 共9页\\n2024/9/28 10:40\\n\\n\\nWhat is Hezbollah and why is Israel\\nattacking Lebanon?\\n18 hours ago\\nSave\\nShare\\nAFP\\nIsraeli air strikes against the armed group Hezbollah have killed hundreds of people\\nin Lebanon, in the deadliest escalation of cross-border attacks in decades.\\nHezbollah has responded by firing hundreds of rockets into northern Israel, as fears\\ngrow that fighting sparked by the war in Gaza could lead to an all-out regional conflict.\\n• Follow live updates on this story\\nWhat is Hezbollah and has it fought Israel\\nbefore?\\nHezbollah is an influential Shia Muslim political party and armed group.\\nIt has a significant presence in both the Lebanese parliament and government, and\\ncontrols the most powerful armed force in the country.\\nHezbollah rose to prominence in the 1980s in opposition to Israel, whose forces had\\noccupied southern Lebanon during the country's 1975-1990 civil war.\\nIt has received strong backing from Iran, both financially and militarily, for many\\nyears. It is also a strong ally of the Syrian president Bashar al-Assad.\\nHome\\nNews\\nUS Election\\nSport\\nBusiness\\nInnovation\\nCulture\\nArts\\nTravel\\nEarth\\nVideo\\nLive\\nYour Account\\nWhat is Hezbollah and why is Israel attacking Lebanon?\\n第1页 共8页\\n2024/9/28 10:28\\n\\n\\nHezbollah's armed wing has carried out deadly attacks on Israeli and US forces in\\nLebanon.\\nWhen Israeli troops withdrew from Lebanon in 2000, Hezbollah took credit for\\npushing them out and continues to oppose Israel's presence in disputed border areas.\\nIn 2006, a full-blown war broke out between Hezbollah and Israel, triggered by a\\ndeadly cross-border raid by Hezbollah.\\nIsraeli troops invaded southern Lebanon to try to eliminate the threat from Hezbollah.\\nAbout 1,000 civilians were killed during the conflict but Hezbollah claimed victory\\nand has since increased its number of fighters and upgraded its weapons.\\nThe group is designated as a terrorist organisation by Western states, Israel and Gulf\\nArab states.\\nHow much political support does Hezbollah\\nhave?\\nHezbollah has participated in Lebanon's national elections since 1992 and has become\\na major political power.\\nWhat is Hezbollah and why is Israel attacking Lebanon?\\n第2页 共8页\\n2024/9/28 10:28\\n\\n\\nThe group and its allies lost their majority in parliament in the 2022 election, but a\\nnew government has not been formed since then and it continues to have ministers in\\nthe caretaker administration.\\nLebanon is deeply divided over Hezbollah. While the group enjoys substantial popular\\nsupport, many opponents accuse it of involvement in political corruption and oppose\\nits military capabilities, viewing them as a significant factor in the country's ongoing\\nconflicts.\\nAs a powerful political entity, Hezbollah also operates schools, hospitals, cultural\\ninstitutions and charities across Lebanon.\\n• Iran faces dilemma of restraint or revenge for attacks on ally Hezbollah\\n• One week on, how the Lebanon attacks have changed the Middle East\\n• Damage, destruction and fear along the Israel-Lebanon border\\nHow strong are Hezbollah's forces?\\nHezbollah has thousands of fighters and a huge missile arsenal in southern Lebanon.\\nIt is one of the most heavily-armed, non-state military forces in the world. It is funded\\nand equipped by Iran.\\nThe organisation has claimed it has 100,000 fighters, although independent estimates\\nput the number between 20,000 and 50,000.\\nMany are well-trained and battle-hardened, and have fought in the Syrian civil war.\\nHezbollah has an estimated 120,000-200,000 rockets and missiles, according to the\\nCenter for Strategic and International Studies think tank.\\nMost of its arsenal is made up of small, unguided, surface-to-surface artillery rockets.\\nBut it also thought to have anti-aircraft and anti-ship missiles, as well as guided\\nmissiles capable of striking deep inside Israel.\\nIt has much more sophisticated weapons at its disposal than Hamas does in Gaza.\\nWhat is Hezbollah and why is Israel attacking Lebanon?\\n第3页 共8页\\n2024/9/28 10:28\\n\\n\\n• What is happening in Israel and Gaza, and what is Hamas?\\n• The Israel-Palestinian conflict\\nWho is Hezbollah's leader, Hassan Nasrallah?\\nHassan Nasrallah is a Shia cleric who has led Hezbollah since 1992.\\nHe played a key role in turning it into a political, as a well as a military, force.\\nHe has close links with Iran and its Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei.\\nWhat is Hezbollah and why is Israel attacking Lebanon?\\n第4页 共8页\\n2024/9/28 10:28\\n\\n\\nReuters\\nHassan Nasrallah is a Shia cleric who has led Hezbollah since 1992\\nNasrallah has not appeared in public for years, reportedly for fear of being\\nassassinated by Israel.\\nHowever, he remains revered by Hezbollah, and delivers televised speeches every\\nweek.\\n• Hezbollah leader says exploding device attacks crossed 'all red lines'\\n• No electronic equipment considered safe after Lebanon device attacks\\nHow has the conflict between Hezbollah and\\nIsrael escalated?\\nPreviously sporadic fighting escalated on 8 October 2023 - the day after the\\nunprecedented attack on Israel by Hamas gunmen that triggered the war in Gaza.\\nHezbollah fired at Israeli positions, in solidarity with the Palestinians.\\nThe group has since launched more than 8,000 rockets at northern Israel and the\\nIsraeli-occupied Golan Heights. It has also fired anti-tank missiles at armoured\\nvehicles and attacked military targets with explosive drones.\\nThe Israel Defense Forces (IDF) has retaliated with air strikes and tank and artillery\\nfire against Hezbollah positions in Lebanon.\\nMore than 70,000 people have been displaced by the fighting in northern Israel, while\\nmore than 110,000 have been displaced on the Lebanese side of the border.\\nTensions soared after the killing of 12 children and young people in a rocket attack in\\nthe Golan Heights on 27 July. Israel said Hezbollah carried out the attack, but the\\ngroup denied involvement.\\nOn 30 July, the IDF announced that it had killed senior Hezbollah military\\ncommander Fuad Shukr in an air strike in Beirut's southern suburbs.\\nThe following day, Hamas political leader Ismail Haniyeh was killed in Iran's capital,\\nTehran. Israel neither confirmed nor denied any involvement.\\nWhat is Hezbollah and why is Israel attacking Lebanon?\\n第5页 共8页\\n2024/9/28 10:28\\n\\n\\nRelated\\nOn 25 August, the IDF said its jets had pre-emptively struck thousands of Hezbollah\\nrocket launchers, after identifying that the group was preparing an attack in\\nretaliation for the killing of Fuad Shukr.\\nHezbollah said it still managed to launch hundreds of rockets and drones at Israel.\\nHowever, it did not target major cities in Israel and did not deploy its more\\nsophisticated weapons.\\nThere was another significant escalation on 17 and 18 September, when 39 people\\nwere killed and thousands wounded after pagers and walkie-talkies used by members\\nof Hezbollah exploded.\\nHassan Nasrallah blamed Israel for the attacks and said they had \\\"crossed all red\\nlines\\\". Israel neither confirmed nor denied being behind the blasts.\\nHezbollah suffered another setback on 20 September, when at least 16 members,\\nincluding top military commanders Ibrahim Aqil and Ahmed Wahbi, were killed in an\\nIsraeli air strike in Beirut's southern suburbs. Those killed also included children and\\nother civilians.\\nTwo days later, the group sought revenge for Aqil's death by firing longer-range\\nweapons deep inside Israel, sending thousands of Israelis to bomb shelters and\\ndamaging homes near the city of Haifa.\\nLebanon's health ministry said at least 613 people had been killed as of 20 September -\\nbefore the IDF carried out hundreds of air strikes as part of a new \\\"offensive\\noperation\\\". Most of those killed since October were believed to be Hezbollah fighters,\\nbut at least 147 were civilians, according to the ministry.\\nIn Israel, authorities say at least 49 people have been killed as a direct result of attacks.\\nIsrael-Gaza war\\nIsrael\\nHezbollah\\nLebanon\\nWho is Hezbollah leader Hassan\\nNasrallah?\\n3 hrs ago\\nMiddle East\\nHuge air strikes hit Beirut as\\nIsrael says it targeted Hezbollah\\nheadquarters\\n6 hrs ago\\nMiddle East\\nBBC visits scene of Israeli air\\nstrike in Lebanese village\\n11 hrs ago\\nMiddle East\\nWhat is Hezbollah and why is Israel attacking Lebanon?\\n第6页 共8页\\n2024/9/28 10:28\\n\\n\\nWho is Hezbollah leader Hassan\\nNasrallah?\\n4 hours ago\\nSave\\nDavid Gritten\\nBBC News\\nShare\\nReuters\\nHassan Nasrallah has been in charge of Hezbollah for three decades\\nSheikh Hassan Nasrallah, the leader of Lebanon's militant Shia Islamist Hezbollah\\nmovement, is one of the best known and most influential figures in the Middle East.\\nNasrallah - who was reportedly the target of Friday's air strike on Beirut - has not been\\nseen in public for years because of fears of being assassinated by Israel.\\nA shadowy figure with close personal links to Iran, he played a key role in turning\\nHezbollah into the political and military force it is today - and remains revered by the\\ngroup's supporters.\\nUnder Nasrallah's leadership, Hezbollah has helped train fighters from the Palestinian\\narmed group Hamas, as well as militias in Iraq and Yemen, and obtained missiles and\\nrockets from Iran for use against Israel.\\n• What is Hezbollah and why is Israel attacking Lebanon?\\n• Iran faces dilemma of restraint or revenge for attacks on ally Hezbollah\\nHome\\nNews\\nUS Election\\nSport\\nBusiness\\nInnovation\\nCulture\\nArts\\nTravel\\nEarth\\nVideo\\nLive\\nYour Account\\nWho is Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah?\\n第1页 共6页\\n2024/9/28 10:50\\n\\n\\nHe steered Hezbollah's evolution from a militia founded to fight Israeli troops\\noccupying Lebanon into a military force stronger than the Lebanese army, a\\npowerbroker in Lebanese politics, a major provider of health, education and social\\nservices, and a key part of its backer Iran's drive for regional supremacy.\\nBorn in 1960, Hassan Nasrallah grew up in Beirut's eastern Bourj Hammoud\\nneighbourhood, where his father Abdul Karim ran a small greengrocers. He was the\\neldest of nine children.\\nHe joined the Amal movement, then a Shia militia, after Lebanon descended into civil\\nwar in 1975. After a short spell in the Iraqi holy city of Najaf to attend a Shia seminary\\nhe rejoined Amal in Lebanon before he and others split from the group in 1982, shortly\\nafter Israel invaded Lebanon in response to attacks by Palestinian militants.\\nThe new group, Islamic Amal, received considerable military and organisational\\nsupport from Iran's Revolutionary Guards based in the Bekaa Valley, and emerged as\\nthe most prominent and effective of the Shia militias that would later form Hezbollah.\\nIn 1985, Hezbollah officially announced its establishment by publishing an \\\"open\\nletter\\\" that identified the US and the Soviet Union as Islam's principal enemies and\\ncalled for the \\\"obliteration\\\" of Israel, which it said was occupying Muslim lands.\\nNasrallah worked his way up through Hezbollah's ranks as the organisation grew. He\\nsaid that after serving as a fighter he became its director in Baalbek, then the whole\\nBekaa region, followed by Beirut.\\nHe became leader of Hezbollah in 1992 at the age of 32, after his predecessor Abbas al-\\nMusawi was assassinated in an Israeli helicopter strike.\\nOne of his first actions was to retaliate to the killing of Musawi. He ordered rocket\\nattacks into northern Israel that killed a girl, an Israeli security officer at the Israeli\\nembassy in Turkey was killed by a car bomb and a suicide bomber struck the Israeli\\nembassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina, killing 29 people.\\nNasrallah also managed a low-intensity war with Israeli forces that ended with their\\nwithdrawal from southern Lebanon in 2000, though he suffered a personal loss when\\nhis eldest son Hadi was killed in a firefight with Israeli troops.\\nFollowing the withdrawal Nasrallah proclaimed that Hezbollah had achieved the first\\nArab victory against Israel. He also vowed that Hezbollah would not disarm, saying\\nthat it considered that \\\"all Lebanese territory must be restored\\\", including the Shebaa\\nFarms area.\\nThere was relative calm until 2006, when Hezbollah militants launched a cross-border\\nattack in which eight Israeli soldiers were killed and two others kidnapped, triggering\\na massive Israeli response.\\nIsraeli warplanes bombed Hezbollah strongholds in the South and in Beirut's southern\\nsuburbs, while Hezbollah fired about 4,000 rockets at Israel. More than 1,125\\nLebanese, most of them civilians, died during the 34-day conflict, as well as 119 Israeli\\nsoldiers and 45 civilians.\\nWho is Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah?\\n第2页 共6页\\n2024/9/28 10:50\\n\\n\\nNasrallah's home and offices were targeted by Israel warplanes, but he survived\\nunscathed.\\n• Live: Latest news on Israel and Hezbollah\\n• Explained: What is Hezbollah and why is Israel attacking Lebanon?\\n• Watch: Hezbollah rockets hit residential areas in Israel\\n• Analysis: Israel is gambling Hezbollah will crumple but it faces a well-armed, angry\\nenemy\\nIn 2009, Nasrallah issued a new political manifesto that sought to highlight\\nHezbollah's \\\"political vision\\\". It dropped the reference to an Islamic republic found in\\nthe 1985 document, but maintained a tough line against Israel and the US and\\nreiterated that Hezbollah needed to keep its weapons despite a UN resolution banning\\nthem in southern Lebanon.\\n\\\"People evolve. The whole world changed over the past 24 years. Lebanon changed.\\nThe world order changed,\\\" Nasrallah said.\\nFour years later, Nasrallah declared that Hezbollah was entering \\\"a completely new\\nphase\\\" of its existence by sending of fighters into Syria to help its Iran-backed ally,\\nPresident Bashar al-Assad, put down a rebellion. \\\"It is our battle, and we are up to it,\\\"\\nhe said.\\nLebanese Sunni leaders accused Hezbollah of dragging the country into Syria's war\\nand sectarian tensions worsened dramatically.\\nIn 2019, a deep economic crisis in Lebanon triggered mass protests against a political\\nelite long accused of corruption, waste, mismanagement and negligence. Nasrallah\\ninitially expressed sympathy with the calls for reforms, but his attitude changed as the\\nprotesters began demanding for a complete overhaul of the political system.\\nOn 8 October 2023 - the day after the unprecedented attack on Israel by Hamas\\ngunmen that triggered the war in Gaza - previously sporadic fighting between\\nHezbollah and Israel escalated.\\nHezbollah fired at Israeli positions, in solidarity with the Palestinians.\\nIn a speech in November, Nasrallah said the Hamas attack had been \\\"100 percent\\nPalestinian in terms of both decision and execution\\\" but that the firing between his\\ngroup and Israel was \\\"very important and significant\\\".\\nThe group launched more than 8,000 rockets at northern Israel and the Israeli-\\noccupied Golan Heights. It also fired anti-tank missiles at armoured vehicles and\\nattacked military targets with explosive drones.\\nThe Israel Defense Forces (IDF) retaliated with air strikes and tank and artillery fire\\nagainst Hezbollah positions in Lebanon.\\nWho is Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah?\\n第3页 共6页\\n2024/9/28 10:50\\n\\n\\nRelated\\nIn his most recent speech, Nasrallah blamed Israel for detonating thousands of pagers\\nand radio handsets used by Hezbollah members, which killed 39 people and wounded\\nthousands more, and said it had \\\"crossed all red lines\\\". He acknowledged the group\\nhad suffered an \\\"unprecedented blow\\\".\\nShortly afterwards Israel dramatically escalated attacks on Hezbollah, launching\\nwaves of bombing that killed nearly 800 people.\\nIsrael-Gaza war\\nHezbollah\\nSayyid Hassan Nasrallah\\nLebanon\\nHamas\\nHuge air strikes hit Beirut as\\nIsrael says it targeted Hezbollah\\nheadquarters\\n6 hrs ago\\nMiddle East\\nBBC visits scene of Israeli air\\nstrike in Lebanese village\\n11 hrs ago\\nMiddle East\\nWhat is Hezbollah and why is\\nIsrael attacking Lebanon?\\n18 hrs ago\\nMiddle East\\nWho is Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah?\\n第4页 共6页\\n2024/9/28 10:50\",\"difficulty\":\"easy\",\"domain\":\"Multi-Document QA\",\"length\":\"short\",\"question\":\"How has the United States’ attitude toward Israel-Hezbollah conflict changed  after the pager bombing attack？\",\"sub_domain\":\"Multi-news\"}","display_format":"text","language":"","answer_status":"published","assets":[],"source_url":"https://huggingface.co/datasets/zai-org/LongBench-v2","history":"initial import","indexing_mode":"noindex","subproblems":[],"grids":[]}