LongBench v2 / 66f2b11c821e116aacb2aeb6 / In the 2023 National Population Health Survey, multiple factors affecting public…

CONTENTS 
 
Foreword 
1 
 
 
Executive Summary 
2 
 
 
Main Report 
Based on annual data 
 
 
1 
Alcohol Consumption  
11 
 
2 
Cigarette Smoking  
19 
 
3 
Physical Activity 
24 
 
4 
Self-reported Diabetes Mellitus  
31 
 
5 
Self-reported Hypertension  
35 
 
6 
Self-reported Hyperlipidaemia  
39 
 
7 
Chronic Disease Screening 
43 
 
8 
Breast Cancer Screening  
50 
 
9 
Cervical Cancer Screening  
53 
 
10 Colorectal Cancer Screening  
56 
 
11 Self-reported Vaccination Uptake 
60 
 
12 Mental Health  
65 
 
13 Survey Methodology  
72 
 
 
References 
79 
 
 
Acknowledgements 
81 
 
 
Annexes 
 
 
A 
Survey Questionnaire  
82 
 
B 
Project Team  
160 
 
 
 


 
1 
 
Foreword 
 
 
The National Population Health Survey (NPHS) is a cross-sectional population health 
survey series to track the health and risk factors, as well as lifestyle practices of Singapore 
residents. This survey replaces the three population health surveys (i.e., National Health 
Survey (NHS), National Health Surveillance Survey (NHSS) and Health Behaviour 
Surveillance of Singapore (HBSS)) previously conducted by the Ministry of Health and 
Health Promotion Board respectively. 
 
The NPHS is conducted annually to provide timely and regular information on the 
prevalence of non-communicable diseases such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension and 
hyperlipidaemia, and related risk factors like smoking, alcohol consumption and physical 
inactivity from a representative sample of the resident population. The NPHS also 
captures information on practice of chronic disease and cancer screenings, mental health 
as well as influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations among Singapore residents.   
 
As we live with COVID-19 as an endemic disease, many of the health indicators have 
continued to show improvements in 2023. There were more residents who participated in 
chronic disease and cancer screening; and had sufficient total physical activity compared 
to 2022. The proportion of residents who reported having received vaccinations against 
influenza and pneumococcal; and showed willingness to seek help from healthcare 
professionals (when unable to cope with stress) continued to increase in 2023. Though 
there was a sustained decline in the prevalence of smoking, the prevalence of binge-
drinking increased slightly in 2023. The findings from the survey will help the Ministry of 
Health and Health Promotion Board develop and evaluate health policies and 
programmes and improve the health of Singapore residents. 
 
I would like to gratefully acknowledge and thank all who have, in one way or another, 
contributed to the successful completion of the survey. In particular, I would like to thank 
all respondents who have given their time to take part in the survey, and whose support 
makes this report possible. 
 
 
 
PROFESSOR KENNETH MAK 
Director-General of Health 
August 2024 
 


 
2 
 
Executive Summary 
 
The National Population Health Survey (NPHS) is a cross-sectional population health 
survey, conducted annually by the Ministry of Health and Health Promotion Board, to 
track the health and risk factors, as well as lifestyle practices of Singapore residents. This 
survey replaces the three population health surveys (i.e., National Health Survey (NHS), 
National Health Surveillance Survey (NHSS) and Health Behaviour Surveillance of 
Singapore (HBSS)) that were conducted in the earlier years.  
 
The NPHS monitors behavioural risk factors such as smoking and alcohol consumption; 
chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia as well as 
preventive health behaviour such as the practice of health screening. The survey findings 
will be used by the Ministry of Health and Health Promotion Board to track progress 
towards national heath targets and for planning and evaluation of health policies, 
programmes, and health care services. 
 
The NPHS consists of two components 1 : (i) Household Interview and (ii) Health 
Examination. This report presents the survey findings from the Household Interview of  
Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years. The Health Examination, which comprises 
mainly measured indicators such as obesity and chronic disease prevalence, is 
conducted on a two-year survey cycle to ensure that there is enough data for a detailed 
analysis2. The findings from the Health Examination (NPHS 2023 – 2024) will be reported 
in 2025. The reporting coverage in terms of age differs from previous national health 
surveys reflecting the growing size of the older population. While the survey results in the 
earlier publications of the national health surveys were based on Chinese, Malay and 
Indian residents aged 18 to 69 years, the NPHS report is based on all Singapore residents 
aged 18 to 74 years. Time-series data for the extended reporting coverage are available 
from 2007 onwards3.  
 
 
 
1  More details on the survey design, method and fieldwork are covered in “Chapter 13: Survey 
Methodology”. 
 
2 Data collection for the “Health Examination” component requires a longer time duration for completion. 
This is because it requires respondents to attend a health examination/screening at designated locations 
and hence there are relatively fewer respondents as compared to the “Household Interview” component.  
 
3 Data from the earlier national health surveys are presented for trend analysis over a longer time period. 
However, there are differences in the survey design across the health surveys and examination of 
differences across the survey series should take this into consideration.  


 
3 
 
Trend analysis is presented when there are sufficient data (inclusive of NHS, NHSS and 
NPHS) to gauge the directional change of an indicator. A comparison of survey results 
between 2019 and 2023 is also carried out to highlight changes in the health behaviours 
and health practices among Singapore residents, possibly due to COVID-19 pandemic4.  
 
 
Alcohol consumption  
• In 2023, 2.1% of Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years consumed alcohol regularly, 
with 3.2% of males and 1.0% of females being regular drinkers.  
• Regular alcohol consumption was most common among males in the 50 to 59 years 
age group (4.7%).  
• The crude and age-standardised prevalence of regular alcohol consumption 
increased significantly from 2007 to 2023 (crude: 1.2% in 2007, 2.1% in 2023; age-
standardised: 1.2% in 2007, 2.1% in 2023).  
• However, the prevalence of regular drinking remained the same between 2019 and 
2023 (crude: 2.1% in 2019, 2.1% in 2023; age-standardised: 2.1% in 2019, 2.1% in 
2023). 
• The prevalence of binge drinking was 10.3% in 2023, and it was more common among 
males (13.7%) than females (7.1%). 
• Males aged 30 to 39 years and females aged 18 to 29 years had the highest proportion 
of binge drinkers at 17.5% and 13.7% respectively. 
• The rise in both the crude and age-standardised prevalence of binge drinking was 
significant between 2007 and 2023 (crude: 4.3% in 2007, 10.3% in 2023; age-
standardised: 3.9% in 2007, 10.4% in 2023). 
• The overall prevalence of binge drinking remained the same between 2019 and 2023 
period (crude: 10.2% in 2019, 10.3% in 2023; age-standardised: 10.2% in 2019, 10.4% 
in 2023). 
 
 
4 NPHS 2020, 2021, 2022 and 2023 results are compared with NPHS 2019 results to highlight changes in 
the health behaviours and health practices among Singapore residents possibly due to COVID-19. 
Fieldwork for NPHS 2019 was conducted from August 2018 to July 2019 where COVID-19 pandemic had 
not started yet (pre-COVID-19). Fieldwork for NPHS 2020 was affected by COVID-19 as data were 
collected for only three-quarter of the survey year (July 2019 to March 2020) and fieldwork from April to 
June 2020 was cancelled due to the Circuit Breaker from 7 April to 1 June 2020 (inclusive). Fieldwork for 
NPHS 2021 to NPHS 2023 was typically carried out from preceding July to June of the reporting year, 
unless stated otherwise (e.g. for NPHS 2021, the fieldwork was carried from July 2020 to June 2021). 
 


 
4 
 
Cigarette Smoking 
• The crude prevalence of daily smoking has decreased further from 9.2% in 2022 to 
8.8% in 2023, continuing the declining trend of smoking rates over the past decade.   
• The prevalence of daily smoking was higher among males (15.7%) than females 
(2.3%) in 2023.  
• Daily smoking was most prevalent in adults aged 50 to 59 years (11.5%) and least 
prevalent among younger adults aged 18 to 29 years (5.0%) in 2023.   
• Male daily smokers smoked an average of 12 cigarettes a day while female daily 
smokers smoked an average of 8 cigarettes a day.  
• About half (46.5%) of the daily smokers in 2023 had intention to quit smoking. 
However, only 18.2% of them planned to quit smoking within the next 12 months or 
less. 
• The crude and age-standardised prevalence of daily smoking decreased significantly 
between 2007 and 2023 (crude: 13.3% in 2007, 8.8% in 2023; age-standardised: 13.0% 
in 2007; 8.9% in 2023).  
• Between 2019 and 2023, the overall crude and age-standardised prevalence of daily 
smoking also showed a significant decrease over the last five years (crude: 10.6% in 
2019, 8.8% in 2023; age-standardised: 10.6% in 2019, 8.9% in 2023).   
 
 
Physical Activity 
• With COVID-19 being an endemic disease, the proportion of residents with sufficient 
total physical activity increased significantly from 74.9% in 2022 to 78.5% in 2023 after 
several years of declining participation, likely primarily due to COVID-19.  
• In 2023, more males (80.0%) compared with females (76.9%) were able to meet the 
recommended total physical activity level.  
• Young adults in the 18 to 29 years age group (85.5%) had the highest level of sufficient 
total physical activity while the older adults aged 60 to 74 years had the lowest 
proportion at 74.2%.  
• The largest contributor to total physical activity per week was commuting (45.6%), 
followed by leisure-time physical activity (29.1%) and work-related physical activity 
(25.3%).   


 
5 
 
• About one in three (33.7%) Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years reported having 
sufficient muscle-strengthening activities in 2023. 
• This was more common among younger adults aged 18 to 29 years (42.3%) while the 
proportion with sufficient muscle-strengthening activities dropped to around one-third 
or less for those aged 30 to 74 years. 
• There was a higher proportion of males (40.4%) with sufficient muscle-strengthening 
activities compared with females (27.3%). 
• Comparing the longer-term trend between 2007 and 2023, the decreasing trend in the 
proportion of residents with sufficient total physical activity was not significant (crude: 
85.4% in 2007, 78.5% in 2023; age-standardised: 85.3% in 2007, 78.5% in 2023).  
• Likewise, the drop in proportion of residents with sufficient total physical activity was 
also not significant between 2019 and 2023 (crude: 84.6% in 2019, 78.5% in 2023; 
age-standardised 84.6% in 2019, 78.5% in 2023). 
 
Self-reported Diabetes Mellitus (or High Blood Sugar) 
• 7.3% of Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years reported that they had diabetes 
mellitus and were currently prescribed medication in 2023. 
• A higher proportion of males (8.1%) reported having diabetes compared to females 
(6.6%). 
• The prevalence of self-reported diabetes mellitus (i.e. residents who reported they had 
diabetes mellitus and were currently prescribed medication) increased with age, from 
1.0% in young adults aged 30 to 39 years to 22.3% among those aged 70 to 74 years. 
• Both the crude and age-standardised prevalence of self-reported diabetes among 
Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years showed a significant increasing trend 
between 2007 to 2023 (crude: 4.9% in 2007, 7.3% in 2023; age-standardised: 6.4% 
in 2007, 7.2% in 2023).  
• Between 2019 to 2023, the crude and age-standardised prevalence of self-reported 
diabetes remained stable and hovered around 7% (crude: 6.9% in 2019, 7.3% in 2023; 
age-standardised: 7.0% in 2019, 7.2% in 2023)  
 
 
 
 


 
6 
 
Self-reported Hypertension (or High Blood Pressure) 
• In 2023, 15.0% of Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years reported that they had 
hypertension (or high blood pressure) and were currently prescribed medication.  
• A higher proportion of males (15.9%) reported having hypertension than females 
(14.2%).  
• The prevalence of self-reported hypertension (i.e. residents who reported they had 
hypertension and were currently prescribed medication) increased with age, from 2.4% 
in young adults aged 30 to 39 years to 47.7% among those aged 70 to 74 years. 
• The crude prevalence of self-reported hypertension  among Singapore residents aged 
18 to 74 years showed a significant upward trend from 2007 to 2023 but the age-
standardised prevalence did not show a significant increase (crude: 12.7% in 2007, 
15.0% in 2023; age-standardised: 16.9% in 2007, 14.7% in 2023). 
• Between 2019 to 2023, the crude and age-standardised prevalence of self-reported 
hypertension remained stable around 15% to 16% (crude: 15.6% in 2019, 15.0% in 
2023; age-standardised: 15.9% in 2019, 14.7% in 2023).  
 
Self-reported Hyperlipidaemia (or High Blood Cholesterol) 
• 15.3% of Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years reported that they had 
hyperlipidaemia (or high blood cholesterol) and were currently prescribed medication 
in 2023.  
• More males (16.9%) reported having high blood cholesterol than females (13.7%).  
• The prevalence of self-reported high blood cholesterol (i.e. residents who reported 
they had hyperlipidaemia and were currently prescribed medication) increased with 
age, from 1.7% in young adults aged 30 to 39 years to 50.9% among those aged 70 
to 74 years. 
• The overall crude prevalence of self-reported hyperlipidaemia among Singapore 
residents aged 18 to 74 years showed an increasing trend from 2007 to 2023 but the 
age-standardised prevalence did not show significant upward trend over the same 
period (crude: 8.2% in 2007, 15.3% in 2023; age-standardised: 10.8% in 2007, 15.0% 
in 2023). 
• From 2019 to 2023, the crude and age-standardised prevalence of self-reported 
hyperlipidaemia remained stable at around 14% to 15% (crude: 13.6% in 2019, 15.3% 
in 2023; age-standardised: 13.8% in 2019, 15.0% in 2023).  


 
7 
 
Chronic Disease Screening  
• The crude proportion of Singapore residents aged 40 to 74 years with no previous 
diagnosed chronic diseases (i.e., diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure, and high 
blood cholesterol (“DHL”)) and were screened for these three conditions within the 
recommended screening frequencies (i.e. the chronic disease screening participation) 
increased from 60.3% in 2022 to 62.6% in 2023.  
• Looking at a longer-term trend between 2007 and 2023, the chronic disease screening 
participation showed no significant upward trend during this period (crude: 58.1% in 
2007, 62.6% in 2023; age-standardised: 62.0% in 2007, 62.6% in 2023). 
• Although chronic disease screening participation for residents with no previous 
diagnosis of DHL fell between 2019 and 2023, the decrease was not significant (crude: 
66.3% in 2019, 62.6% in 2023; age-standardised: 68.2% in 2019, 62.6% in 2023).  
• Looking at individual chronic disease alone regardless of the co-morbidity with the 
other two chronic diseases, the crude proportion of residents who had diabetes and 
hypertension screening increased significantly from 2007 to 2023 while the proportion 
screening for hyperlipidaemia did not show significant upward trend over the same 
period (diabetes: 72.4% in 2007, 76.7% in 2023; hypertension: 77.7% in 2007, 82.7% 
in 2023; hyperlipidaemia: 78.1% in 2007, 74.7% in 2023). 
• Between 2019 and 2023, the individual crude screening participation for all three 
chronic diseases fell but the decreases were not significant (diabetes: 81.0% in 2019, 
76.7% in 2023; hypertension: 86.0% in 2019, 82.7% in 2023; hyperlipidaemia: 77.9% 
in 2019, 74.7% in 2023). 
 
Cancer Screening 
• The crude screening participation for cervical and colorectal cancers increased from 
43.1% in 2022 to 45.4% in 2023, and from 38.1% in 2022 to 41.7% in 2023 
respectively. However, the crude screening participation for breast cancer decreased 
from 37.6% in 2022 to 34.7% in 2023. 
• The crude and age-standardised screening participation for breast and cervical cancer 
showed a decreasing trend between 2007 and 2023. The decline was significant for 
cervical cancer (crude: 57.9% in 2007, 45.4% in 2023; age-standardised: 54.1% in 
2007, 44.9% in 2023) but not for breast cancer (crude: 41.0% in 2007, 34.7 in 2023; 
age-standardised: 40.2% in 2007, 34.7% in 2023).  


 
8 
 
• The crude and age-standardised screening participation for colorectal cancer rose 
significantly between 2007 and 2023 (crude: 14.6% in 2007, 41.7% in 2023; age-
standardised: 15.0% in 2007, 41.7% in 2023).  
 
Breast Cancer Screening:  
• In 2023, slightly more than one-third (34.7%) of Singapore female residents in the 50 
to 69 years age group reported that they had gone for mammography in the last two 
years. 
 
Cervical Cancer Screening 
• In 2023, more than two in five (45.4%) Singapore female residents aged 25 to 74 
years reported that they had gone for cervical cancer screening (had done Pap test in 
the past three years or HPV test in the past five years).  
• Women aged 30 to 59 years (more than 50%) were most likely to have undergone 
cervical cancer screening. 
 
Colorectal Cancer Screening  
• In 2023, 41.7% of Singapore residents aged 50 to 74 years had undergone colorectal 
screening within the recommended screening frequency.  
• Approximately one in four of these residents reported having undergone a Faecal 
Immunochemical Test (FIT) at least once in the past one year (24.1%) or had 
undergone colonoscopy in the past 10 years (27.7%). 
• The practice of taking a FIT or a colonoscopy was more prevalent among males 
(43.8%) than females (39.6%). 
 
Self-reported Vaccination Uptake 
• 
The crude self-reported influenza vaccination uptake among Singapore residents 
aged 18 to 74 years increased significantly from 18.0% in 2022 to 21.7% in 2023.  
• 
The self-reported influenza vaccination uptake was similar among males (22.1%) and 
females (21.4%) in 2023.  
 
 


 
9 
 
• 
The crude and age-standardised self-reported influenza vaccination uptake (flu 
injection in the past 12 months) among Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years 
showed a significant increasing trend between 2017 and 2023 (crude: 13.1% in 2007, 
21.7% in 2023; age-standardised: 13.0% in 2007, 21.5% in 2023).  
• 
The crude self-reported pneumococcal vaccination uptake among Singapore 
residents aged 65 to 74 years increased significantly from 26.5% in 2022 to 35.0% in 
2023.  
• 
The proportion of residents who reported having received the pneumococcal 
vaccination was similar among males (35.0%) and females (34.9%) in 2023. 
• 
There was a significant increase in the self-reported pneumococcal vaccination 
uptake among Singapore residents aged 65 to 74 years over the period from 
2017(11.9%) to 2023 (35.0%). 
 
Mental Health 
• 
The crude prevalence of poor mental health, as measured by the 12-item General 
Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), among Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years has 
decreased from 17.0% in 2022 to 15.0% in 2023.  
• 
More females (17.6%) reported poor mental health compared to males (12.2%) in 
2023.  
• 
Younger adults aged 18 to 29 years had the highest proportion (26.0%) with poor 
mental health while the prevalence for other age groups were much lower, ranging 
from 8.2% for those in the 60 to 74 years age group to 17.2% in the 30 to 39 years 
age group. 
• 
Comparing between 2017 and 2023, the crude and age-standardised prevalence of 
poor mental health among Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years have increased, 
though these increases were not significant (crude: 12.5% in 2017, 15.0% in 2023; 
age-standardised: 12.4% in 2017, 15.0% in 2023). 
• 
The proportion of Singapore residents who were willing to seek help from healthcare 
professionals has increased significantly to 62.8% in 2023, compared to 56.6% in 
2022, while 78.4% of Singapore residents were willing to seek help from informal 
support networks in 2023, compared to 79.7% in 2022. 


 
10 
 
• 
In 2023, females were more willing to seek help from healthcare professionals and 
informal support networks compared to males (females: 63.3% and 81.6% 
respectively; males: 62.3% and 75.1% respectively).  
• 
Among the age groups, Singapore residents in the oldest age band (60 to 74 years) 
(51.2%) were the least willing to seek help from healthcare professionals while those 
aged 30 to 39 years (71.9%) were the most willing to seek help from healthcare 
professionals in 2023. 
• 
Similarly, the proportion of Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years who indicated 
that they were willing to seek help from informal support networks decreased with 
age -- it was the highest among younger adults aged 18 to 39 years (85.4% for both 
18 to 29 years and 30 to 39 years age groups) and the lowest among older adults 
aged 60 to 74 years (65.6%) in 2023.    
• 
There was no trend in the proportion of residents who indicated that they were willing 
to seek help from healthcare professionals, which ranged between 47.8% to 62.8%,  
in the period between 2019 and 2023.  
• 
Similarly, the proportion of residents who were willing to seek help from informal 
support networks, which ranged between 69.1% to 79.7%, did not display any trend 
over the same period between 2019 and 2023.  
 
 


 
11 
 
Chapter 1 
Alcohol Consumption 
 
Key Points 
• 2.1% of Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years consumed alcohol regularly in 
2023, with 3.2% of the males and 1.0% of the females being regular drinkers. 
• Regular alcohol consumption was most common among males in the 50 to 59 years 
age group (4.7%).  
• The prevalence of binge drinking was 10.3% in 2023, and it was more common 
among males (13.7%) than females (7.1%).  
• Males aged 30 to 39 years and females aged 18 to 29 years had the highest 
proportion of binge drinkers at 17.5% and 13.7% respectively. 
 
Introduction 
Alcohol is a toxic, carcinogenic and psychoactive substance with dependence producing 
properties. Alcohol consumption is a major contributor to the global burden of disease. 
Several diseases such as liver and pancreas disease, neuropsychiatric disease, 
cardiovascular diseases and certain cancers, are entirely or partially caused by alcohol 
consumption. Although some studies have shown that light alcohol intake provides a 
small protective factor for cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes, no study has 
been able to show that light alcohol intake is beneficial for cardiovascular diseases, type 
2 diabetes, and cancer (Anderson et al., 2023). In addition to these chronic disease risks, 
alcohol consumption can also affect social behaviours and cause immediate harm (e.g., 
road traffic accidents, physical assault) to both the drinkers and the other people around.  
A recent meta-analysis reported that low levels of alcohol consumption was not 
associated with protection against all-cause mortality (Zhao et al., 2023). Due to the short 
and long term effects of alcohol consumption, there is risk associated with alcohol 
consumption at every level. 
 
 
 


 
12 
 
Definition 
Alcohol consumption was classified according to the frequency of alcohol intake in Table 
1.1. 
 
Table 1.1: Classification of alcohol consumption 
Classification 
Frequency of alcohol consumption 
Regular drinker 
> 4 days a week 
Frequent drinker 
1 – 4 days a week 
Occasional drinker 
≤ 3 days a month 
Binge drinking was defined as consumption of at least five alcoholic drinks5 for males or 
at least four alcoholic drinks for females in any single drinking session during the past 
month preceding the survey. 
 
Methodology 
An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used. Respondents were shown a card 
with pictures of servings of alcoholic drinks (Diagram 1) and asked questions on alcohol 
consumption within the past 12 months at the time of the survey.  
 
Diagram 1:  Alcohol Card 
 
 
 
5 1 alcoholic drink refers to 1 glass (~100 mls) of wine or 1 measure (~30 mls) of spirits.1 can/ mug/ small bottle (330ml) of beer 
represents 1.5 servings of alcoholic drink. 


 
13 
 
Alcohol Consumption 
The survey found that among Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years, 2.1% consumed 
alcohol regularly, 9.0% frequently, 35.3% occasionally, while 53.7% were non-drinkers 
(Table 1.2).  
 
Table 1.2: Alcohol consumption (%) among Singapore residents  
aged 18 to 74 years by sex, 2023 
Alcohol Consumption 
Total 
Males 
Females 
Non-drinker 
53.7 
45.8 
61.2 
Occasional drinker 
35.3 
39.6 
31.2 
Frequent drinker 
9.0 
11.5 
6.6 
Regular drinker 
2.1 
3.2 
1.0 
Note: Data might not sum to 100% due to rounding. 
 
Prevalence of Regular Alcohol Consumption 
Among Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years, 3.2% of the males and 1.0% of the 
females consumed alcohol regularly (Table 1.3). Regular alcohol consumption was most 
common among males in the 50 to 59 years age group (4.7%). Among the ethnic groups, 
both Chinese (2.2%) and Indians (2.1%) had similar proportion of regular drinkers at 
around 2% (Graph 1.1). A slightly higher proportion of residents with primary education 
(3.4%) and secondary education (2.2%) were regular drinkers, compared to those with 
post-secondary education (1.8%) (Table 1.4).  
 
Table 1.3: Age-specific prevalence (%) of regular alcohol consumption among 
Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years by sex, 2023 
Age (years) 
Total 
Males 
Females 
18-29 
s 
s 
s 
30-39 
1.5 
2.0 
s 
40-49 
2.8 
4.3 
1.5 
50-59 
3.3 
4.7 
1.8 
60-74 
2.4 
4.5 
s 
18-74 
2.1 
3.2 
1.0 
s: Data have been suppressed due to small counts or high sampling variability.  
 
 
 


 
14 
 
Graph 1.1: Crude prevalence (%) of regular alcohol consumption among 
Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years by sex and ethnicity, 2023 
 
Note: Data for Malays and Indian females have been suppressed due to small counts or high sampling variability. 
 
 
Trends in Regular Alcohol Consumption 
The crude and age-standardised prevalence of regular alcohol consumption increased 
significantly from 2007 to 2023 (Table 1.4). Likewise, a significant rise in prevalence of 
regular drinking was also observed among adults aged 40 to 59 years, among males and 
females, among Chinese and across all education levels in the same period. Comparing 
between 2019 and 2023, the prevalence of regular drinking remained the same.  
 
 
 
 
2.2
3.6
0.9
2.1
2.9
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
Total
Males
Females
Percent of respondents
Chinese
Malays
Indians


 
15 
 
Table 1.4: Prevalence (%) of regular alcohol consumption among Singapore 
residents aged 18 to 74 years by age, sex, education, 
and ethnicity, 2007 to 2023 
 
NHSS 
NHSS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
2007 
2013 
2017 
2019 
2020 
2021 
2022 
2023 
Total 
1.2 
1.2 
2.2  
(1.6, 2.7) 
2.1  
(1.6, 2.6) 
2.2  
(1.7, 2.6) 
2.8  
(2.1, 3.4) 
2.5 
(2.1, 2.9) 
2.1b 
(1.7, 2.4) 
ASR 
1.2 
1.2 
2.2 
2.1 
2.2 
2.8 
2.5 
2.1b 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
18-29 
s 
s 
s 
s 
s 
s 
s 
s 
30-39 
0.9 
s 
s 
1.1  
(0.5, 1.8) 
1.8  
(0.9, 2.8) 
1.7  
(1.0, 2.5) 
1.9 
(1.2, 2.7) 
1.5  
(0.8, 2.2) 
40-49 
1.2 
2.0 
2.3  
(1.1, 3.4) 
2.1  
(1.0, 3.1) 
2.0  
(1.2, 2.8) 
2.7  
(1.6, 3.9) 
3.5 
(2.5, 4.5) 
2.8b  
(1.8, 3.8) 
50-59 
1.9 
1.5 
3.8  
(2.1, 5.4) 
2.4  
(1.3, 3.4) 
3.4  
(2.2, 4.6) 
3.9 
(2.7, 5.1) 
3.2 
(2.0, 4.4) 
3.3b  
(2.1, 4.4) 
60-74 
s 
1.4 
3.7  
(2.0, 5.4) 
4.3  
(2.7, 5.9) 
3.0  
(2.1, 3.8) 
3.2  
(2.3, 4.1) 
3.3 
(2.3, 4.3) 
2.4  
(1.6, 3.3) 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
Males 
2.1 
2.0 
3.7  
(2.7, 4.8) 
3.6  
(2.6, 4.5) 
3.4  
(2.7, 4.1) 
4.6  
(3.3, 5.8) 
4.0 
(3.3, 4.7) 
3.2b  
(2.5, 3.8) 
Females 
s 
0.4 
s 
0.7  
(0.3, 1.0) 
1.0  
(0.6, 1.4) 
1.1  
(0.7, 1.4) 
1.1 
(0.7, 1.5) 
1.0b  
(0.6, 1.4) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Primary  
1.5 
1.8 
s 
3.3  
(1.9, 4.6) 
3.2  
(1.9, 4.4) 
2.9  
(1.8, 4.0) 
3.8 
(2.4, 5.3) 
3.4b 
(2.1, 4.7) 
Secondary 
1.3 
1.6 
2.6  
(1.4, 3.7) 
2.3  
(1.4, 3.1) 
1.9  
(1.3, 2.5) 
2.5  
(1.8, 3.3) 
2.7 
(1.9, 3.4) 
2.2b 
(1.5, 2,9) 
Post-
secondary 
1.0 
0.8 
1.9 
(1.1, 2.7) 
1.7 
(1.1, 2.3) 
2.1 
(1.5, 2.6) 
2.9 
(1.9, 3.8) 
2.2 
(1.7, 2.7) 
1.8b 
(1.3, 2.3) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Chinese 
1.3 
1.3 
2.3  
(1.6, 2.9) 
2.2  
(1.6, 2.8) 
2.4  
(1.9, 2.9) 
3.2  
(2.3, 4.0) 
2.9 
(2.4, 3.4) 
2.2b  
(1.8, 2.7) 
Malays 
s 
s 
s 
s 
s 
s 
s 
s 
Indians 
s 
1.0 
s 
s 
s 
2.3  
(1.2, 3.3) 
s 
2.1  
(0.9, 3.2) 
Notes: (1) 
Figures in ( ) refer to the 95% confidence intervals. a Indicates that the results for any two consecutive survey 
years are significantly different statistically at 5% significance level as the confidence intervals for these two 
survey years did not overlap (e.g.  NPHS 2022 and NPHS 2023).  
 
(2) 
s: Data have been suppressed due to small counts or high sampling variability. 
 
(3) 
ASR: Age-standardised rate. The reference population used is Singapore Census 2020 resident population.  
 
(4) 
Analysis based on highest education attained served as a proxy to socio-economic factors. 
 
 
Primary education: No formal qualification/ Primary/ PSLE.  
 
 
Secondary education: Secondary/ GCE ‘O’/ ‘N’ level.  
 
 
Post-secondary education: GCE ‘A’ Level/ Polytechnic & other diploma/ Degree & professional qualification. 
 
(5) 
b Indicate statistically significant linear upward trend between 2007 and 2023 with p-value <0.05. 
 
 
 


 
16 
 
Prevalence of Binge Drinking 
Among Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years, the prevalence of binge drinking was 
10.3% (Table 1.5). Binge drinking was more prevalent among males (13.7%) than 
females (7.1%). The highest proportion of binge drinkers for males was in the 30 to 39 
years age group (17.5%) and for females in the 18 to 29 years age group (13.7%). Among 
the ethnic groups, the prevalence of binge drinking was higher in Indians (13.0%) and 
Chinese (11.0%) than Malays (3.0%) (Graph 1.2). The proportion of binge drinkers was 
higher among those with post-secondary education (12.6%), compared to those with 
lower education levels (primary education and secondary education at 5.2% and 6.7%, 
respectively) (Table 1.6).  
 
Table 1.5: Age-specific prevalence (%) of binge drinking among  
Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years by sex, 2023 
Age (years) 
Total 
Males 
Females 
18-29 
14.4 
15.0 
13.7 
30-39 
14.3 
17.5 
11.3 
40-49 
11.6 
16.2 
7.4 
50-59 
8.2 
13.4 
3.1 
60-74 
4.3 
7.4 
1.4 
18-74 
10.3 
13.7 
7.1 
 
Graph 1.2: Crude prevalence (%) of binge drinking among Singapore residents 
aged 18 to 74 years by sex and ethnicity, 2023 
 
 
 
11.0
15.1
7.1
3.0
2.6
3.5
13.0
14.2
11.8
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
Total
Males
Females
Percent of respondents
Chinese
Malays
Indians


 
17 
 
Trends in Binge Drinking 
The rise in both the crude and age-standardised prevalence of binge drinking was 
significant between 2007 and 2023 (Table 1.6). This upward trend was also observed in 
all age groups except those aged 18 to 29 years and 60 to 74 years, among males and 
females, among all ethnic groups; and those with primary and post-secondary education 
over the same period between 2007 and 2023.  
 
Between 2019 and 2023, the prevalence of binge drinking remained the same at the 
overall and subgroup levels except in the 40 to 49 years age group which showed a 
significant increase over the last five years. 
 
Table 1.6: Prevalence (%) of binge drinking among Singapore residents aged 18 
to 74 years by age, sex, education, and ethnicity, 2007 to 2023 
 
NHSS 
NHSS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
2007 
2013 
2017 
2019 
2020 
2021 
2022 
2023 
Total 
4.3 
7.4 
8.8  
(7.6, 10.0) 
10.2  
(9.1, 11.3) 
10.5  
(9.5, 11.5) 
9.6  
(8.6, 10.6) 
9.4 
(8.6, 10.2) 
10.3b  
(9.5, 11.2) 
ASR 
3.9 
6.9 
8.6 
10.2 
10.5 
9.7 
9.4 
10.4b 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
18-29 
8.1 
14.6 
12.4  
(9.2, 15.6) 
16.6  
(13.5, 19.7) 
17.1  
(13.8, 20.3) 
15.6  
(12.0, 19.3) 
10.5 
(8.5, 12.5) 
14.4  
(11.8, 16.9) 
30-39 
4.6 
7.7 
10.6  
(7.5, 13.7) 
13.8  
(10.9, 16.6) 
14.5  
(12.0, 17.0) 
12.8  
(10.7, 14.9) 
12.6 
(10.7, 14.5) 
14.3b  
(12.2, 16.4) 
40-49 
3.7 
5.3 
9.3  
(6.8, 11.7) 
8.8  
(6.8, 10.7) 
9.6  
(7.7, 11.6) 
9.7  
(7.9, 11.5) 
11.2 
(9.4, 13.0) 
11.6b,d  
(9.8, 13.5) 
50-59 
2.3 
4.9 
7.3  
(5.0, 9.7) 
6.9  
(5.0, 8.8) 
6.8  
(5.1, 8.5) 
6.4  
(4.9, 7.8) 
9.0 
(7.1, 10.9) 
8.2b  
(6.5, 10.0) 
60-74 
s 
3.2 
4.0  
(2.4, 5.7) 
5.0  
(3.4, 6.6) 
4.9  
(3.5, 6.2) 
4.3  
(3.2, 5.3) 
4.5 
(3.4, 5.6) 
4.3  
(3.2, 5.4) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Males 
6.4 
10.7 
13.1  
(11.1, 15.1) 
14.9  
(13.1, 16.6) 
14.6  
(13.0, 16.3) 
13.8  
(12.1, 15.5) 
13.1 
(11.9, 14.4) 
13.7b  
(12.3, 15.0) 
Females 
2.2 
4.2 
4.7  
(3.4, 6.0) 
5.7  
(4.6, 6.8) 
6.5  
(5.3, 7.7) 
5.6  
(4.5, 6.7) 
5.7 
(4.9, 6.6) 
7.1b  
(6.1, 8.2) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Primary  
3.1 
2.7 
4.2  
(2.3, 6.2) 
5.4  
(3.6, 7.2) 
4.4  
(2.9, 5.9) 
4.8  
(3.2, 6.3) 
6.6 
(4.7, 8.5) 
5.2b  
(3.6, 6.8) 
Secondary 
4.5 
5.7 
8.4  
(6.5, 10.4) 
7.3  
(5.9, 8.7) 
7.5  
(6.0, 8.9) 
6.6  
(5.4, 7.8) 
6.6 
(5.3, 8.0) 
6.7  
(5.4, 8.1) 
Post- 
secondary 
4.5 
9.8 
10.3  
(8.6, 12.0) 
12.5  
(10.9, 14.2) 
13.0  
(11.5, 14.5) 
11.7  
(10.2, 13.1) 
11.0 
(9.9, 12.0) 
12.6b  
(11.4, 13.7) 
 
 
 


 
18 
 
Table 1.6: Prevalence (%) of binge drinking among Singapore residents aged 18 
to 74 years by age, sex, education, and ethnicity, 2007 to 2023 (continued) 
 
NHSS 
NHSS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
2007 
2013 
2017 
2019 
2020 
2021 
2022 
2023 
Chinese 
4.7 
8.6 
9.4  
(8.0, 10.9) 
11.5  
(10.1, 12.8) 
11.6  
(10.3, 12.8) 
10.2  
(9.0, 11.4) 
10.1 
(9.2, 11.1) 
11.0b  
(10.0, 12.0) 
Malays 
1.1 
1.5 
s 
2.3  
(1.0, 3.6) 
1.7  
(0.7, 2.7) 
2.1  
(1.0, 3.2) 
1.9 
(0.8, 3.0) 
3.0b  
(1.5, 4.6) 
Indians 
4.5 
6.6 
13.4  
(9.2, 17. 6) 
10.5  
(7.8, 13.1) 
11.4  
(7.9, 14.8) 
10.6  
(6.3, 14.8) 
9.2 
(6.8, 11.7) 
13.0b  
(9.8, 16.2) 
Notes: (1) 
Figures in ( ) refer to the 95% confidence intervals. a Indicates that the results for any two consecutive survey years are 
significantly different statistically at 5% significance level as the confidence intervals for these two survey years did not 
overlap (e.g. NPHS 2022 and NPHS 2023). 
 
(2) 
s: Data have been suppressed due to small counts or high sampling variability. 
 
(3) 
ASR: Age-standardised rate. The reference population used is Singapore Census 2020 resident population. 
 
(4) 
Analysis based on highest education attained served as a proxy to socio-economic factors. 
 
 
Primary education: No formal qualification/ Primary/ PSLE.  
 
 
Secondary education: Secondary/ GCE ‘O’/ ‘N’ level.  
 
 
Post-secondary education: GCE ‘A’ Level/ Polytechnic & other diploma/ Degree & professional qualification. 
 
(5) 
b Indicate statistically significant linear upward trend between 2007 and 2023 with p-value <0.05. 
(6) 
d Indicate statistically significant linear upward trend between 2019 and 2023 with p-value <0.05. 
 
 
 
 


 
19 
 
Chapter 2 
Cigarette Smoking 
 
Key Points 
• 8.8% of Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years smoked cigarettes daily in 2023.  
• More males (15.7%) smoked daily than females (2.3%).  
• Daily smoking was most prevalent in adults aged 50 to 59 years (11.5%) and least 
prevalent among younger adults aged 18 to 29 years (5.0%) in 2023.  
• Male daily smokers smoked an average of 12 cigarettes a day while female daily 
smokers smoked an average of 8 cigarettes a day.  
• About half (46.5%) of the daily smokers had intention to quit smoking. However, 
only 18.2% of them planned to quit smoking within the next 12 months or less. 
 
Introduction 
Tobacco use is a source of preventable morbidity and mortality. Active smoking increases 
the risk of several diseases such as respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases and 
certain cancers. In addition to these disease risks that affect the smokers, smoking also 
implicates the other people around who are exposed to second-hand smoke. Cigarette 
smoking is the most common form of smoking. The impact of tobacco use is largely 
determined by the pattern of smoking and number of cigarettes smoked (US Department 
of Health and Human Services, 2014). 
 
Definition 
Smoking status was classified according to the frequency of cigarette smoked as shown 
in Table 2.1, which followed the World Health Organization (WHO) classification criteria 
(WHO, 1998). 
 
Table 2.1: Classification of smoking status 
Classification 
Frequency of cigarette smoking 
Daily smoker 
Smokes cigarettes at least once a day (including people who smoke 
every day but have to stop temporarily because of religious fasting or 
medical reasons)  
Occasional smoker 
Smokes cigarettes but not every day 
Ex-smoker 
Formerly a daily smoker, but currently does not smoke at all 
Non-smoker 
Never smoked before or smoked too little in the past to be regarded 
as an ex-smoker 


 
20 
 
Methodology 
An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used. The questionnaire was based on 
WHO’s recommended core questions for assessing smoking status (WHO,1998). 
 
Smoking Status 
The survey showed that among Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years, 8.8% were 
daily smokers, 2.7% were occasional smokers, 8.5% were ex-smokers and 79.9% were 
non-smokers (Table 2.2). 
 
Table 2.2: Smoking status (%) of Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years  
by sex, 2023 
Smoking Status 
Total 
Males 
Females 
Daily smoker 
8.8 
15.7 
2.3 
Occasional smoker 
2.7 
4.3 
1.2 
Ex-smoker 
8.5 
13.8 
3.5 
Non-Smoker 
79.9 
66.3 
93.0 
Note: Data might not sum to 100% due to rounding. 
 
Prevalence of Daily Smoking  
The prevalence of daily smoking among Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years was 
15.7% among males and 2.3% among females (Table 2.3). Daily smoking was most 
prevalent for males in the 50 to 59 years age group (20.7%) and for females in the 40 to 
49 years age group (3.4%). Daily smoking prevalence was higher among Malays (16.0%) 
than Chinese (7.6%) and Indians (9.8%) (Graph 2.1). The prevalence of daily smoking 
among residents with primary education (17.6%) was more than three times higher than 
residents with post-secondary education (5.2%) (Table 2.4). 
 
Table 2.3: Age-specific prevalence (%) of daily smoking among  
Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years by sex, 2023 
Age (years) 
Total 
Males 
Females 
18-29 
5.0 
8.3 
s 
30-39 
8.5 
15.2 
2.3 
40-49 
10.5 
18.2 
3.4 
50-59 
11.5 
20.7 
2.6 
60-74 
8.7 
16.2 
1.6 
18-74 
8.8 
15.7 
2.3 
s: Data have been suppressed due to small counts or high sampling variability.  


 
21 
 
Graph 2.1: Crude prevalence (%) of daily smoking among Singapore residents 
aged 18 to 74 years by sex and ethnicity, 2023 
 
Note: Data for Indian females have been suppressed due to small counts or high sampling variability. 
 
Age of Initiation and Onset of Daily Smoking Among Daily Smokers 
Among Singapore residents who are daily smokers, the mean age of initiation, or the age 
at which they first tried smoking, was 18 years old. The mean age at which they 
established their habit of daily smoking was 19 years old. Among the younger daily 
smokers aged 18 to 24 years, the mean age of initiation and age at which they established 
their daily smoking habit was 17 and 18 years old respectively. Such information help to 
establish more targeted interventions aim at younger adults to prevent or delay their 
smoking initiation.  
 
Smoking Intensity of Daily Smokers 
The mean number of cigarettes smoked per day among the daily smokers was 12 
cigarettes. Male daily smokers on average smoked more cigarettes per day (12 cigarettes) 
than female daily smokers (8 cigarettes). Daily smokers in the 50 to 59 years age group 
on average smoked the highest number of cigarettes per day (13 cigarettes), compared 
to the other age groups.  
 
 
 
7.6
13.5
1.9
16.0
28.3
3.9
9.8
17.5
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
Total
Males
Females
Percent of respondents
Chinese
Malays
Indians


 
22 
 
Quit Intention of Daily Smokers 
About half (46.5%) of the daily smokers had intention to quit smoking. However, only 
about one in six (18.2%) daily smokers planned to quit smoking within the next 12 months 
or less. Around one in four (25.6%) daily smokers did not plan to quit smoking at all but 
planned to cut down on the number of cigarettes smoked. Over one in four (27.9%) daily 
smokers did not plan to quit smoking or reduce the number of cigarettes smoked. Daily 
smokers who had abstained from smoking for a period of at least 24 hours in the past 12 
months reported that on average they had tried quitting smoking three times during the 
past 12 months preceding the survey.  
 
Trends in Daily Smoking  
The crude and age-standardised prevalence of daily smoking decreased significantly 
between 2007 and 2023 (Table 2.4). This downward trend was also significant in adults 
aged 18 to 49 years, among males and females, among the Chinese and Malays, those 
with secondary and post-secondary education over the same period.  
 
Between 2019 and 2023, the overall crude and age-standardized prevalence of daily 
smoking also decreased significantly. There was a significant decrease in daily smoking 
prevalence among males, among Chinese and Malays and residents with secondary 
education over the last five years. 
 
 
 


 
23 
 
Table 2.4: Prevalence (%) of daily smoking among Singapore residents aged 18 to 
74 years by age, sex, education, and ethnicity, 2007 to 2023 
 
NHSS 
NHS 
NHSS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
2007 
2010 
2013 
2017 
2019 
2020 
2021 
2022 
2023 
Total 
13.3 
13.9 
13.1 
11.8  
(10.6, 13.0) 
10.6  
(9.5, 11.7) 
10.1  
(9.2, 11.0) 
10.4  
(9.6, 11.2) 
9.2 
(8.5, 10.0) 
8.8c,e  
(8.0, 9.6) 
ASR 
13.0 
13.5 
12.7 
11.7 
10.6 
 10.2 
10.4 
9.3 
8.9c,e 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
18-29 
17.4 
16.0 
12.6 
9.8  
(7.1, 12.5) 
8.4  
(6.5, 10.2) 
8.8  
(6.8, 10.8) 
8.3  
(6.2, 10.4) 
5.1 
(3.8, 6.5) 
5.0c  
(2.7, 7.2) 
30-39 
12.5 
16.0 
14.7 
12.6  
(9.5, 15.7) 
11.4  
(9.3, 13.5) 
9.9  
(7.9, 11.8) 
12.8  
(10.9, 14.7) 
8.7 
(7.1, 10.4) 
8.5c  
(6.7, 10.3) 
40-49 
12.8 
14.3 
15.4 
14.5  
(11.6, 17.4) 
10.6  
(8.7, 12.5) 
10.6  
(8.5, 12.7) 
11.6  
(9.5, 13.7) 
11.6 
(9.9, 13.3) 
10.5c  
(8.7, 12.2) 
50-59 
12.7 
11.4 
13.3 
11.9  
(9.2, 14.6) 
12.6  
(10.0, 15.2) 
13.4  
(10.8, 16.0) 
11.3  
(9.4, 13.3) 
11.4 
(9.5, 13.3) 
11.5  
(9.6, 13.4) 
60-74 
9.8 
10.1 
8.5 
10.2  
(7.5, 12.8) 
10.2  
(8.0, 12.4) 
8.0  
(6.5, 9.5) 
8.3  
(6.9, 9.6) 
9.4 
(7.9, 10.8) 
8.7  
(7.2, 10.2) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Males 
23.1 
24.0 
23.0 
20.6  
(18.5, 22.8) 
18.4  
(16.3, 20.5) 
17.0  
(15.4, 18.6) 
17.8  
(16.3, 19.3) 
16.0 
(14.7, 17.3) 
15.7c,e  
(14.2, 17.2) 
Females 
3.8 
4.1 
3.6 
3.3  
(2.3, 4.3) 
3.2  
(2.4, 3.9) 
3.4  
(2.5, 4.3) 
3.3  
(2.6, 4.0) 
2.7 
(2.2, 3.3) 
2.3c  
(1.8, 2.8) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Primary  
16.3 
19.4 
15.8 
17.2  
(13.6, 20.9) 
18.3  
(15.2, 21.4) 
16.5  
(13.7, 19.3) 
16.5  
(13.5, 19.5) 
17.5 
(14.7, 20.3) 
17.6  
(14.8, 20.5) 
Secondary 
18.0 
18.1 
19.6 
17.5  
(14.8, 20.2) 
16.7  
(14.3, 19.0) 
16.4  
(14.2, 18.6) 
15.5  
(13.6, 17.3) 
14.6 
(12.9, 16.4) 
14.6c,e  
(12.5, 16.8) 
Post-
secondary 
8.4 
9.3 
8.3 
6.9  
(5.6, 8.2) 
6.1  
(5.1, 7.1) 
6.0  
(5.0, 6.9) 
7.2  
(6.3, 8.1) 
5.7 
(5.0, 6.4) 
5.2c  
(4.4, 5.9) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Chinese 
12.0 
12.6 
11.5 
9.9  
(8.6, 11.2) 
8.6  
(7.5, 9.7) 
8.6  
(7.7, 9.5) 
8.6  
(7.8, 9.5) 
7.9 
(7.2, 8.7) 
7.6c,e  
(6.8, 8.4) 
Malays 
23.0 
26.1 
24.9 
23.1  
(19.0, 27.3) 
23.0  
(19.4, 26.6) 
21.1  
(17.3, 24.9) 
22.4  
(19.1, 25.8) 
19.5 
(16.6, 22.3) 
16.0c,e  
(13.3, 18.7) 
Indians 
11.1 
10.0 
10.5 
12.6  
(8.4, 16.9) 
10.9  
(8.0, 13.8) 
8.9  
(6.0, 11.9) 
9.2  
(6.8, 11.7) 
5.9 
(4.2, 7.6) 
9.8  
(5.3, 14.3) 
Notes: (1) Figures in ( ) refer to the 95% confidence intervals. a Indicates that the results for any two consecutive survey years are 
significantly different statistically at 5% significance level as the confidence intervals for these two survey years did not 
overlap (e.g.  NPHS 2022 and NPHS 2023). 
 
(2) ASR: Age-standardised rate. The reference population used is Singapore Census 2020 resident population. 
 
(3) Analysis based on highest education attained served as a proxy to socio-economic factors. 
 
 
Primary education: No formal qualification/ Primary/ PSLE.  
 
 
Secondary education: Secondary/ GCE ‘O’/ ‘N’ level.  
 
 
Post-secondary education: GCE ‘A’ Level/ Polytechnic & other diploma/ Degree & professional qualification. 
(4) c Indicate statistically significant linear downward trend between 2007 and 2023 with p-value <0.05. 
 
(5) e Indicate statistically significant linear downward trend between 2019 and 2023 with p-value <0.05 
 
 


 
24 
 
Chapter 3 
Physical Activity 
 
Key Points 
• Based on all domains of physical activity (including work-related, transportation-
related and leisure-time), 78.5% of Singapore residents had sufficient total physical 
activity in 2023.  
• More males (80.0%) compared with females (76.9%) were able to meet the 
recommended total physical activity level.  
• Young adults in the 18 to 29 years age group (85.5%) had the highest level of 
sufficient total physical activity while the older adults aged 60 to 74 years had the 
lowest proportion at 74.2%.  
• The largest contributor to total physical activity per week was commuting (45.6%), 
followed by leisure-time physical activity (29.1%) and work-related physical activity 
(25.3%).   
• About one in three (33.7%) Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years reported 
having sufficient muscle-strengthening activities in 2023. 
• This was more common among younger adults aged 18 to 29 years (42.3%) while 
the proportion with sufficient muscle-strengthening activities dropped to around one-
third or less for those aged 30 to 74 years. 
• There was higher proportion of males (40.4%) with sufficient muscle-strengthening 
activities compared with females (27.3%). 
 
Introduction 
Physical activity is important for maintaining good health for all ages. For adults, it has 
been shown to reduce the risk of premature death in general and in particular the risk of 
developing cardiovascular diseases, hypertension and diabetes mellitus. In addition, 
physical activity improves mental and cognitive health, sleep and prevents unhealthy 
weight gain. In older adults aged 65 years and above, those who are physically active are 
less likely to experience falls and falls-related injuries and have better functional capacity 
and mobility to live longer independently (US Department of Health and Human Services 
2018; WHO 2020; WHO 2010).  


 
25 
 
Methodology 
An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used. Respondents were asked about the 
frequency, duration, and intensity of physical activity in the domain of work, transportation 
and leisure6 using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) Analysis Guide 
developed by WHO in 2014. Physical activity participation was assessed and could be 
achieved in one single session or accumulated in bouts of at least 10 minutes throughout 
the day. 
 
Total Physical Activity 
WHO guidelines recognise that participation in physical activity can be achieved across 
three domains: work-related activity (paid or unpaid work including household chores), 
transportation-related activity (e.g. walking or cycling while travelling to and from places) 
and leisure-time physical activity; and recommend that adults should do at least 150 
minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity or at least 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity 
physical activity or an equivalent combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity 
physical activity per week (WHO 2020; WHO 2010). This recommendation is equivalent 
to achieving a minimum of at least 600 MET7 minutes per week (i.e., having sufficient 
total physical activity). 
 
Prevalence of Sufficient Total Physical Activity 
In 2023, 78.5% of Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years had sufficient total physical 
activity (Table 3.1). More males (80.0%) compared with females (76.9%) were able to 
meet the recommended total physical activity level. Physical activity participation was 
observed to decrease with age - young adults in the 18 to 29 years age group (85.5%) 
had the highest level of sufficient total physical activity while the older adults aged 60 to 
74 years had the lowest proportion at 74.2%. A higher proportion of Indians (84.1%) had 
sufficient total physical activity than the Malays (80.1%) and Chinese (77.2%) (Graph 3.1). 
Residents with post-secondary education (80.8%) had higher sufficient total physical 
activity compared with residents with secondary (76.3%) or primary (68.9%) education 
(Table 3.2). The largest contributor to total physical activity per week was commuting 
(45.6%), followed by leisure-time physical activity (29.1%) and work-related physical 
activity (25.3%). 
 
6 Starting from NPHS 2022, the National Population Health Survey will no longer report the participation on 
leisure-time physical activity. For information regarding sports and exercise participation among Singapore 
residents, please refer to the National Sport Participation Survey (NSPS). 
 
7 MET (Metabolic Equivalents) is the ratio of a person’s working metabolic rate relative to the resting 
metabolic rate. 1MET is defined as the energy cost of sitting quietly and is equivalent to a caloric 
consumption of 1kcal/kg/hour. 


 
26 
 
Table 3.1: Age-specific prevalence (%) of sufficient total physical activity among 
Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years by sex, 2023 
Age (years) 
Total 
Males 
Females 
18-29 
85.5 
89.9 
81.0 
30-39 
79.0 
82.5 
75.7 
40-49 
77.4 
78.8 
76.1 
50-59 
77.0 
76.3 
77.8 
60-74 
74.2 
73.6 
74.8 
18-74 
78.5 
80.0 
76.9 
 
Graph 3.1: Crude prevalence (%) of sufficient total physical activity among 
Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years by sex and ethnicity, 2023 
 
 
Trends in Sufficient Total Physical Activity 
The decreasing trend in the proportion of residents with sufficient total physical activity 
was only significant for primary and secondary educated residents between 2007 and 
2023 but not at the overall level or for other subgroups (Table 3.2). Similar declines in 
sufficient total physical activity were observed in all subgroups in the period 2019 to 2023 
but the declines were all not significant. 
 
 
77.2
78.6
75.8
80.1
82.4
77.8
84.1
86.5
81.5
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
Total
Males
Females
Percent of respondents
Chinese
Malays
Indians


 
27 
 
Table 3.2: Prevalence (%) of sufficient total physical activity among Singapore 
residents aged 18 to 74 years by age, sex, education, and  
ethnicity, 2007 to 2023 
 
NHSS 
NHSS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
2007 
2013 
2017 
2019 
2020 
2021 
2022 
2023 
Total 
85.4 
79.5 
84.0 
(82.1, 86.0) 
84.6 
(83.2, 85.9) 
80.6 
(79.4, 81.8)a 
76.0 
(74.8, 77.2)a 
74.9 
(73.8, 76.1) 
78.5  
(77.3, 79.6)a 
ASR 
85.3 
78.9 
83.9 
84.6 
80.5 
76.1 
75.0 
78.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
18-29 
87.9 
86.9 
90.4 
(87.5, 93.4) 
88.2 
(85.4, 91.0) 
86.4 
(84.0, 88.8) 
81.9 
(79.1, 84.7) 
80.2  
(77.5, 82.8) 
85.5  
(82.7, 88.3) 
30-39 
83.2 
78.9 
84.6 
(81.0, 88.1) 
82.7 
(79.8, 85.5) 
81.4 
(78.6, 84.1) 
76.6 
(73.8, 79.3) 
75.5  
(73.0, 77.9) 
79.0  
(76.5, 81.4) 
40-49 
85.6 
78.5 
81.6 
(78.1, 85.1) 
86.1 
(83.7, 88.5) 
79.5 
(76.9, 82.2)a 
74.9 
(72.1, 77.7) 
75.7  
(73.4, 78.1) 
77.4  
(75.0, 79.8) 
50-59 
85.7 
78.1 
82.5 
(79.3, 85.7) 
83.2 
(80.1, 86.3) 
81.3 
(78.7, 83.9) 
78.0 
(75.3, 80.6) 
74.3  
(71.6, 77.0) 
77.0  
(74.4, 79.7) 
60-74 
84.6 
73.4 
80.5 
(76.7, 84.4) 
82.7 
(80.0, 85.3) 
74.7 
(71.9, 77.5)a 
69.6 
(67.0, 72.2) 
69.9  
(67.5, 72.2) 
74.2  
(71.9, 76.5) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Males 
85.2 
82.5 
84.6 
(82.1, 87.0) 
85.6 
(83.9, 87.3) 
80.4 
(78.6, 82.2)a 
78.1 
(76.4, 79.7) 
76.7  
(75.2, 78.3) 
80.0  
(78.5, 81.6)a 
Females 
85.7 
76.6 
83.5 
(81.1, 85.9) 
83.6 
(81.8, 85.5) 
80.7 
(79.1, 82.3) 
74.1 
(72.3, 75.9)a 
73.2  
(71.6, 74.8) 
76.9  
(75.3, 78.6)a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Primary  
87.7 
72.9 
83.7 
(79.9, 87.5) 
79.0 
(74.9, 83.1) 
75.1 
(71.8, 78.3) 
67.6 
(63.8, 71.3)a 
63.1  
(59.6, 66.6) 
68.9c  
(65.4, 72.5) 
Secondary 
87.4 
79.8 
82.6 
(79.6, 85.6) 
84.2 
(81.9, 86.5) 
78.5 
(76.2, 80.9)a 
74.5 
(72.1, 76.8) 
74.1  
(72.0, 76.3) 
76.3c  
(74.0, 78.5) 
Post- 
secondary 
83.0 
81.3 
84.9 
(82.7, 87.1) 
86.0 
(84.3, 87.6) 
82.5 
(81.0, 84.1)a 
78.1 
(76.5, 79.7)a 
77.3  
(75.9, 78.6) 
80.8  
(79.4, 82.2)a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Chinese 
84.3 
78.7 
83.4 
(81.2, 85.6) 
83.6 
(81.9, 85.2) 
79.7 
(78.2, 81.1)a 
74.9 
(73.4, 76.4)a 
73.1  
(71.8, 74.4) 
77.2  
(75.8, 78.5)a 
Malays 
87.9 
81.7 
87.1 
(83.6, 90.7) 
84.8 
(81.5, 88.1) 
80.5 
(77.1, 83.9) 
76.2 
(73.0, 79.4) 
79.4  
(76.6, 82.2) 
80.1  
(77.2, 83.0) 
Indians 
89.9 
81.6 
83.6 
(79.3, 88.0) 
91.1 
(88.7, 93.4)a 
86.5 
(83.4, 89.6) 
82.4 
(78.9, 85.9) 
80.9  
(77.6, 84.1) 
84.1  
(80.6, 87.6) 
Notes: (1) Figures in ( ) refer to the 95% confidence intervals. a Indicates that the results for any two consecutive survey years 
are significantly different statistically 5% significance level as the confidence intervals for these two survey years 
did not overlap (e.g. NPHS 2022 and NPHS 2023). 
 
(2) ASR: Age-standardised rate. The reference population used is Singapore Census 2020 resident population. 
 
(3) Analysis based on highest education attained served as a proxy to socio-economic factors. 
 
 
Primary education: No formal qualification/ Primary/ PSLE.  
 
 
Secondary education: Secondary/ GCE ‘O’/ ‘N’ level.  
 
 
Post-secondary education: GCE ‘A’ Level/ Polytechnic & other diploma/ Degree & professional qualification. 
(4) Data for NPHS 2017 for 60 to 74 years age group and residents with secondary education have been revised due to a 
coding error. 
(5) c Indicate statistically significant linear downward trend between 2007 and 2023 with p-value <0.05. 
 
 
 
 
 


 
28 
 
Muscle-Strengthening Activity 
WHO also recommends that adults should do muscle-strengthening activities involving 
the major muscle groups at least two days or more in a week. Muscle-strengthening 
activity refers to an activity or exercise that increases skeletal muscle strength, power, 
endurance and mass (e.g., strength training, resistance training or muscular strength and 
endurance exercises) and may involves the use of weight machines, exercise bands, 
hand-held weights or own body weight (e.g., push-ups or sit-ups) (WHO 2010; Bennie et 
al. 2019). The major muscle groups to work on include the legs, back, abdomen, chest, 
shoulders and arms (WHO 2010). It has been shown that muscle-strengthening exercises 
increase skeletal muscle strength and mass, bone density, ability to perform activities of 
daily living, improve cardiometabolic heath and reduce symptoms of anxiety and 
depression (Bennie et al. 2019).  
 
Methodology 
Information on muscles-strengthening activities were collected since 2020 using an 
interviewer administered questionnaire. Respondents were asked about the number of 
days in a typical week that they do physical activities or exercises to strengthen their 
muscles. Respondents must complete at least one set of exercises involving eight to 12 
repetitions to be counted as having done one day of muscle-strengthening activities. 
Respondents were classified as having sufficient muscle-strengthening activities if the 
frequency of muscle-strengthening activities are at least two days per week.  
 
Prevalence of Sufficient Muscle-Strengthening Activities 
About one in three (33.7%) Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years reported having 
sufficient muscle-strengthening activities in 2023 (Table 3.3). This was more common 
among younger adults aged 18 to 29 years (42.3%) while the proportion with sufficient 
muscle-strengthening activities dropped to around one-third or less for those aged 30 to 
74 years. Males (40.4%) had higher proportion with sufficient muscle-strengthening 
activities compared with females (27.3%). The proportion of males with sufficient muscle-
strengthening activities in the ages 18 to 29 years was almost twice that of females in the 
same age group and this difference narrowed for older age groups.  
 
 


 
29 
 
Table 3.3: Age-specific prevalence (%) of sufficient muscle-strengthening 
activities among Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years by sex, 2023 
Age (years) 
Total 
Males 
Females 
18-29 
42.3 
56.0 
28.2 
30-39 
34.0 
40.8 
27.8 
40-49 
31.7 
36.9 
26.9 
50-59 
31.3 
36.4 
26.4 
60-74 
29.9  
32.7 
27.2 
18-74 
33.7 
40.4 
27.3 
 
Among the ethnic groups, Indians had the highest proportion with sufficient muscle-
strengthening activities (41.9%) and for both sexes (males 45.2%, females 38.3%) 
(Graph 3.2). Similar proportion of Malay (34.0%) and Chinese (32.1%) residents reported 
having sufficient muscle-strengthening activities in 2023. Among the subgroups, Malay 
(26.1%) and Chinese (25.6%) females had the lowest participation in sufficient muscle-
strengthening activities. Residents with post-secondary education (38.0%) had higher 
proportion with sufficient muscle-strengthening activities compared with residents with 
secondary (28.2%) or primary (19.4%) education (Table 3.4). 
 
Graph 3.2: Crude prevalence (%) of sufficient muscle-strengthening activities 
among Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years by sex and ethnicity, 2023 
 
 
 
32.1
38.9
25.6
34.0
41.9
26.1
41.9
45.2
38.3
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
Total
Males
Females
Percent of respondents
Chinese
Malays
Indians


 
30 
 
Trends in Sufficient Muscle-Strengthening Activities 
The proportion of Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years with sufficient muscle-
strengthening activities remained stable from 33.7% to 35.5% between 2020 to 2023 
(Table 3.4).  
 
Table 3.4: Prevalence (%) of sufficient muscles-strengthening activities among 
Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years by age, sex, education  
and ethnicity, 2020 to 2023 
 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
2020 
2021 
2022 
2023 
Total 
33.8  
(32.3, 35.3) 
35.5  
(34.0, 37.0) 
34.5  
(33.3, 35.8) 
33.7 
(32.3, 35.0) 
ASR 
33.8 
35.6 
34.6 
33.7 
 
 
 
 
 
18-29 
44.1  
(40.2, 48.0) 
46.4  
(42.4, 50.5) 
45.8  
(42.4, 49.3) 
42.3 
(38.3, 46.2) 
30-39 
30.9  
(27.4, 34.4) 
37.0  
(33.8, 40.2) 
33.9  
(31.0, 36.7) 
34.0 
(31.0, 37.1) 
40-49 
33.5 
 (30.1, 36.8) 
30.8  
(27.8, 33.9) 
33.5  
(30.9, 36.1) 
31.7 
(29.0, 34.4) 
50-59 
35.5  
(32.0, 39.0) 
32.3  
(29.0, 35.6) 
31.6  
(28.7, 34.5) 
31.3 
(28.4, 34.2) 
60-74 
25.5  
(22.7, 28.3) 
31.3  
(28.8, 33.9)a 
28.8  
(26.4, 31.3) 
29.9 
(27.3, 32.4) 
 
 
 
 
 
Males 
40.1  
(37.8, 42.4) 
40.0  
(37.9, 42.1) 
40.2  
(38.3, 42.0) 
40.4 
(38.3, 42.4) 
Females 
27.8  
(25.8, 29.8) 
31.2  
(29.1, 33.2) 
29.1  
(27.4, 30.9) 
27.3 
(25.5, 29.0) 
 
 
 
 
 
Primary 
19.6  
(16.4, 22.8) 
21.0  
(17.6, 24.3) 
21.7  
(18.6, 24.7) 
19.4 
(16.3, 22.5) 
Secondary 
27.4  
(24.8, 30.0) 
30.5  
(28.0, 33.1) 
29.2  
(26.8, 31.6) 
28.2 
(25.7, 30.7) 
Post-secondary 
39.4  
(37.3, 41.5) 
40.1  
(38.1, 42.0) 
38.9  
(37.2, 40.6) 
38.0 
(36.2, 39.8) 
 
 
 
 
 
Chinese 
32.7  
(31.0, 34.5) 
34.5  
(32.8, 36.2) 
33.3  
(31.8, 34.8) 
32.1 
(30.5, 33.6) 
Malays 
32.7  
(28.5, 36.9) 
33.7  
(29.8, 37.7) 
33.9  
(30.5, 37.4) 
34.0 
(30.2, 37.8) 
Indians 
41.6  
(36.1, 47.1) 
41.7  
(36.8, 46.5) 
44.8  
(40.7, 49.0) 
41.9 
(36.7, 47.0) 
Notes: (1)  Figures in ( ) refer to the 95% confidence intervals. a Indicates that the results for any two consecutive 
survey years are significantly different statistically from the previous survey year at 5% significance level 
as the confidence intervals for these two survey years did not overlap (e.g. NPHS 2022 and NPHS 2023). 
(2) ASR: Age-standardised rate. The reference population used is Singapore Census 2020 resident 
population. 
(3) Analysis based on highest education attained served as a proxy to socio-economic factors. 
Primary education: No formal qualification/ Primary/ PSLE.  
Secondary education: Secondary/ GCE ‘O’/ ‘N’ level.  
Post-secondary education: GCE ‘A’ Level/ Polytechnic & other diploma/ Degree & professional 
qualification. 
 


 
31 
 
Chapter 4 
Self-reported Diabetes Mellitus 
 
Key Points 
• About one in 14 (7.3%) Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years reported that they 
had diabetes mellitus and were currently prescribed medication in 2023.  
• A higher proportion of males (8.1%) reported having diabetes compared to females 
(6.6%).  
• The prevalence of self-reported diabetes mellitus increased with age, from 1.0% in 
young adults aged 30 to 39 years to 22.3% among those aged 70 to 74 years. 
 
Introduction 
Diabetes mellitus represents a group of metabolic disorders characterised by high blood 
sugar (hyperglycemia) resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. 
Diabetes mellitus can lead to death and disability through long-term complications such 
as blindness, kidney failure, coronary heart disease and stroke. Type 2 diabetes is the 
more common form of diabetes, occurring mainly in older adults and is associated with 
obesity (WHO, 2019). 
 
Methodology 
An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to obtain an indication of the 
prevalence of known diabetes mellitus in the community. Respondents were asked 
whether they had ever been told by a western-trained doctor that they had diabetes and 
were currently prescribed medication for diabetes. Respondents who answered “yes” to 
both questions were classified as having “reported diabetes mellitus”. Diabetes mellitus 
prevalence estimates based on reported use of medication for diabetes mellitus are likely 
to be under-estimated as there will be a proportion of undiagnosed diabetics who were 
not aware of their condition at the time of the survey. Among those with self-reported 
diabetes, they were also asked on the frequency of doctor’s visit and place of treatment 
to manage their diabetes. 
  
 


 
32 
 
Prevalence of Self-reported Diabetes Mellitus 
The prevalence of self-reported diabetes among Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years 
was 7.3% (Table 4.1). A higher proportion of males (8.1%) were reported as diabetic 
compared to females (6.6%) and this pattern was also observed in all age groups. Self-
reported diabetes prevalence increased with age; from 1.0% among those aged 30 to 39 
years to 22.3% in those aged 70 to 74 years. Indians (13.5%) had the highest prevalence 
of self-reported diabetes, compared to Malays (10.7%) and Chinese (6.2%) (Graph 4.1). 
Residents with post-secondary (3.7%) education had lower self-reported diabetes 
prevalence compared to residents with secondary (12.1%) or primary education (18.8%) 
(Table 4.2). Residents with self-reported diabetes visited their doctors for the 
management of their diabetes about four times on average in the past 12 months, mainly 
in polyclinics (63.2%), private GP clinics (21.3%) and specialist outpatient clinics in public 
hospitals (12.6%).   
 
Table 4.1: Age-specific prevalence (%) of self-reported diabetes mellitus among 
Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years by sex, 2023 
Age (years) 
Total 
Males 
Females 
18-29 
s 
s 
s 
30-39 
1.0 
s 
s 
40-49 
2.8 
3.9 
2.3 
50-59 
10.5 
10.5 
9.9 
60-69 
19.1 
22.5 
16.5 
70-74 
22.3 
22.8 
20.1 
18-74 
7.3 
8.1 
6.6 
s: Data have been suppressed due to small counts or high sampling variability. 
 
Trends in Prevalence of Self-reported Diabetes Mellitus 
The crude and age-standardised prevalence of self-reported diabetes among 
Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years showed a significant increasing trend 
between 2007 and 2023 (Table 4.2). This significant increase was also observed 
among residents aged 60 to 69 years, and across all sexes, ethnic groups and 
education levels.  
 
On the other hand, for the most recent five year period, there was a significant 
decrease in the prevalence of self-reported diabetes for residents aged 40 to 49 years 
from 2019 (5.0%) to 2023 (2.8%). The  prevalence of self-reported diabetes for overall 
level and other subgroups remained stable during this period. 


 
33 
 
Graph 4.1: Crude prevalence (%) of self-reported diabetes mellitus among 
Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years by sex and ethnicity, 2023 
 
 
Table 4.2: Prevalence (%) of self-reported diabetes mellitus among Singapore 
residents aged 18 to 74 years by age, sex, education, and  
ethnicity, 2007 to 2023 
 
NHSS 
NHS 
NHSS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
2007 
2010 
2013 
2017 
2019 
2020 
2021 
2022 
2023 
Total 
4.9 
5.0 
5.4 
6.7  
(5.7, 7.7) 
6.9  
(6.1, 7.7) 
7.0  
(6.3, 7.8) 
6.9 
(6.2, 7.6) 
6.7 
(6.0, 7.3) 
7.3b 
(6.6, 8.0) 
ASR 
6.4 
6.1 
6.6 
7.1 
7.0 
7.1 
6.8 
6.5 
7.2b 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
18-29 
s 
s 
s 
s 
s 
s 
s 
s 
s 
30-39 
0.7 
s 
s 
s 
s 
1.7  
(0.8, 2.6) 
0.9  
(0.4, 1.3) 
s 
1.0 
(0.4, 1.5) 
40-49 
4.3 
2.6 
4.2 
4.3  
(2.5, 6.2) 
5.0  
(3.0, 7.0) 
4.3  
(3.1, 5.6) 
3.5  
(2.4, 4.6) 
2.8 
(1.9, 3.6) 
2.8e 
(1.9, 3.7) 
50-59 
8.2 
10.0 
8.1 
11.7  
(8.7, 14.6) 
9.8  
(7.7, 12.0) 
7.9  
(6.2, 9.6) 
9.3  
(7.6, 11.1) 
7.7 
(6.1, 9.2) 
10.5 
(8.6, 12.4) 
60-69 
17.1 
14.0 
14.8 
17.3  
(13.6, 21.0) 
17.0  
(14.1, 20.0) 
19.0  
(16.1, 22.0) 
18.3  
(15.7, 20.9) 
19.1 
(16.5, 21.6) 
19.1b 
(16.6, 21.6) 
70-74 
15.7 
16.8 
22.2 
14.8  
(9.9, 19.7) 
21.4  
(16.7, 26.0) 
21.0  
(16.6, 25.5) 
21.7  
(17.5, 26.0) 
19.6 
(16.1, 23.1) 
22.3 
(17.5, 27.1) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Males 
5.3 
5.1 
5.8 
7.7  
(6.1, 9.2) 
8.3  
(7.0, 9.5) 
7.2  
(6.0, 8.3) 
7.6  
(6.6, 8.7) 
7.6 
(6.6, 8.6) 
8.1b 
(7.0, 9.1) 
Females 
4.5 
4.9 
5.1 
5.7  
(4.5, 7.0) 
5.6  
(4.5, 6.6) 
6.9  
(6.0, 7.9) 
6.2  
(5.3, 7.1) 
5.8 
(4.9, 6.6) 
6.6b 
(5.7, 7.6) 
 
 
 
6.2
7.2
5.2
10.7
9.8
11.6
13.5
12.9
14.1
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
Total
Males
Females
Percent of respondents
Chinese
Malays
Indians


 
34 
 
Table 4.2: Prevalence (%) of self-reported diabetes mellitus among Singapore 
residents aged 18 to 74 years by age, sex, education, and  
ethnicity, 2007 to 2023 (continued) 
 
NHSS 
NHS 
NHSS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
2007 
2010 
2013 
2017 
2019 
2020 
2021 
2022 
2023 
Primary  
10.7 
11.4 
14.2 
12.3  
(9.4, 15.1) 
19.5  
(15.7, 23.3)a 
18.9  
(15.9, 22.0) 
19.7  
(16.8, 22.6) 
18.1 
(15.3, 20.8) 
18.8b 
(15.7, 22.0) 
Secondary 
5.6 
6.2 
6.8 
10.3  
(8.1, 12.4) 
10.0  
(8.1, 11.8) 
10.0  
(8.4, 11.6) 
10.6  
(8.9, 12.3) 
10.1 
(8.5, 11.6) 
12.1b 
(10.3, 13.9) 
Post-
secondary 
2.0 
1.9 
2.0 
3.0  
(2.1, 4.0) 
2.7  
(2.1, 3.4) 
3.4  
(2.7, 4.2) 
3.2 
(2.6, 3.8) 
3.4 
(2.8, 4.0) 
3.7b 
(3.0, 4.3) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Chinese 
4.1 
4.1 
4.6 
5.6  
(4.5, 6.7) 
6.2  
(5.3, 7.1) 
6.3  
(5.4, 7.1) 
5.7  
(5.0, 6.5) 
5.4 
(4.7, 6.1) 
6.2b 
(5.4, 6.9) 
Malays 
6.2 
7.5 
8.2 
8.2  
(5.3, 11.1) 
8.8  
(6.5, 11.1) 
8.2  
(6.1, 10.3) 
10.2  
(8.1, 12.4) 
10.7 
(8.3, 13.0) 
10.7b 
(8.6, 12.9) 
Indians 
10.8 
9.7 
9.6 
14.7  
(10.1, 19.3) 
11.5  
(8.8, 14.3) 
12.2  
(9.2, 15.2) 
13.5  
(10.2, 16.8) 
12.6 
(10.0, 15.2) 
13.5b 
(9.8, 17.2) 
Notes: (1) Figures in ( ) refer to the 95% confidence intervals. a Indicates that the results for any two consecutive survey 
years are significantly different statistically at 5% significance level as the confidence intervals for these two survey 
years did not overlap (e.g.  NPHS 2022 and NPHS 2023).  
 
(2) s: Data have been suppressed due to small counts or high sampling variability. 
 
(3) ASR: Age-standardised rate. The reference population used is Singapore Census 2020 resident population. 
 
(4) Analysis based on highest education attained served as a proxy to socio-economic factors. 
 
 
Primary education: No formal qualification/ Primary/ PSLE.  
 
 
Secondary education: Secondary/ GCE ‘O’/ ‘N’ level.  
 
 
Post-secondary education: GCE ‘A’ Level/ Polytechnic & other diploma/ Degree & professional qualification. 
(5) b Indicate statistically significant linear upward trend between 2007 and 2023 with p-value <0.05. 
(6) e Indicate statistically significant linear downward trend between 2019 and 2023 with p-value <0.05. 
 


 
35 
 
Chapter 5 
Self-reported Hypertension 
 
Key Points 
• In 2023, about one in six (15.0%) Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years reported 
that they had hypertension (or high blood pressure) and were currently prescribed 
medication.  
• A higher proportion of males (15.9%) reported having hypertension than females 
(14.2%).  
• The prevalence of self-reported hypertension increased with age, from 2.4% in 
young adults aged 30 to 39 years to 47.7% among those aged 70 to 74 years. 
 
Introduction 
Hypertension or high blood pressure is a condition in which the blood vessels have 
persistently raised pressure. It is often known as a silent killer as it rarely causes 
symptoms and many people go undiagnosed. Hypertension is one of the key risk factors 
for cardiovascular diseases such as heart attack, stroke and heart failure as well as other 
diseases like kidney failure. Dietary and lifestyle changes can improve blood pressure 
control and decrease the risk of associated health complications, although drug treatment 
may be necessary in patients for whom lifestyle changes prove ineffective or insufficient 
(WHO, 2013). 
 
Methodology 
An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to obtain an indication of the 
prevalence of known hypertension in the community. Respondents were asked whether 
they had ever been told by a western-trained doctor that they had high blood pressure 
and were currently prescribed medication for high blood pressure. Respondents who 
answered “yes” to both questions were classified as having “reported hypertension”. 
Hypertension prevalence estimates based on reported use of medication for high blood 
pressure are likely to be under-estimated as there will be a proportion of undiagnosed 
hypertensives who were not aware of their condition at the time of the survey. Among 
those with self-reported hypertension, they were also asked on the frequency of doctor’s 
visit and place of treatment to manage their hypertension. 


 
36 
 
Prevalence of Self-reported Hypertension 
The prevalence of self-reported hypertension among Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 
years was 15.0% (Table 5.1). A higher percentage of males (15.9%) were reported as 
hypertensive compared to females (14.2%) and this trend was observed across most age 
groups except for those aged 70 to 74 years. Self-reported hypertension prevalence was 
also found to increase with age, from 2.4% among younger adults aged 30 to 39 years to 
47.7% among older adults aged 70 to 74 years. Among the ethnic groups, Malays (18.9%) 
had the highest prevalence of self-reported hypertension, followed by Chinese (14.9%) 
and Indians (11.9%) (Graph 5.1). The prevalence of self-reported hypertension was 
higher among Malay and Indian males compared to females while the pattern was reverse 
among the Chinese where males had higher prevalence of self-reported hypertension 
than females.   
 
Residents with post-secondary education had much lower prevalence of self-reported 
hypertension (8.7%) compared to those with secondary (22.1%) or primary education 
(38.0%) (Table 5.2).  Residents with self-reported hypertension visited their doctors for 
the management of their high blood pressure about three times on average in the past 
12 months, mainly in polyclinics (53.7%), private GP clinics (30.8%) and specialist 
outpatient clinics in public hospitals (11.8%). 
 
Table 5.1: Age-specific prevalence (%) of self-reported hypertension among 
Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years by sex, 2023 
Age (years) 
Total 
Males 
Females 
18-29 
s 
s 
s 
30-39 
2.4 
3.0 
1.8 
40-49 
7.7 
8.8 
6.6 
50-59 
19.3 
20.0 
18.5 
60-69 
38.5 
41.3 
35.6 
70-74 
47.7 
45.7 
49.3 
18-74 
15.0 
15.9 
14.2 
s: Data have been suppressed due to small counts or high sampling variability.  
 
 
 


 
37 
 
Trends in Prevalence of Self-reported Hypertension 
There was a significant increase in the crude prevalence of self-reported hypertension 
between 2007 to 2023 but the age-standardised prevalence did not show a significant 
increase over the same period (Table 5.2). This increase was also observed among 
Chinese, in both sexes, and across all education levels.  
 
Between 2019 and 2023, the prevalence of self-reported hypertension at the overall 
level and for the other demographics profiles remained stable except for the 40 to 49 
years age group where the prevalence trended downward significantly. 
 
Graph 5.1: Crude prevalence (%) of self-reported hypertension among Singapore 
residents aged 18 to 74 years by sex and ethnicity, 2023 
 
 
 
 
14.9
16.5
13.3
18.9
15.9
21.8
11.9
11.7
12.1
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
Total
Males
Females
Percent of respondents
Chinese
Malays
Indians


 
38 
 
Table 5.2: Prevalence (%) of self-reported hypertension among Singapore 
residents aged 18 to 74 years by age, sex, education, and ethnicity,  
2007 to 2023 
 
NHSS 
NHS 
NHSS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
2007 
2010 
2013 
2017 
2019 
2020 
2021 
2022 
2023 
Total 
12.7 
14.0 
12.9 
12.7  
(11.4, 14.1) 
15.6  
(14.3, 16.9)a 
15.1  
(14.1, 16.2) 
15.7  
(14.6, 16.7) 
16.0 
(15.0, 16.9) 
15.0b 
(14.1, 16.0) 
ASR 
16.9 
17.2 
15.3 
13.8 
15.9 
15.3 
15.5 
15.6 
14.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
18-29 
s 
s 
s 
s 
s 
s 
s 
s 
s 
30-39 
2.1 
3.7 
2.7 
s 
s 
2.1  
(1.2, 3.1) 
2.0  
(1.1, 2.9) 
2.3 
(1.5, 3.1) 
2.4 
(1.2, 3.5) 
40-49 
8.1 
9.9 
8.4 
9.4  
(6.7, 12.0) 
9.0  
(7.0, 11.0) 
8.8  
(7.0, 10.5) 
8.5  
(6.6, 10.5) 
7.9 
(6.5, 9.2) 
7.7e 
(6.1, 9.2) 
50-59 
22.9 
24.5 
20.2 
20.7  
(17.1, 24.2) 
22.8  
(19.6, 25.9) 
18.8  
(16.1, 21.4) 
22.5  
(19.5, 25.4) 
22.0 
(19.4, 24.6) 
19.3 
(16.9, 21.7) 
60-69 
47.4 
42.4 
34.8 
31.0  
(26.2, 35.8) 
37.2  
(33.6, 40.8) 
39.7  
(36.1, 43.2) 
37.8  
(34.7, 40.9) 
38.8 
(35.8, 41.9) 
38.5 
(35.4, 41.6) 
70-74 
44.2 
45.3 
58.2 
46.8 
(39.0, 54.5) 
55.8  
(49.7, 61.9) 
51.1  
(45.3, 56.9) 
52.7  
(47.4, 58.0) 
53.0 
(48.3, 57.7) 
47.7 
(42.6, 52.8) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Males 
12.9 
14.8 
13.5 
13.8  
(11.8, 15.7) 
16.8  
(14.9, 18.7) 
15.9  
(14.3, 17.5) 
17.2  
(15.7, 18.7) 
17.7 
(16.3, 19.1) 
15.9b 
(14.5, 17.3) 
Females 
12.5 
13.2 
12.3 
11.7  
(10.1, 13.4) 
14.5  
(12.8, 16.1) 
14.4  
(13.0, 15.7) 
14.2  
(12.8, 15.7) 
14.4 
(13.1, 15.6) 
14.2b 
(13.0, 15.5) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Primary  
26.3 
30.1 
29.9 
25.9  
(21.5, 30.3) 
38.4  
(34.2, 42.6) a 
37.5  
(33.8, 41.2) 
39.1  
(35.2, 43.0) 
39.1 
(35.5, 42.6) 
38.0b 
(34.2, 41.8) 
Secondary 
13.9 
15.6 
15.8 
16.6  
(14.1, 19.2) 
21.2  
(18.9, 23.5) 
20.2  
(18.0, 22.3) 
23.0  
(20.6, 25.3) 
22.6 
(20.6, 24.7) 
22.1b 
(20.1, 24.2) 
Post-
secondary 
6.3 
7.2 
6.2 
6.9  
(5.4, 8.3) 
8.1  
(6.8, 9.4) 
8.6  
(7.4, 9.7) 
8.6  
(7.6, 9.7) 
9.4 
(8.4, 10.4) 
8.7b 
(7.7, 9.7) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Chinese 
13.3 
14.4 
13.4 
13.0  
(11.4, 14.6) 
15.8  
(14.3, 17.3) 
15.9  
(14.6, 17.1) 
15.7  
(14.5, 16.9) 
16.6 
(15.5, 17.7) 
14.9b 
(13.8, 16.0) 
Malays 
12.4 
14.3 
11.5 
10.5  
(7.9, 13.1) 
16.7  
(13.5, 20.0) a 
14.9  
(12.1, 17.8) 
15.8  
(13.1, 18.5) 
15.1 
(12.6, 17.6) 
18.9 
(15.9, 21.8) 
Indians 
10.1 
11.7 
11.6 
14.1  
(9.9, 18.3) 
12.6  
(9.6, 15.7) 
11.5  
(8.7, 14.3) 
15.3  
(11.7, 19.0) 
13.2 
(10.6, 15.8) 
11.9 
(9.0, 14.8) 
Notes: (1) Figures in ( ) refer to the 95% confidence intervals. a Indicates that the results for any two consecutive survey years 
are significantly different statistically at 5% significance level as the confidence intervals for these two survey years 
did not overlap (e.g. NPHS 2022 and NPHS 2023). 
 
(2) s: Data have been suppressed due to small counts or high sampling variability. 
 
(3) ASR: Age-standardised rate. The reference population used is Singapore Census 2020 resident population. 
 
(4) Analysis based on highest education attained served as a proxy to socio-economic factors. 
 
 
Primary education: No formal qualification/ Primary/ PSLE.  
 Secondary education: Secondary/ GCE ‘O’/ ‘N’ level.  
 Post-secondary education: GCE ‘A’ Level/ Polytechnic & other diploma/ Degree & professional qualification. 
 
(5) b Indicate statistically significant linear upward trend between 2007 and 2023 with p-value <0.05. 
 
(6) e Indicate statistically significant linear downward trend between 2019 and 2023 with p-value <0.05. 
 
 


 
39 
 
Chapter 6 
Self-reported Hyperlipidaemia 
 
Key Points 
• About one in six (15.3%) Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years reported that 
they had hyperlipidaemia (or high blood cholesterol) and were currently prescribed 
medication in 2023.  
• More males (16.9%) reported having high blood cholesterol than females (13.7%).  
• The prevalence of self-reported high blood cholesterol increased with age, from 
1.7% in young adults aged 30 to 39 years to 50.9% among those aged 70 to 74 
years. 
 
Introduction 
Hyperlipidaemia or high blood cholesterol is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease. 
Elevated blood cholesterol, in particular LDL-cholesterol, causes atherosclerosis and 
increases the risk for coronary heart disease. HDL-cholesterol has been shown to have 
a protective effect against coronary heart disease. Low HDL-cholesterol has been shown 
to be an important independent risk factor for development of coronary heart disease. 
Population-based (public health) approaches through the adoption of healthier lifestyle 
behaviours such as reduced dietary intake of saturated fats and cholesterol, being more 
physically active, and better weight control as well as clinical management of those 
persons at increased risk are important factors in lowering the cholesterol levels in the 
population (JAMA 2001; NIH 2002). 
 
Methodology 
An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to obtain an indication of the 
prevalence of known high blood cholesterol in the community. Respondents were asked 
whether they had ever been told by a western-trained doctor that they had high blood 
cholesterol and were currently prescribed medication for high blood cholesterol. 
Respondents who answered “yes” to both questions were classified as having “reported 
high blood cholesterol”. High blood cholesterol prevalence estimates based on reported 
use of medication for high blood cholesterol are likely to be under-estimated as there will 
be a proportion of residents with undiagnosed high blood cholesterol who were aware of 
their condition at the time of the survey. Among those with self-reported high blood 
cholesterol, they were also asked on the frequency of doctor’s visit and place of treatment 
to manage their high blood cholesterol. 


 
40 
 
Prevalence of Self-reported Hyperlipidaemia 
The prevalence of self-reported high blood cholesterol among Singapore residents aged 
18 to 74 years was 15.3% (Table 6.1). Overall, a higher proportion of males (16.9%) 
reported having hyperlipidaemia compared to females (13.7%). This was observed 
across all age groups and ethnicities except for older adults aged 70 to 74 years, where 
a higher proportion of females (54.2%) reported having high blood cholesterol compared 
to males (47.1%). The prevalence of self-reported high blood cholesterol was also found 
to increase with age, from 1.7% among younger adults aged 30 to 39 years to 50.9% 
among those aged 70 to 74 years.  
 
Malays (16.4%) had slightly higher prevalence of self-reported high blood cholesterol 
among the ethnic groups compared to Indians (15.5%) and Chinese (15.2%) (Graph 6.1). 
Close to two in five (37.5%) residents with primary education reported having high blood 
cholesterol, which was higher than those with secondary (22.2%) or post-secondary 
education (9.1%). Residents with self-reported hyperlipidaemia visited their doctors for 
the management of their high blood cholesterol about three times on average in the past 
12 months, mainly in polyclinics (56.2%), private GP clinics (26.7%) and specialist 
outpatient clinics in public hospitals (11.5%).   
 
Table 6.1: Age-specific prevalence (%) of self-reported hyperlipidaemia among 
Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years by sex, 2023 
Age (years) 
Total 
Males 
Females 
18-29 
s 
s 
s 
30-39 
1.7 
2.6 
s 
40-49 
7.2 
10.7 
3.9 
50-59 
19.3 
22.6 
16.1 
60-69 
39.4 
42.1 
36.7 
70-74 
50.9 
47.1 
54.2 
18-74 
15.3 
16.9 
13.7 
s: Data have been suppressed due to small counts or high sampling variability. 
 
 
 


 
41 
 
Trends in Prevalence of Self-reported Hyperlipidaemia 
The crude prevalence of self-reported hyperlipidaemia increased significantly from 
2007 to 2023 (Table 6.2) while the age-standardised prevalence did not show similar 
trend over the same period. There were significant increases observed among older 
adults aged 70 to 74 years, in both sexes, across all education levels, and among 
Chinese and Indians over the same period.  
 
Between 2019 and 2023, significant increases were also seen among females and 
older adults aged 60 to 74 years while the prevalence for other subgroups remained 
stable.  
 
Graph 6.1: Crude prevalence (%) of self-reported hyperlipidaemia among 
Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years by sex and ethnicity, 2023 
 
 
 
 
15.2
17.0
13.5
16.4
17.2
15.7
15.5
16.0
15.0
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
Total
Males
Females
Percent of respondents
Chinese
Malays
Indians


 
42 
 
Table 6.2: Prevalence (%) of self-reported hyperlipidaemia among Singapore 
residents aged 18 to 74 years by age, sex, education, and 
ethnicity, 2007 to 2023 
 
NHSS 
NHS 
NHSS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
2007 
2010 
2013 
2017 
2019 
2020 
2021 
2022 
2023 
Total 
8.2 
12.3 
10.4 
11.0  
(9.7, 12.3) 
13.6  
(12.5, 14.6)a 
13.1  
(12.1, 14.1) 
13.9  
(12.9, 14.9) 
14.1  
(13.2, 15.0) 
15.3b 
(14.3, 16.2) 
ASR 
10.8 
15.6 
12.4 
11.8 
13.8 
13.3 
13.7 
13.8 
15.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
18-29 
s 
s 
s 
s 
s 
s 
s 
s 
s 
30-39 
2.1 
2.4 
1.3 
1.7  
(0.7, 2.7) 
1.6  
(0.7, 2.5) 
s 
1.1  
(0.5, 1.8) 
1.7  
(1.0, 2.4) 
1.7  
(1.0, 2.5) 
40-49 
5.0 
7.2 
6.7 
6.4  
(4.3, 8.6) 
7.6  
(6.0, 9.1) 
7.1  
(5.5, 8.8) 
6.6  
(5.1, 8.2) 
5.1  
(4.0, 6.2) 
7.2  
(5.7, 8.6) 
50-59 
15.9 
22.9 
17.9 
19.9  
(16.2, 23.6) 
22.1  
(19.1, 25.1) 
18.5  
(15.7, 21.2) 
20.9  
(17.6, 24.1) 
20.2  
(17.6, 22.8) 
19.3  
(16.8, 21.8) 
60-69 
29.0 
37.7 
28.7 
26.3  
(22.0, 30.7) 
33.5  
(30.0, 36.9) 
34.3  
(30.8, 37.8) 
35.8  
(32.6, 38.9) 
35.9  
(32.9, 38.9) 
39.4d  
(36.3, 42.5) 
70-74 
25.3 
46.8 
40.7 
36.5  
(29.4, 43.6) 
42.4  
(35.9, 48.8) 
43.4  
(37.7, 49.2) 
43.4  
(38.2, 48.7) 
49.1  
(44.4, 53.8) 
50.9b,d  
(45.8, 56.1) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Males 
8.6 
12.4 
10.7 
12.4  
(10.6, 14.2) 
15.3  
(13.6, 16.9) 
13.9  
(12.4, 15.5) 
15.2  
(13.7, 16.8) 
15.0  
(13.7, 16.3) 
16.9b  
(15.5, 18.4) 
Females 
7.9 
12.1 
10.1 
9.6  
(8.2, 11.1) 
12.0  
(10.6, 13.3) 
12.3  
(11.0, 13.6) 
12.6  
(11.2, 14.0) 
13.3  
(12.1, 14.5) 
13.7b,d 
(12.4, 15.0) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Primary  
17.6 
26.0 
23.1 
22.6  
(18.7, 26.5) 
34.8  
(31.1, 38.5)a 
33.2  
(29.7, 36.8) 
29.5  
(26.3, 32.8) 
37.1  
(33.6, 40.7)a 
37.5b  
(33.8, 41.3) 
Secondary 
8.1 
13.4 
13.3 
14.6  
(12.0, 17.1) 
18.5  
(16.3, 20.6) 
17.0  
(14.9, 19.0) 
23.5  
(21.0, 25.9)a 
20.8  
(18.7, 22.8) 
22.2b  
(20.0, 24.4) 
Post-
secondary 
4.6 
6.7 
4.8 
5.8  
(4.6, 7.0) 
6.7  
(5.7, 7.8) 
7.7  
(6.5, 8.8) 
7.2  
(6.2, 8.3) 
7.6  
(6.8, 8.5) 
9.1b  
(8.1, 10.1) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Chinese 
8.5 
12.1 
10.3 
11.1  
(9.7, 12.6) 
13.9  
(12.6, 15.1) 
13.5  
(12.3, 14.7) 
14.0  
(12.8, 15.2) 
14.5  
(13.4, 15.5) 
15.2b  
(14.1, 16.3) 
Malays 
8.0 
12.8 
10.4 
8.3  
(5.2, 11.4) 
13.4  
(10.6, 16.2) 
11.5  
(9.0, 13.9) 
13.1  
(10.8, 15.5) 
13.4  
(10.9, 15.8) 
16.4  
(13.8, 19.1) 
Indians 
7.7 
15.0 
11.5 
14.3  
(9.8, 18.7) 
12.5  
(9.6, 15.4) 
15.2  
(11.8, 18.7) 
15.8  
(11.9, 19.6) 
14.7  
(11.9, 17.5) 
15.5b  
(11.7, 19.4) 
Notes: (1) Figures in ( ) refer to the 95% confidence intervals. a Indicates that the results for any two consecutive survey 
years are significantly different statistically at 5% significance level as the confidence intervals for these two survey 
years did not overlap (e.g. NPHS 2022 and NPHS 2023). 
 
(2) s: Data have been suppressed due to small counts or high sampling variability. 
 
(3) ASR: Age-standardised rate. The reference population used is Singapore Census 2020 resident population. 
 
(4) Analysis based on highest education attained served as a proxy to socio-economic factors. 
 
 
Primary education: No formal qualification/ Primary/ PSLE.  
 
 Secondary education: Secondary/ GCE ‘O’/ ‘N’ level.  
 
 Post-secondary education: GCE ‘A’ Level/ Polytechnic & other diploma/ Degree & professional qualification. 
(5) b Indicate statistically significant linear upward trend between 2007 and 2023 with p-value <0.05. 
(6) d Indicate statistically significant linear upward trend between 2019 and 2023 with p-value <0.05. 
 
 
 
 


 
43 
 
Chapter 7 
Chronic Disease Screening 
 
Key Points 
• Among Singapore residents aged 40 to 74 years with no previous diagnosis of 
diabetes, high blood pressure, and high blood cholesterol (“DHL”), (i.e. not told by 
a doctor that they have these diseases), about three-fifths (62.6%) were screened 
for all three health conditions within the recommended screening guidelines in 2023. 
• Among Singapore residents aged 40 to 74 years without known diabetes, 76.7% 
had their blood glucose tested within the past three years. 
• Among Singapore residents aged 40 to 74 years without known high blood 
pressure, 82.7% did their blood pressure check in the past two years.  
• Among Singapore residents aged 40 to 74 years without known high blood 
cholesterol, 74.7% were screened within the past three years. 
 
Introduction 
Health screening is an effective strategy for disease prevention in the population. It is 
important to go for appropriate and regular health screening as it helps to detect risk 
factors or diseases early even when there are no symptoms. Early detection of diabetes 
mellitus, high blood pressure and high blood cholesterol could result in better treatment, 
fewer complications and increased chances of better outcomes (HPB, 2019). 
 
Methodology 
An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used. Respondents were asked whether 
they were ever told by a doctor that they had diabetes, high blood pressure or high blood 
cholesterol. Respondents who reported that they were not told by a doctor that they have 
diabetes or high blood cholesterol were asked on the last time they had a blood test to 
check for these health conditions. Those who were not told by a doctor to have high blood 
pressure were asked on the last time they had checked their blood pressure. 
Respondents were also asked where they last had their screening for these chronic 
diseases. The national “Screen for Life” (SFL) screening programme which takes 
reference 
from 
the 
Screening 
Test 
Review 
Committee’s 
recommendations, 
recommended that Singapore residents aged 40 years and above to go for diabetes and 
hyperlipidaemia screening once every three years and hypertension screening once 
every two years.   


 
44 
 
Practice of Health Screening 
Health screening practice was relatively common among Singapore residents aged 40 to 
74 years who were not told by a doctor to have any chronic diseases (diabetes, high blood 
pressure and high blood cholesterol (DHL)). 62.6% of them were screened for all three 
health conditions within the recommended screening guidelines in 2023 (Table 7.1). The 
majority of them with no known DHL were screened at the private GP clinics at 39.7%, 
followed by polyclinics (17.1%), specialist outpatient clinics in public hospitals (11.8%) 
and specialist outpatient clinics in private hospitals (10.3%) 
 
Health screening practice was found to be more prevalent among older adults aged 70 to 
74 years, with two-thirds of them (66.0%) having screened for all three health conditions 
within the recommended screening guidelines. Among the ethnic groups, Indians (78.4%) 
had a higher screening prevalence for all three chronic diseases, followed by Chinese 
(61.4%) and Malays (52.6%). Singapore residents with post-education (67.6%) were 
more likely to have gone for chronic disease screening compared to those with lower 
education level (primary education: 51.6%, secondary education: 55.6%). 
 
Looking at individual chronic disease alone regardless of the co-morbidity with the other 
two chronic diseases, 76.7% of adults aged 40 to 74 years without known diabetes were 
screened for diabetes within the past three years, 82.7% of those without known high 
blood pressure had their blood pressure checked within the past two years, and 74.7% of 
them with no previous diagnosis of high blood cholesterol were screened for this health 
condition within the past three years (Tables 7.3 to 7.5).   
 
Trends in Health Screening 
Looking at the trend data over the period from 2007 to 2023, significant increases in the 
screening participation for residents with no previous diagnosis of DHL were observed 
among those aged 40 to 49 years and those with post-secondary education (Table 7.2). 
The overall and age-standardised chronic disease screening participation did not show 
significant upward trend between 2007 and 2023. 
 
For the individual chronic disease, the crude proportion of residents who had diabetes 
and hypertension screening increased significantly from 2007 to 2023 while the 
proportion screening for hyperlipidaemia did not show significant upward trend over the 
same period (Tables 7.3 to 7.5).  For diabetes, the screening participation improved in 
the age groups of 40 to 49 years and 70 to 74 years; in both sexes, among Chinese and 
Indians, and those with post-secondary education. For hypertension, the significant 
improvements were observed for both sexes and those aged 40 to 49 years.  


 
45 
 
Between 2019 and 2023, the screening participation for residents without known DHL 
and for the individual chronic disease fell, though the decrease was not significant. 
Significant decreases in diabetes screening participation were observed among 
Singapore residents in the age group of 40 to 49 years and among males, Chinese and 
Indians during this period.  
 
Table 7.1: Health screening practice (%) among Singapore residents who did not 
have any of the corresponding self-reported chronic diseases aged  
40 to 74 years by socio-demographic characteristics, 2023 
Characteristic 
Screened for 
all 3 diseases 
within the 
recommended 
intervals 
Diabetes 
screening 
at least 
once in 
the past 3 
years 
Hypertension 
screening at 
least once in 
the past 2 
years 
High blood 
cholesterol  
screening at 
least once in 
the past 3 
years 
Total 
62.6 
76.7 
82.7 
74.7 
 
 
 
 
 
Age (years) 
 
 
 
 
40-49 
62.8 
72.8 
82.3 
72.4 
50-59 
63.3 
75.9 
82.4 
74.4 
60-69 
60.2 
79.8 
82.8 
76.8 
70-74 
66.0 
86.4 
86.8 
83.1 
 
 
 
 
 
Sex 
 
 
 
 
Males 
61.9 
77.2 
81.7 
74.9 
Females 
63.3 
76.3 
83.6 
74.6 
 
 
 
 
 
Highest Education 
Attained 
 
 
 
 
Primary 
51.6 
71.4 
77.9 
68.8 
Secondary 
55.6 
73.7 
80.8 
70.5 
Post-secondary 
67.6 
79.5 
84.6 
78.0 
 
 
 
 
 
Ethnic group 
 
 
 
 
Chinese 
61.4 
76.5 
81.2 
74.3 
Malays 
52.6 
71.1 
80.8 
68.3 
Indians 
78.4 
83.0 
94.0 
83.9 
Note: Analysis based on highest education attained served as a proxy to socio-economic factors. 
 
 Primary education: No formal qualification/ Primary/ PSLE.  
 
 Secondary education: Secondary/ GCE ‘O’/ ‘N’ level.  
 
 Post-secondary education: GCE ‘A’ Level/ Polytechnic & other diploma/ Degree & professional qualification. 
 


 
46 
 
Table 7.2: Chronic disease screening participation (%) among Singapore 
residents who did not have any of the self-reported chronic diseases aged  
40 to 74 years by age, sex, education, and ethnicity, 2007 to 2023 
 
NHSS 
NHS 
NHSS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
2007 
2010 
2013 
2017 
2019 
2020 
2021 
2022 
2023 
Total 
58.1 
45.2 
56.0 
66.4  
(63.1, 69.6) 
66.3  
(63.7, 68.9) 
63.0  
(60.4, 65.6) 
59.2  
(56.7, 61.8) 
60.3  
(58.1, 62.4) 
62.6  
(60.5, 64.8) 
ASR 
62.0 
45.2 
56.9 
68.3 
68.2 
63.3 
59.4 
60.8 
62.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
40-49 
54.5 
44.7 
55.0 
60.7  
(56.2, 65.1) 
62.6  
(58.6, 66.6) 
62.5  
(58.5, 66.6) 
60.8  
(56.8, 64.7) 
59.5  
(56.4, 62.6) 
62.8b  
(59.5, 66.1) 
50-59 
60.4 
47.9 
54.8 
69.1  
(63.6, 74.5) 
66.2  
(61.5, 70.9) 
63.1  
(58.6, 67.6) 
55.3  
(50.5, 60.1) 
58.3  
(54.3, 62.4) 
63.3  
(59.4, 67.2) 
60-69 
68.6 
37.4 
61.8 
71.1  
(64.6, 77.5) 
72.1  
(67.3, 77.0) 
62.9  
(57.2, 68.5) 
58.6  
(53.5, 63.6) 
64.6  
(59.5, 69.7) 
60.2  
(55.0, 65.5) 
70-74 
68.9 
53.3 
56.9 
85.2  
(77.2, 93.2) 
79.0  
(71.6, 86.3) 
66.7  
(54.3, 79.0) 
72.6  
(64.8, 80.4) 
63.2  
(53.8, 72.6) 
66.0  
(57.7, 74.3) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Males 
59.9 
47.8 
55.0 
65.9  
(61.3, 70.5) 
67.5  
(63.5, 71.5) 
63.9  
(60.2, 67.7) 
61.3  
(57.9, 64.6) 
59.2  
(56.0, 62.5) 
61.9  
(58.6, 65.1) 
Females 
56.4 
42.8 
56.9 
66.8  
(62.6, 71.0) 
65.2  
(61.7, 68.8) 
62.2  
(58.7, 65.8) 
57.5  
(53.7, 61.3) 
61.1  
(58.2, 64.0) 
63.3  
(60.3, 66.2) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Primary 
57.8 
32.7 
43.7 
60.9  
(53.3, 68.6) 
57.2  
(50.7, 63.8) 
50.4  
(44.3, 56.6) 
56.4  
(49.9, 62.9) 
54.6  
(48.7, 60.6) 
51.6  
(45.1, 58.1) 
Secondary 
57.6 
45.4 
53.7 
64.4  
(59.0, 69.7) 
61.1  
(56.7, 65.6) 
55.9  
(51.2, 60.7) 
50.1  
(45.2, 54.9) 
54.1  
(49.9, 58.3) 
55.6  
(51.4, 59.8) 
Post-
secondary 
59.0 
54.1 
64.5 
71.0  
(66.7, 75.4) 
71.4  
(67.8, 75.1) 
69.8  
(66.3, 73.3) 
64.1  
(60.8, 67.4) 
64.1 
(61.3, 66.9) 
67.6b 
(64.9, 70.4) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Chinese 
57.2 
44.6 
55.7 
65.8  
(62.1, 69.5) 
64.9  
(61.8, 67.9) 
63.5  
(60.6, 66.5) 
59.7  
(56.7, 62.7) 
58.7  
(56.2, 61.2) 
61.4  
(58.9, 63.9) 
Malays 
57.2 
40.0 
48.2 
62.2  
(53.4, 71.1) 
64.4  
(56.4, 72.3) 
48.4  
(39.7, 57.0) 
48.3  
(40.5, 56.0) 
59.0  
(52.5, 65.5) 
52.6  
(45.5, 59.7) 
Indians 
70.1 
59.3 
68.9 
80.0  
(71.9, 88.1) 
78.7  
(71.7, 85.7) 
75.4  
(68.3, 82.5) 
65.7  
(58.7, 72.7) 
71.9  
(66.0, 77.8) 
78.4  
(72.9, 83.9) 
 
 
 


 
47 
 
Table 7.3: Diabetes screening participation (%) among Singapore residents who 
did not have self-reported diabetes aged 40 to 74 years by age, sex,  
education, and ethnicity, 2007 to 2023 
 
NHSS 
NHS 
NHSS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
2007 
2010 
2013 
2017 
2019 
2020 
2021 
2022 
2023 
Total 
72.4 
63.9 
70.3 
77.8  
(75.6, 80.0) 
81.0  
(79.3, 82.8) 
78.5  
(76.8, 80.3) 
76.6  
(74.9, 78.2) 
77.4  
(75.9, 78.8) 
76.7b  
(75.2, 78.2) 
ASR 
74.5 
66.4 
71.8 
78.7 
81.5 
78.8 
76.7 
77.6 
77.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
40-49 
67.3 
58.3 
65.9 
71.4  
(67.7, 75.1) 
75.4  
(72.0, 78.8) 
75.2  
(72.0, 78.5) 
74.2  
(71.4, 77.0) 
74.1  
(71.7, 76.5) 
72.8b,e  
(70.2, 75.4) 
50-59 
74.8 
64.4 
68.9 
80.0  
(76.2, 83.7) 
81.4  
(78.3, 84.5) 
79.0  
(75.9, 82.1) 
73.8  
(70.5, 77.1) 
75.3  
(72.4, 78.1) 
75.9  
(73.1, 78.6) 
60-69 
80.0 
73.9 
78.1 
81.7  
(77.3, 86.2) 
85.7  
(83.1, 88.3) 
79.8  
(76.4, 83.2) 
79.2  
(76.3, 82.1) 
81.8  
(79.0, 84.6) 
79.8  
(77.0, 82.7) 
70-74 
79.9 
71.8 
84.2 
92.1  
(87.7, 96.6) 
91.2  
(87.9, 94.5) 
87.8  
(83.1, 92.6) 
90.0  
(87.1, 93.0) 
85.8  
(82.1, 89.5) 
86.4b  
(83.1, 89.7) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Males 
73.1 
64.7 
70.2 
78.9  
(75.8, 82.0) 
82.6  
(80.2, 84.9) 
80.8  
(78.4, 83.1) 
78.6  
(76.5, 80.7) 
78.0 
(75.9, 80.1) 
77.2b,e  
(75.0, 79.3) 
Females 
71.8 
63.0 
70.5 
76.9  
(73.8, 80.0) 
79.7  
(77.1, 82.3) 
76.4  
(73.8, 79.1) 
74.7  
(72.2, 77.1) 
76.8  
(74.8, 78.9) 
76.3b  
(74.2, 78.3) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Primary 
70.7 
58.4 
63.9 
75.4  
(70.6,80.3) 
77.8  
(74.4, 81.2) 
73.8  
(69.8, 77.8) 
75.2  
(71.3, 79.0) 
76.3 
(72.7, 79.9) 
71.4  
(67.3, 75.6) 
Secondary 
72.2 
61.7 
69.0 
75.8  
(72.0, 79.6) 
79.7  
(77.1, 82.3) 
74.6  
(71.2, 78.0) 
72.7  
(69.5, 75.9) 
74.3  
(71.6, 77.0) 
73.7  
(71.0, 76.5) 
Post- 
secondary 
74.4 
71.0 
76.0 
81.3  
(78.1, 84.5) 
83.0  
(80.4, 85.7) 
82.2  
(79.8, 84.7) 
79.2  
(77.1, 81.3) 
79.3 
(77.3, 81.3) 
79.5b  
(77.6, 81.4) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Chinese 
72.7 
64.4 
70.0 
76.9  
(74.4, 79.5) 
80.5  
(78.5, 82.5) 
78.9  
(76.9, 80.8) 
76.6  
(74.7, 78.5) 
76.8  
(75.1, 78.5) 
76.5b,e  
(74.8, 78.2) 
Malays 
68.4 
54.5 
65.7 
76.5  
(69.6, 83.3) 
77.7  
(71.9, 83.4) 
69.8  
(63.2, 76.4) 
69.1  
(63.8, 74.3) 
72.8  
(67.8, 77.7) 
71.1  
(66.4, 75.9) 
Indians 
79.2 
74.2 
79.9 
88.1  
(82.3, 94.0) 
89.3  
(84.8, 93.8) 
88.0  
(83.0, 93.0) 
85.1  
(81.0, 89.2) 
86.0  
(82.3, 89.7) 
83.0b,e  
(78.8, 87.2) 
 
 
 


 
48 
 
Table 7.4: Hypertension screening participation (%) among Singapore residents 
who did not have self-reported hypertension aged 40 to 74 years by age,  
sex, education, and ethnicity, 2007 to 2023 
 
NHSS 
NHS 
NHSS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
2007 
2010 
2013 
2017 
2019 
2020 
2021 
2022 
2023 
Total 
77.7 
79.9 
77.8 
82.9  
(80.8, 85.0) 
86.0  
(84.4, 87.6) 
83.3  
(81.4, 85.1) 
82.4  
(80.7, 84.1) 
80.7  
(79.2, 82.2) 
82.7b  
(81.2, 84.2) 
ASR 
79.6 
80.1 
78.8 
84.0 
86.6 
83.6 
82.6 
81.1 
82.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
40-49 
75.8 
78.3 
76.4 
79.9  
(76.1, 83.6) 
84.6  
(81.6, 87.6) 
82.7  
(79.6, 85.8) 
81.9  
(79.2, 84.6) 
78.5  
(76.0, 80.9) 
82.3b  
(79.9, 84.7) 
50-59 
77.5 
82.9 
76.2 
81.6  
(78.1, 85.2) 
85.7  
(82.9, 88.5) 
83.0  
(79.8, 86.1) 
79.7  
(76.3, 83.1) 
79.9  
(77.0, 82.8) 
82.4  
(79.7, 85.0) 
60-69 
85.0 
78.5 
84.4 
88.3  
(84.6, 92.1) 
88.1  
(85.2, 91.1) 
84.8  
(81.4, 88.3) 
85.3  
(82.5, 88.2) 
85.0  
(82.2, 87.8) 
82.8  
(79.4, 86.2) 
70-74 
82.2 
79.5 
79.3 
 94.1  
(89.9, 98.3) 
90.8  
(86.3, 95.2) 
83.6  
(75.0, 92.1) 
89.7  
(85.6, 93.8) 
83.2  
(77.4, 89.0) 
86.8  
(81.8, 91.8) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Males 
77.1 
80.5 
77.0 
81.3  
(77.8, 84.8) 
85.5  
(83.1, 88.0) 
83.2  
(80.6, 85.8) 
81.8  
(79.4, 84.2) 
81.0  
(78.8, 83.2) 
81.7b  
(79.4, 83.9) 
Females 
78.2 
79.4 
78.5 
84.4  
(81.7, 87.0) 
86.5  
(84.3, 88.6) 
83.4  
(80.8, 86.0) 
82.9  
(80.5, 85.3) 
80.4  
(78.3, 82.5) 
83.6b  
(81.6, 85.7) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Primary 
76.5 
72.9 
68.7 
80.1  
(75.0, 85.2) 
78.4  
(74.2, 82.6) 
78.4  
(74.2, 82.6) 
80.4  
(76.3, 84.6) 
78.7  
(74.8, 82.6) 
77.9  
(73.3, 82.6) 
Secondary 
79.9 
80.5 
76.7 
82.3  
(78.7, 86.0) 
85.4  
(82.9, 87.8) 
79.2  
(75.6, 82.8)a 
81.7  
(78.4, 85.1) 
79.9  
(76.9, 82.8) 
80.8  
(77.9, 83.6) 
Post-
secondary 
75.6 
84.6 
84.2 
85.2  
(82.1, 88.4) 
88.7  
(86.5, 91.0) 
86.8  
(84.3, 89.2) 
83.2  
(81.0, 85.3) 
81.6  
(79.6, 83.6) 
84.6  
(82.7, 86.5) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Chinese 
76.7 
79.9 
76.9 
82.2  
(79.8, 84.6) 
85.8  
(84.0, 87.7) 
83.1  
(81.0, 85.2) 
81.6  
(79.6, 83.6) 
79.1  
(77.3, 80.9) 
81.2  
(79.4, 83.0) 
Malays 
79.3 
76.6 
76.4 
82.6  
(76.3, 88.8) 
81.4  
(76.0, 86.8) 
74.7  
(67.3, 82.0) 
83.8  
(79.5, 88.0) 
83.1  
(78.6, 87.6) 
80.8  
(76.2, 85.4) 
Indians 
87.6 
86.7 
86.7 
92.8  
(88.4, 97.3) 
92.5  
(88.5, 96.5) 
92.4  
(89.0, 95.9) 
87.2  
(82.9, 91.5) 
88.9  
(85.4, 92.3) 
94.0  
(91.5, 96.5) 
 
 
 
 


 
49 
 
Table 7.5: Hyperlipidaemia screening participation (%) among Singapore 
residents who did not have self-reported hyperlipidaemia aged 40 to 74 years  
by age, sex, education, and ethnicity, 2007 to 2023 
 
NHSS 
NHS 
NHSS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
2007 
2010 
2013 
2017 
2019 
2020 
2021 
2022 
2023 
Total 
78.1 
61.1 
73.0 
78.2  
(75.9, 80.5) 
77.9  
(76.0, 79.9) 
76.5  
(74.5, 78.6) 
72.5  
(70.5, 74.5) 
75.0  
(73.3, 76.7) 
74.7  
(73.0, 76.4) 
ASR 
80.8 
62.7 
74.5 
79.4 
78.9 
77.0 
72.8 
75.6 
75.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
40-49 
74.8 
59.3 
70.8 
73.0  
(69.2, 76.7) 
73.3  
(69.7, 76.8) 
74.5  
(71.1, 78.0) 
71.6  
(68.3, 74.8) 
71.8  
(69.2, 74.5) 
72.4  
(69.6, 75.2) 
50-59 
79.9 
62.9 
70.7 
78.7  
(74.6, 82.9) 
76.9  
(73.3, 80.5) 
75.3  
(71.7, 79.0) 
68.7  
(64.7, 72.7) 
74.4  
(71.2, 77.5) 
74.4  
(71.3, 77.4) 
60-69 
86.2 
63.1 
79.4 
84.1  
(80.0, 88.2) 
84.0  
(80.9, 87.1) 
79.0  
(75.2, 82.8) 
74.4  
(70.6, 78.1) 
78.6  
(75.1, 82.2) 
76.8  
(73.1, 80.5) 
70-74 
77.9 
61.5 
84.8 
90.3  
(85.0, 95.7) 
89.8  
(85.2, 94.4) 
85.7  
(79.3, 92.1) 
88.2  
(84.2, 92.2) 
84.3  
(79.2, 89.4) 
83.1  
(77.8, 88.4) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Males 
77.9 
62.8 
71.8 
78.6  
(75.2, 82.0) 
79.0  
(76.0, 82.0) 
77.5  
(74.7, 80.3) 
74.2  
(71.7, 76.7) 
75.3  
(72.8, 77.7) 
74.9  
(72.3, 77.4) 
Females 
78.3 
59.5 
74.1 
77.8  
(74.8, 80.9) 
77.0  
(74.5, 79.6) 
75.7  
(72.8, 78.6) 
71.0  
(67.9, 74.0) 
74.7  
(72.4, 77.0) 
74.6  
(72.2, 76.9) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Primary 
73.8 
53.7 
66.2 
74.9  
(69.4, 80.4) 
74.2  
(69.4, 79.0) 
68.1  
(63.1, 73.1) 
75.7  
(71.4, 80.0) 
70.6  
(66.1, 75.1) 
68.8  
(63.7, 74.0) 
Secondary 
77.7 
61.1 
72.1 
76.4  
(72.2, 80.6) 
75.1  
(71.9, 78.4) 
72.3  
(68.5, 76.1) 
64.0  
(60.0, 68.1)a 
70.7  
(67.6, 73.9) 
70.5  
(67.3, 73.7) 
Post- 
secondary 
82.4 
67.1 
78.3 
81.7  
(78.5, 84.9) 
80.9  
(77.9, 83.9) 
81.3  
(78.7, 84.0) 
76.0  
(73.5, 78.5)a 
78.2  
(76.0, 80.4) 
78.0  
(75.8, 80.2) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Chinese 
78.1 
61.8 
72.5 
77.7  
(75.1, 80.3) 
77.9  
(75.6, 80.2) 
77.3  
(75.1, 79.5) 
72.9  
(70.6, 75.2) 
74.1  
(72.1, 76.0) 
74.3  
(72.3, 76.4) 
Malays 
74.0 
53.8 
69.6 
77.7  
(70.8, 84.6) 
75.1  
(68.9, 81.4) 
63.0  
(55.5, 70.6) 
62.2  
(55.3, 69.0) 
71.1  
(65.9, 76.3) 
68.3  
(62.8, 73.7) 
Indians 
83.1 
67.6 
82.2 
86.3  
(80.7, 91.9) 
83.6  
(77.7, 89.4) 
84.8  
(79.4, 90.2) 
79.8  
(74.9, 84.7) 
85.9  
(82.1, 89.7) 
83.9  
(79.7, 88.2) 
 
 
Notes applicable to Table 7.2 to 7.5: 
(1) 
Figures in ( ) refer to the 95% confidence intervals. a Indicates that the results for any two consecutive survey years are 
significantly different statistically at 5% significance level as the confidence intervals for these two survey years did not 
overlap (e.g. NPHS 2022 and NPHS 2023). 
(2) 
ASR: Age- standardised rate. The reference population used is Singapore Census 2020 resident population. 
(3) 
Analysis based on highest education attained served as a proxy to socio-economic factors. 
 
Primary education: No formal qualification/ Primary/ PSLE.  
 
Secondary education: Secondary/ GCE ‘O’/ ‘N’ level.  
 
Post-secondary education: GCE ‘A’ Level/ Polytechnic & other diploma/ Degree & professional qualification. 
(4) 
b Indicate statistically significant linear upward trend between 2007 and 2023 with p-value <0.05. 
(5) 
e Indicate statistically significant linear downward trend between 2019 and 2023 with p-value <0.05 
 
 
 
 


 
50 
 
Chapter 8 
Breast Cancer Screening 
 
Key Points 
• 
In 2023, slightly more than one-third (34.7%) of Singapore women in the 50 to 69 
years age group reported that they had gone for mammography in the last two 
years. 
 
Introduction 
Breast cancer remained the most common cancer among Singapore women in the past 
50 years (NRDO 2024). For the latest five-year period from 2018-2022, it accounted for 
24.4% (about 1 in 4) cancer diagnoses in females, and the age-standardised incidence 
rate of breast cancer was 76.2 per 100,000 women. It was the leading cause of cancer 
death among females in 2018-2022, accounting for 17.1% of cancer deaths among 
females.  
 
Breast cancer has been linked to a number of risk factors including age, family history of 
breast cancer, smoking, high-fat diet and obesity. The earlier breast cancer is diagnosed, 
the better the chances for successful treatment. As early breast cancer usually does not 
present with any symptoms, screening is therefore important. Mammography for women 
over 50 years old is widely accepted as appropriate and beneficial. The national “Screen 
for Life” (SFL) screening programme which takes reference from the Screening Test 
Review Committee’s recommendations, recommended that women aged 50 to 69 years 
to go for mammography once every two years. 
 
Methodology 
An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used. Female respondents were asked 
on their practice of mammography as well as where they took their mammography.   
 
 


 
51 
 
Practice of Mammography  
In 2023, slightly more than one-third (34.7%) of Singapore women in the 50 to 69 years 
age group reported that they had gone for a mammography within the last two years, in 
accordance with the recommended frequency of mammography in this age group (Table 
8.1). Ever-married women (35.6%) were more likely to have a mammography within the 
last two years than never married women (28.4%). A higher proportion of Indian (40.4%) 
and Chinese (36.6%) women had undergone mammography compared to their Malay 
counterparts (16.9%) (Table 8.2). Women with post-secondary education (44.6%) were 
more likely to go for screening than women with secondary education (31.5%) or primary 
education (20.8%). More than two-fifths (45.3%) of the women had their mammogram 
taken in the polyclinics, followed by public hospitals (24.0%), private hospitals (14.4%) 
and private X-ray centres (10.7%).   
 
Table 8.1: Practice of mammography (%) among Singapore female residents  
aged 50 to 69 years by marital status, 2023 
Characteristic 
Had a mammography 
within the last 2 years 
Total 
34.7 
 
 
Marital status 
 
Never married 
28.4 
Ever-married 
35.6 
 
Trends in Breast Cancer Screening 
Between 2007 and 2023, the decrease in screening participation for breast cancer was 
only significant for females with secondary and post-secondary education while the 
downward trends for overall and other groups were not significant (Table 8.2).  
 
Comparing 2023 with the pre-COVID-19 period in 2019, there was no significant change 
in the breast cancer screening participation at the overall or any of the subgroup levels.  
 
 


 
52 
 
Table 8.2: Breast cancer screening participation (%) among Singapore female 
residents aged 50 to 69 years by age, education, and ethnicity, 2007 to 2023 
 
NHSS 
NHS 
NHSS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
2007 
2010 
2013 
2017 
2019 
2020 
2021 
2022 
2023 
Total 
41.0 
39.6 
42.7 
30.9  
(26.9, 34.9) 
38.7  
(34.8, 42.6) 
37.9  
(34.7, 41.2) 
31.1  
(28.0, 34.1)a 
37.6  
(34.5, 40.6)a 
34.7  
(31.7, 37.8) 
ASR 
40.2 
39.3 
41.3 
30.7 
39.0 
37.9 
31.5 
37.7 
34.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
50-59 
43.6 
40.5 
44.3 
32.7  
(27.3, 38.2) 
40.2  
(34.7, 45.7) 
40.9  
(36.1, 45.8) 
31.6  
(27.3, 36.0)a 
41.1  
(36.6, 45.5)a 
38.4  
(34.1, 42.8) 
60-69 
35.8 
37.9 
39.9 
28.4  
(23.0, 33.9) 
36.9  
(31.4, 42.4) 
34.3  
(29.7, 38.8) 
30.4  
(26.1, 34.8) 
33.6  
(29.3, 37.8) 
30.6  
(26.5, 34.7) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Primary 
29.9 
29.3 
25.5 
24.3  
(17.4, 31.2) 
28.4  
(22.2, 34.6) 
22.6  
(17.3, 27.8) 
24.6  
(18.3, 31.0) 
27.7  
(22.0, 33.4) 
20.8  
(15.4, 26.2) 
Secondary 
48.4 
40.8 
46.2 
28.6  
(22.8, 34.4) 
37.0  
(32.3, 41.7) 
32.9  
(28.0, 37.9) 
26.0  
(21.6, 30.4) 
34.5  
(29.5, 39.4) 
31.5c  
(27.0, 36.0) 
Post- 
secondary 
54.8 
60.7 
66.0 
45.6  
(35.7, 55.5) 
49.6  
(41.2, 58.0) 
54.3  
(48.0, 60.6) 
42.4  
(37.0, 47.9)a 
46.5  
(41.3, 51.7) 
44.6c  
(39.3, 49.9) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Chinese 
41.9 
41.7 
44.4 
32.2  
(27.6, 36.8) 
40.1  
(35.7, 44.6) 
41.3  
(37.6, 45.0) 
31.7  
(28.2, 35.2)a 
39.5  
(35.9, 43.0)a 
36.6  
(33.0, 40.1) 
Malays 
35.0 
23.5 
28.1 
10.4  
(4.3, 16.5) 
28.9  
(20.5, 37.3)a 
17.6  
(10.7, 24.4) 
18.7  
(11.7, 25.8) 
21.5  
(14.7, 28.3) 
16.9  
(11.0, 22.8) 
Indians 
38.2 
41.9 
44.8 
46.3  
(30.2, 62.3) 
41.0  
(28.5, 53.5) 
43.2  
(31.3, 55.1) 
37.7  
(27.0, 48.4) 
43.9  
(32.9, 54.9) 
40.4  
(28.2, 52.5) 
Notes: (1) Figures in ( ) refer to the 95% confidence intervals. a Indicates that the results for any two consecutive survey years 
are significantly different statistically at 5% significance level as the confidence intervals for these two survey years 
did not overlap (e.g. NPHS 2022 and NPHS 2023). 
 
(2) ASR: Age-standardised rate. The reference population used is Singapore Census 2020 female resident population. 
 
(3) Analysis based on highest education attained served as a proxy to socio-economic factors. 
 
 
Primary education: No formal qualification/ Primary/ PSLE.  
 
 
Secondary education: Secondary/ GCE ‘O’/ ‘N’ level.  
 
 
Post-secondary education: GCE ‘A’ Level/ Polytechnic & other diploma/ Degree & professional qualification. 
(4) c Indicate statistically significant linear downward trend between 2007 and 2023 with p-value <0.05. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


 
53 
 
Chapter 9 
Cervical Cancer Screening 
 
Key Points 
• 
In 2023, more than two in five (45.4%) Singapore female residents aged 25 to 74 
years reported that they had gone for cervical cancer screening (had done Pap test 
in the past three years or HPV test in the past five years). 
• 
Women aged 30 to 59 years (more than 50%) were most likely to have undergone 
cervical cancer screening. 
 
Introduction 
Cervical cancer was the 10th most common cancer among women in Singapore for the 
latest five-year period from 2018-2022, accounting for 2.5% of cancer diagnoses in 
females (NRDO 2024). During this period, the age-standardised incidence rate of cervical 
cancer was 6.8 per 100,000 women and it accounted for 2.4% of all cancer deaths among 
females.  
 
Major risk factors for cervical cancer include having sexual intercourse at an early age, 
having multiple sexual partners and infection with Human Papillomavirus (HPV) (the 
cause of genital warts). Long term consumption of combined oral contraceptive pills and 
cigarette smoking are also the risk factors8.  
 
Based on the latest recommendations on cervical cancer screening in 20199, women 
aged 25 to 29 years are recommended to undergo a Pap test at a three yearly interval 
while women aged 30 years and above are recommended to take a HPV test at a five-
yearly interval.   
 
 
8 American Cancer Society. “Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer”. 
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/cervical-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html (accessed 
on 2 July 2024) 
  
9 Based on Ministry of Health Circular No. 08/2019 dated 6 March 2019 on “Release of New Screening 
Test Review Committee Guidelines, Including Changes to Diabetes Mellitus, Lipid Disorders, And Cervical 
Cancer Screening”.  


 
54 
 
Methodology 
An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used. Female respondents were asked 
on their practice of cervical cancer screening as well as where they took the test; and 
which test (Pap test/ HPV test) was taken.      
 
Practice of Cervical Cancer Screening  
In 2023, among women aged 25 to 74 years, more than two in five (45.4%) Singapore 
women aged 25 to 74 years had undergone cervical cancer screening (had done a Pap 
test in the past three years or HPV test in the past five years) (Table 9.1). The proportion 
of women who had undergone cervical cancer screening was higher among ever-married 
women (52.9%) than women who were never married (20.2%). Chinese (46.9%) and 
Indian (46.2%) women were more likely to have undergone cervical cancer screening 
compared to Malays (31.4%) women (Table 9.2). Women aged 30 to 59 years were the 
most likely to have undergone cervical cancer screening. Women with post-secondary 
education (52.7%) were more likely to have undergone cervical cancer screening 
compared to those with secondary (34.5%) or primary education (26.7%). The majority of 
the women had their last cervical cancer screening in private GP clinics (25.1%), followed 
by specialist outpatient clinics in the public hospitals (23.0%), polyclinics (19.6%) or 
specialist outpatient clinics in the private hospitals (18.6%).    
 
Table 9.1: Practice of cervical cancer screening (%) among Singapore  
women aged 25 to 74 years by marital status, 2023 
Characteristic 
Had a cervical 
cancer screening  
Total 
45.4 
 
 
Marital status 
 
Never married 
20.2 
Ever-married 
52.9 
 
 
 


 
55 
 
Trends in Cervical Cancer Screening 
The crude and age-standardised screening participation for cervical cancer decreased 
significantly from 2007 to 2023 (Table 9.2). Significant decreases were also seen in some 
age groups (25 to 29 years, 30 to 39 years and 70 to 74 years), across all education 
levels and among Chinese and Malay women.  
 
Between 2019 and 2023, similar decreasing trends in screening participation were also 
observed at the overall and subgroup levels though most decreases were not significant 
except in the 70 to 74 years age group.   
 
Table 9.2: Cervical cancer screening participation (%) among Singapore  
female residents aged 25 to 74 years by age, education, and ethnicity,  
2007 to 2023 
 
NHSS 
NHS 
NHSS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
2007 
2010 
2013 
2017 
2019 
2020 
2021 
2022 
2023 
Total 
57.9 
46.8 
48.9 
46.3  
(43.5, 49.1) 
48.2  
(45.8, 50.7) 
45.4  
(43.1, 47.6) 
41.0 
(38.7, 43.3) 
43.1  
(41.2, 45.1) 
45.4c  
(43.3, 47.4) 
ASR 
54.1 
44.3 
47.6 
45.0 
47.8 
44.7 
41.1 
42.9 
44.9c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
25-29 
49.5 
32.3 
29.4 
21.5  
(14.2, 28.9) 
21.0  
(15.1, 26.9) 
18.8  
(12.8, 24.7) 
21.4  
(15.2, 27.5) 
17.6  
(12.5, 22.6) 
20.3c  
(13.4, 27.3) 
30-39 
69.5 
59.5 
53.9 
57.5  
(51.5, 63.4) 
55.9  
(51.0, 60.7) 
52.2  
(47.6, 56.9) 
43.6  
(39.1, 48.2) 
47.1  
(43.1, 51.1) 
54.6c  
(50.3, 59.0) 
40-49 
64.6 
57.1 
54.6 
56.8  
(51.1, 62.6) 
58.8  
(54.1, 63.5) 
57.6  
(52.8, 62.4) 
56.1  
(50.8, 61.5) 
58.2 
(54.3, 62.0) 
57.8  
(53.8, 61.9) 
50-59 
59.8 
43.8 
48.4 
48.8  
(42.6, 54.9) 
56.5  
(51.5, 61.5) 
52.8  
(47.7, 57.9) 
44.9  
(40.0, 49.8) 
49.3  
(44.7, 53.9) 
50.5  
(45.9, 55.0) 
60-69 
33.3 
29.0 
44.2 
33.9 
(28.2, 39.5) 
37.0  
(31.2, 42.8) 
33.9  
(29.2, 38.6) 
32.5  
(27.9, 37.0) 
34.6  
(30.3, 38.9) 
34.3  
(29.7, 38.9) 
70-74 
s 
s 
47.5 
18.0  
(10.0, 26.1)  
25.1  
(17.8, 32.4) 
20.6  
(14.0, 27.3) 
20.9  
(12.8, 29.1) 
15.4  
(10.1, 20.6) 
17.0c,e  
(11.2, 22.8) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Primary 
38.2 
31.2 
36.3 
27.9  
(22.5, 33.2) 
28.9  
(23.7, 34.1) 
28.3  
(23.4, 33.2) 
29.4  
(23.5, 35.4) 
23.9  
(19.4, 28.5) 
26.7c  
(21.5, 31.8) 
Secondary 
62.5 
51.0 
50.7 
42.4  
(37.3, 47.5) 
49.8  
(45.8, 53.9) 
40.5  
(36.3, 44.6)a 
35.2  
(31.2, 39.2) 
37.4  
(33.6, 41.2) 
34.5c  
(30.7, 38.3) 
Post- 
secondary 
66.4 
52.5 
53.4 
55.5  
(51.3, 59.8) 
52.8  
(49.3, 56.4) 
51.7  
(48.6, 54.8) 
45.9  
(42.8, 49.0) 
49.0  
(46.4, 51.6) 
52.7c  
(50.0, 55.3) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Chinese 
59.4 
47.6 
50.8 
48.5  
(45.3, 51.7) 
49.9  
(46.8, 52.9) 
47.2  
(44.6, 49.8) 
42.2  
(39.5, 44.9) 
45.3  
(43.0, 47.6) 
46.9c  
(44.5, 49.3) 
Malays 
48.9 
38.5 
38.6 
29.1  
(22.2, 36.0) 
34.8  
(28.8, 40.8) 
29.8  
(23.5, 36.0) 
29.2  
(23.0, 35.5) 
30.3  
(25.5, 35.1) 
31.4c  
(26.5, 36.4) 
Indians 
51.8 
47.0 
42.8 
47.4  
(39.6, 55.2) 
46.1  
(39.4, 52.8) 
46.3  
(38.8, 53.7) 
44.4  
(38.1, 50.8) 
38.6  
(32.4, 44.8) 
46.2  
(38.2, 54.3) 
Notes: (1) 
Figures in ( ) refer to the 95% confidence intervals. a Indicates that the results for any two consecutive survey years 
are significantly different statistically at 5% significance level as the confidence intervals for these two survey years 
did not overlap (e.g. NPHS 2022 and NPHS 2023). 
 
(2) 
s: Data have been suppressed due to small counts or high sampling variability. 
 
(3) 
ASR: Age-standardised rate. The reference population used is Singapore Census 2020 female resident population. 
 
(4) 
Analysis based on highest education attained served as a proxy to socio-economic factors. 
 
 
Primary education: No formal qualification/ Primary/ PSLE.  
 
 
Secondary education: Secondary/ GCE ‘O’/ ‘N’ level.  
 
 
Post-secondary education: GCE ‘A’ Level/ Polytechnic & other diploma/ Degree & professional qualification. 
(5) 
c Indicate statistically significant linear downward trend between 2007 and 2023 with p-value <0.05. 
(6) 
e Indicate statistically significant linear downward trend between 2019 and 2023 with p-value <0.05  


 
56 
 
Chapter 10 
Colorectal Cancer Screening 
 
Key Points 
• In 2023, 41.7% of Singapore residents aged 50 to 74 years had undergone 
colorectal screening within the recommended screening frequency.  
• Approximately one in four of these residents aged 50 to 74 years reported having 
undergone a Faecal Immunochemical Test (FIT) at least once in the past one year 
(24.1%) or  had undergone colonoscopy in the past 10 years (27.7%). 
• The practice of taking a FIT or a colonoscopy was more prevalent among males 
(43.8%) than females (39.6%). 
 
Introduction 
Colorectal cancer was the most common and second most common cancer among 
Singapore men and women respectively for the latest five-year period from 2018-2022, 
accounting for 16.2% of cancer diagnoses in males and 12.9% of cancer diagnoses in 
females (NRDO 2024). During this period, the age-standardised incidence rate of 
colorectal cancer was 37.9 per 100,000 men and 27.0 per 100,000 women respectively 
and it accounted for 14.3% of cancer deaths in males and 15.6% of cancer deaths in 
females. 
 
Factors that have been associated with higher risk of colorectal cancer include specific 
hereditary conditions, older age, inflammatory bowel diseases, regular high saturated 
fat/low fiber diet, excessive alcohol intake and sedentary lifestyle10.  
 
Faecal Immunochemical Test (FIT) and colonoscopy are able to detect colorectal cancer 
at an early stage. The Screening Test Review Committee recommends annual screening 
for colorectal cancer using FIT for people aged 50 years and older who are at average 
risk for colorectal cancer. For a person who is tested positive for FIT, colonoscopy is the 
confirmatory diagnostic investigations.  
 
10 CDC. “Colorectal Cancer Risk Factors”. https://www.cdc.gov/colorectal-cancer/risk-factors/index.html 
(accessed on 2 July 2024).  


 
57 
 
Methodology 
An interviewer administered questionnaire was used. Respondents were asked whether 
they had ever done a FIT or colonoscopy, and where they took the FIT. 
 
Practice of FIT 
Based on the survey, 24.1% of Singapore residents aged 50 to 74 years reported to have 
a FIT in the last one year (Table 10.1). Higher proportion of males (26.0%) than females 
(22.2%) had undergone a FIT in the last one year. Chinese (25.7%) were more likely to 
take a FIT compared to Malays (10.5%) and Indians (14.6%). Higher proportion of 
residents with post-secondary (32.9%) had done a FIT in the last one year compared to 
residents with secondary (19.0%) or primary (15.3%) education. The majority of 
Singapore residents had their last FIT in private GP clinics (29.4%), followed by 
polyclinics (16.4%) and specialist outpatient clinics in the public hospitals (14.9%). More 
than one in five (22.3%) residents tested using the FIT kit that they had collected from 
pharmacies, clinics or Singapore Cancer Society. 
 
Practice of Colonoscopy  
27.7% of Singapore residents aged 50 to 74 years reported to have undergone a 
colonoscopy in the last 10 years (Table 10.1). Similar to the practice of FIT, the practice 
of colonoscopy was more prevalent among males (28.6%) than females (26.8%). 
Chinese (30.0%) were more likely to have undergone a colonoscopy compared to Malays 
(17.2%) and Indians (16.6%). By education attainment, more than one-third (34.9%) of 
residents with post-secondary had a colonoscopy in the last 10 years compared to 
residents with secondary (26.4%) or primary (15.8%) education. 
 
 
 


 
58 
 
Table 10.1: Practice of FIT or colonoscopy (%) among Singapore residents aged 
50 to 74 years by socio-demographic characteristics, 2023 
Characteristic 
Had a FIT in 
last 1 year 
Had a 
colonoscopy in 
last 10 years 
Total 
24.1 
27.7 
 
 
 
Age (years) 
 
 
50-59 
27.3 
25.4 
60-69 
22.0 
29.0 
70-74 
19.2 
31.3 
 
 
 
Sex 
 
 
Males 
26.0 
28.6 
Females 
22.2 
26.8 
 
 
 
Highest education attained 
 
 
Primary 
15.3 
15.8 
Secondary 
19.0 
26.4 
Post-secondary 
32.9 
34.9 
 
 
 
Ethnic group 
 
 
Chinese 
25.7 
30.0 
Malays 
10.5 
17.2 
Indians 
14.6 
16.6 
Note: 
Analysis based on highest education attained served as a proxy to socio-economic factors. 
Primary education: No formal qualification/ Primary/ PSLE.  
Secondary education: Secondary/ GCE ‘O’/ ‘N’ level.  
Post-secondary education: GCE ‘A’ Level/ Polytechnic & other diploma/ Degree & professional 
qualification. 
 
Trends in Colorectal Cancer Screening 
Any residents who took a FIT in the last one year or had undergone a colonoscopy in the 
last 10 years are considered as having been screened for colorectal cancer. In 2023, 
41.7% of Singapore residents aged 50 to 74 years had undergone colorectal screening 
within the recommended screening frequency (Table 10.2). Females (39.6%) had lower 
screening participation compared to males (43.8%). Malay residents (23.7%) had lower 
screening participation compared to Chinese (44.6%) and Indian (35.0%) residents. In 
general, residents with higher education levels were more likely to have screened for 
colorectal cancer, where more than one in two (52.9%) residents with post-secondary 
education had done the screening compared to almost two in five (37.9%) residents with 
secondary education and about one in four (26.0%) residents with primary education. 
 


 
59 
 
The crude and age-standardised screening rate for colorectal cancer rose significantly 
from 2007 to 2023 (Table 10.2). The increase was seen across all ages, sex, education 
and ethnic groups over this period.  
 
The overall colorectal cancer screening participation in 2023 (41.7%) was similar to that 
of 2019 (42.0%). No significant changes were observed across all subgroups between 
the period of 2019 to 2023. 
 
Table 10.2: Colorectal cancer screening participation (%) among Singapore 
residents aged 50 to 74 years by age, sex, education, and ethnicity,  
2007 to 2023 
 
NHSS 
NHS 
NHSS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
2007 
2010 
2013 
2017 
2019 
2020 
2021 
2022 
2023 
Total 
14.6 
19.4 
21.2 
33.5  
(30.5, 36.6) 
42.0 
(39.1, 44.8)a 
41.1  
(38.9, 43.3) 
36.6 
(34.4, 38.8)a 
38.1  
(36.2, 40.1) 
41.7b  
(39.7, 43.7) 
ASR 
15.0 
19.4 
22.1 
33.5 
42.0 
41.2 
36.5 
38.0 
41.7b 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
50-59 
13.7 
18.6 
19.1 
32.5 
(28.6, 36.4) 
39.7  
(35.9, 43.5) 
39.8  
(36.4, 43.2) 
33.9  
(30.3, 37.4) 
36.2  
(33.1, 39.2) 
41.5b  
(38.4, 44.6) 
60-69 
16.6 
21.3 
21.9 
35.4 
(30.7, 40.2) 
44.3  
(39.8, 48.7) 
43.6  
(40.0, 47.2) 
38.8  
(35.7, 41.9) 
39.7  
(36.6, 42.8) 
42.2b  
(39.1, 45.4) 
70-74 
13.8 
18.5 
30.4 
31.5 
(24.7, 38.4) 
43.7  
(37.0, 50.3) 
38.3  
(32.7, 43.9) 
39.5  
(34.2, 44.7) 
39.9  
(35.3, 44.5) 
40.5b  
(35.6, 45.5) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Males 
17.2 
21.7 
22.2 
36.2  
(31.7, 40.7) 
45.4  
(41.5, 49.2)a 
44.6  
(41.2, 47.9) 
39.1  
(36.0, 42.2) 
40.0  
(37.2, 42.8) 
43.8b  
(40.9, 46.7) 
Females 
12.1 
17.2 
20.3 
30.9  
(27.1, 34.8) 
38.7  
(35.5, 41.9)a 
37.7  
(34.6, 40.8) 
34.2  
(31.1, 37.3) 
36.3  
(33.6, 39.0) 
39.6b  
(36.8, 42.4) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Primary 
11.4 
12.3 
14.7 
25.9  
(21.4, 30.3) 
31.9  
(28.1, 35.7) 
27.9  
(24.2, 31.6) 
24.0  
(20.5, 27.4) 
27.4  
(24.0, 30.8) 
26.0b  
(22.5, 29.6) 
Secondary 
16.5 
19.0 
21.6 
33.2  
(28.5, 37.8) 
38.9  
(34.9, 42.9) 
35.8  
(32.3, 39.2) 
34.9  
(31.3, 38.5) 
34.3  
(31.2, 37.4) 
37.9b  
(34.8, 41.1) 
Post- 
secondary 
16.8 
32.5 
29.5 
44.0  
(37.8, 50.3) 
53.5  
(48.4, 58.6) 
54.9  
(50.8, 59.0) 
46.7  
(42.9, 50.4)a 
48.0  
(44.5, 51.4) 
52.9b  
(49.5, 56.2) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Chinese 
15.2 
21.3 
22.3 
34.6 
(31.1, 38.0) 
43.6  
(40.4, 46.8)a 
44.7  
(42.2, 47.3) 
38.6  
(36.1, 41.1)a 
41.7  
(39.4, 43.9) 
44.6b  
(42.3, 46.9) 
Malays 
10.0 
6.9 
12.4 
20.4 
(13.3, 27.5) 
31.9  
(24.7, 39.2) 
17.5  
(12.8, 22.1)a 
25.5  
(19.3, 31.8) 
19.0  
(14.6, 23.5) 
23.7b  
(18.8, 28.6) 
Indians 
14.8 
18.7 
22.1 
36.9 
(26.8, 47.0) 
37.5  
(29.3, 45.7) 
40.3  
(32.4, 48.1) 
29.6  
(23.2, 36.0) 
28.5  
(22.4, 34.7) 
35.0b  
(27.8, 42.3) 
Notes: (1) 
Figures in ( ) refer to the 95% confidence intervals. a Indicates that the results for any two consecutive survey 
years are significantly different statistically at 5% significance level as the confidence intervals for these two 
survey years did not overlap (e.g. NPHS 2022 and NPHS 2023). 
 
(2) 
ASR: Age-standardised rate. The reference population used is Singapore Census 2020 resident population. 
 
(3) 
Analysis based on highest education attained served as a proxy to socio-economic factors. 
 
 
Primary education: No formal qualification/ Primary/ PSLE.  
 
 
Secondary education: Secondary/ GCE ‘O’/ ‘N’ level.  
 
 
Post-secondary education: GCE ‘A’ Level/ Polytechnic & other diploma/ Degree & professional qualification. 
(4) 
b Indicate statistically significant linear upward trend between 2007 and 2023 with p-value <0.05. 
 
 
 
 


 
60 
 
Chapter 11 
Self-reported Vaccination Uptake 
 
Key Points 
• In 2023, approximately one in five (21.7%) Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years 
reported that they had received influenza vaccination in the past 12 months. 
• The self-reported influenza vaccination uptake among males (22.1%) was similar 
than females (21.4%). 
• All the ethnic groups had similar self-reported influenza vaccination uptake  (Malays: 
23.1%, Indians: 22.3% and Chinese: 21.4%). 
• The proportion of elderly aged 65 to 74 years who reported ever having received 
pneumococcal vaccination was 35.0% in 2023. 
 
Introduction 
Seasonal influenza, which is commonly called flu, is a respiratory illness caused by 
influenza viruses which is highly contagious. For healthy individuals, influenza is usually 
self-limiting. However, it can sometimes lead to complications and even death. Those 
who are at risk of serious flu complications such as older persons, young children, adults 
and children with certain medical conditions and pregnant women should get vaccinated11. 
Annual influenza vaccination is recommended under the National Childhood 
Immunisation Schedule (NCIS) and National Adult Immunisation Schedule (NAIS) for 
these groups of persons12. 
 
 
 
 
11  Healthhub. “Influenza”. https://www.healthhub.sg/a-z/diseases-and-conditions/103/topics_influenza 
(accessed on 31 March 2023).  
 
12  Ministry of Health. “Nationally Recommended Vaccines”. https://www.moh.gov.sg/resources-
statistics/nationally-recommended-vaccines (accessed on 31 March 2023).  
 


 
61 
 
Pneumococcal vaccine helps to prevent pneumococcal disease caused by the bacteria 
Streptococcus pneumonia. It can cause a wide spectrum of illnesses and disease burden 
is greater at the extremes of ages, that is, those less than five years old and those older 
than 65 years old, as well as those with certain medical conditions. These include 
infection of the lungs (pneumonia), ear (otitis media), brain (meningitis) and blood 
(bacteremia)13. The NAIS and NCIS recommends all persons aged 65 years or older to 
be vaccinated against pneumococcal disease, as well as other groups of persons at 
higher risk of complications from pneumococcal infection12. 
 
Methodology 
An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to measure the uptake of both 
vaccinations. Respondents were asked “In the past 12 months, have you had an injection 
to protect you from getting flu?” and “Have you ever had pneumococcal vaccination?”  
 
Self-reported Influenza Vaccination 
The self-reported influenza vaccination among Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years 
was 21.7% in 2023, with the proportion being similar among males (22.1%) and females 
(21.4%). Singapore residents aged 65 to 74 years had the highest self-reported influenza 
vaccination at 40.6% and more than double the proportion of residents vaccinated in the 
other age groups (Table 11.1). All the ethnic groups had similar self-reported influenza 
vaccination uptake with Malays at 23.1%, Indians at 22.3%, and Chinese at 21.4% (Graph 
11.1).  
 
Table 11.1: Age-specific (%) of self-reported influenza vaccination uptake among  
Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years by sex, 2023 
Age (years) 
Total 
Males 
Females 
18-29 
19.6 
23.9 
15.2 
30-39 
20.9 
17.7 
23.8 
40-49 
15.5 
18.2 
13.0 
50-64 
18.7 
18.0 
19.5 
65-74 
40.6 
40.8 
40.4 
18-74 
21.7 
22.1 
21.4 
 
 
 
 
13
 Healthhub. 
“Pneumococcal 
Disease”. 
https://www.healthhub.sg/a-z/diseases-and-
conditions/121/topic_pneumococcal_disease (accessed on 21 March 2022).  


 
62 
 
Graph 11.1: Self-reported influenza vaccination uptake (%) among Singapore  
residents aged 18 to 74 years by sex and ethnicity, 2023 
 
 
Trends in Self-reported Influenza Vaccination Uptake 
Among Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years, the crude and age-standardised self-
reported influenza vaccination uptake showed a significant increasing trend between 
2017 and 2023 (Table 11.2). Similar increases were observed among some age groups 
(30 to 39 years, and 65 to 74 years), in both sexes, among Chinese and residents with 
primary and secondary education during this period. 
 
Between 2019 and 2023 there was a significant improvement in influenza vaccination 
uptake reported among residents aged 30 to 39 years, among males, and those with 
primary education. 
 
Self-reported Pneumococcal Vaccination Uptake Among Elderly 
The proportion of elderly aged 65 to 74 years who reported ever having received 
pneumococcal vaccination was 35.0% in 2023, with similar proportion reported among 
males (35.0%) and females (34.9%) (Table 11.3). Among the ethnic groups, Chinese 
(36.7%) had higher self-reported pneumococcal vaccination uptake than Malays (29.2%) 
and Indians (27.8%). In 2023, pneumococcal vaccination uptake increased with 
education attainment at 28.4%, 33.4%, and 46.4% for residents with primary education, 
secondary education, and post-secondary education, respectively. 
21.4
22.0
20.9
23.1
24.1
22.2
22.3
20.1
24.5
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
Total
Males
Females
Percent of respondents
Chinese
Malays
Indians


 
63 
 
There was a significant upward trend in the pneumococcal vaccination uptake among 
Singapore residents aged 65 to 74 years from 2017 to 2023. Significant improvement in 
the pneumococcal vaccination uptake was reported among males and females, across 
all education levels, and among Chinese over the same period (Table 11.3).   
 
Table 11.2: Self-reported influenza vaccination uptake (%) among Singapore 
residents aged 18 to 74 years by age, gender, sex, and ethnicity, 2017 to 2023 
 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
2017 
2019 
2020 
2021 
2022 
2023 
Total 
13.1  
(11.7, 14.5) 
17.4  
(16.0,18.7)a 
17.0  
(15.8,18.2) 
18.7  
(17.6, 19.9) 
18.0 
(16.9, 19.0) 
21.7b  
(20.6, 22.9)a 
ASR 
13.0 
17.4 
17.0 
18.6 
17.8 
21.5b 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
18-29 
17.8  
(13.8, 21.8) 
21.2  
(17.7, 24.7) 
19.8  
(16.5, 23.0) 
21.3  
(17.8, 24.8) 
17.9  
(15.2, 20.6) 
19.6  
(16.5, 22.6) 
30-39 
14.2  
(11.0, 17.3) 
16.0  
(13.2, 18.8) 
17.4  
(14.4, 20.4) 
16.9  
(14.6, 19.1) 
19.5  
(17.1, 21.9) 
20.9b,d  
(18.3, 23.5) 
40-49 
9.6  
(7.0, 12.2) 
12.1  
(9.9, 14.3) 
12.6  
(10.3, 14.9) 
14.0  
(12.0, 16.0) 
11.6  
(9.9, 13.3) 
15.5  
(13.4, 17.6)a 
50-64 
11.3  
(9.0, 13.6) 
16.2  
(13.7, 18.6)a 
15.4  
(13.3, 17.6) 
14.7  
(12.8, 16.6) 
15.4  
(13.6, 17.2) 
18.7  
(16.7, 20.7) 
65-74 
13.5  
(9.8, 17.3) 
24.2  
(20.2, 28.2)a 
22.5  
(19.4, 25.5) 
32.4  
(29.0, 35.8)a 
29.7 
 (26.7, 32.7) 
40.6b  
(37.2, 43.9)a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Males 
14.2  
(12.1, 16.4) 
16.0  
(14.3, 17.7) 
18.0  
(16.0, 19.9) 
18.4  
(16.7, 20.0) 
18.5  
(17.0, 20.0) 
22.1b,d  
(20.4, 23.8)a 
Females 
12.0  
(10.2, 13.8) 
18.7  
(16.6, 20.7)a 
16.1  
(14.6, 17.6) 
19.1  
(17.5, 20.7) 
17.5  
(16.1, 18.8) 
21.4b  
(19.8, 23.0)a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Primary 
8.4  
(6.1, 10.8) 
16.4  
(12.9, 19.9)a 
15.3  
(12.6, 18.1) 
18.3  
(15.1, 21.5) 
22.6 
 (19.6, 25.7) 
24.6b,d  
(21.3, 27.9) 
Secondary 
11.6  
(9.2, 14.0) 
15.3  
(13.3, 17.3) 
14.1  
(12.3, 16.0) 
18.9  
(16.8, 21.0)a 
16.9  
(15.1, 18.8) 
22.6b  
(20.4, 24.8)a 
Post-
secondary 
15.1  
(13.2, 17.1) 
18.5  
(16.7, 20.3) 
18.7  
(16.9, 20.4) 
18.8  
(17.2, 20.3) 
17.6  
(16.3, 18.9) 
20.9  
(19.5, 22.4)a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Chinese 
12.0  
(10.4, 13.6) 
16.7  
(15.0, 18.3)a 
17.2  
(15.8, 18.6) 
18.5  
(17.1, 19.8) 
17.8 
 (16.6, 19.0) 
21.4b  
(20.1, 22.7)a 
Malays 
18.2  
(13.8, 22.6) 
19.9  
(16.4, 23.4) 
15.8  
(12.9, 18.7) 
20.1  
(17.0, 23.3) 
20.4  
(17.5, 23.3) 
23.1  
(20.0, 26.3) 
Indians 
14.5  
(10.6, 18.4) 
19.8  
(15.4, 24.3) 
17.4  
(12.3, 22.6) 
19.4  
(14.8, 24.0) 
15.8  
(12.8, 18.8) 
22.3  
(18.1, 26.5) 
Notes: (1) Figures in ( ) refer to the 95% confidence intervals. a Indicates that the results for any two consecutive 
survey years are significantly different statistically at 5% significance level as the confidence intervals for 
these two survey years did not overlap (e.g. NPHS 2022 and NPHS 2023). 
 
(2) ASR: Age-standardised rate. The reference population used is Singapore Census 2020 resident 
population. 
 
(3) Analysis based on highest education attained served as a proxy to socio-economic factors. 
 
 
Primary education: No formal qualification/ Primary/ PSLE.  
 
 
Secondary education: Secondary/ GCE ‘O’/ ‘N’ level.  
 
 
Post-secondary education: GCE ‘A’ Level/ Polytechnic & other diploma/ Degree & professional 
qualification. 
(4) b Indicate statistically significant linear upward trend between 2017 and 2023 with p-value <0.05. 
(5) d Indicate statistically significant linear upward trend between 2019 and 2023 with p-value <0.05 


 
64 
 
Table 11.3: Self-reported pneumococcal vaccination uptake (%) among Singapore 
residents aged 65 to 74 years by sex, education, and ethnicity,  
2017 to 2023 
 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
2017 
2019 
2020 
2021 
2022 
2023 
Total 
11.9  
(7.4, 16.4) 
10.3  
(7.9, 12.7) 
14.4  
(11.8, 17.0) 
22.4  
(19.3, 25.5)a 
26.5  
(23.5, 29.4) 
35.0b,d  
(31.8, 38.2)a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Males 
s 
10.4  
(7.2, 13.7) 
13.8  
(10.0, 17.7) 
21.9  
(17.9, 25.9)a 
26.9  
(22.4, 31.3) 
35.0b,d  
(30.3, 39.7) 
Females 
12.7  
(8.0, 17.3) 
10.2  
(6.8, 13.6) 
15.0  
(11.5, 18.4) 
22.8  
(18.1, 27.5) 
26.1  
(22.3, 30.0) 
34.9b,d  
(30.6, 39.2)a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Primary 
9.6  
(4.2, 15.0) 
6.5  
(4.2, 8.9)  
14.4  
(10.5,18.2)a 
20.5  
(14.4, 26.7) 
24.2 
(19.9, 28.6) 
28.4b,d  
(23.7, 33.1) 
Secondary 
13.3  
(6.8, 19.9) 
11.4  
(7.2, 15.6)  
13.8  
(9.9,17.6) 
22.2  
(18.0, 26.5)a 
28.7  
(24.0, 33.4) 
33.4b,d  
(28.7, 38.2) 
Post-
secondary 
s 
16.2  
(8.9, 23.5)  
15.7  
(9.1, 22.2) 
25.5  
(19.1, 32.0) 
26.3  
(19.6, 33.0) 
46.4b,d 
 (39.0, 53.9)a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Chinese 
9.8  
(6.0, 13.6) 
9.9  
(7.4, 12.3) 
15.1  
(12.2, 18.0) 
21.6  
(18.2, 25.0)a 
27.2  
(23.9, 30.4) 
36.7b,d  
(33.1, 40.2)a 
Malays 
s 
s 
s 
23.3  
(13.8, 32.8) 
24.5  
(14.8, 34.3) 
29.2  
(20.6, 37.7) 
Indians 
s 
s 
s 
32.2  
(17.5, 47.0) 
22.3  
(12.4, 32.2) 
27.8  
(14.7, 40.8) 
Notes: (1) Figures in ( ) refer to the 95% confidence intervals. a Indicates that the results for any two consecutive 
survey years are significantly different statistically at 5% significance level as the confidence intervals for 
these two survey years did not overlap (e.g. NPHS 2022 and NPHS 2023). 
 
(2) s: Data have been suppressed due to small counts or high sampling variability. 
 
(3) Analysis based on highest education attained served as a proxy to socio-economic factors. 
 
 
Primary education: No formal qualification/ Primary/ PSLE.  
 
 
Secondary education: Secondary/ GCE ‘O’/ ‘N’ level.  
 
 
Post-secondary education: GCE ‘A’ Level/ Polytechnic & other diploma/ Degree & professional 
qualification. 
(4) b Indicate statistically significant linear upward trend between 2017 and 2023 with p-value <0.05. 
(5) d Indicate statistically significant linear upward trend between 2019 and 2023 with p-value <0.05 
 
 
 
 
 


 
65 
 
Chapter 12 
Mental Health 
 
Key Points 
• The prevalence of poor mental health, as measured by the 12-item General Health 
Questionnaire (GHQ-12), among Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years was 
15.0% in 2023. 
• More females (17.6%) reported poor mental health compared to males (12.2%) in 
2023.  
• Younger adults aged 18 to 29 years had the highest proportion (26.0%) with poor 
mental health while the prevalence for other age groups were much lower, ranging 
from 8.2% for the 60 to 74 years age group to 17.2% for the 30 to 39 years age 
group. 
• In 2023, Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years indicated that they were more 
willing to seek help informally from their support network (78.4%) than formally from 
healthcare professionals (62.8%) if they were constantly unable to cope with stress. 
• In 2023, females were more willing to seek help from healthcare professionals and 
informal support networks compared to males (females: 63.3% and 81.6% 
respectively; males: 62.3% and 75.1% respectively). 
• Among the age groups, Singapore residents in the oldest age band (60 to 74 years) 
(51.2%) were least willing to seek help from healthcare professionals while those 
aged 30 to 39 years (71.9%) were the most willing to do so in 2023. 
• Similarly, the proportion of Singapore residents who were willing to seek help from 
informal support networks decreased with age -- it was the highest among younger 
adults aged 18 to 39 years (85.4% for both 18 to 29 years and 30 to 39 years age 
groups) and lowest among older adults aged 60 to 74 years (65.6%). 
 
Introduction 
The WHO defines mental health as more than the absence of mental disorders. It is also 
a state of well-being in which the individual realises his or her own abilities, is able to cope 
with the normal stresses of life, work productively and fruitfully, and contribute to his or 
her community. A person’s mental health may be affected by multiple interrelated social, 
psychological and biological factors (WHO 2007). 


 
66 
 
Methodology 
The 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) was administered by interviewers 
and used to measure mental health. Cut-off for poor mental health (having a score of 3 
or more) was based on an earlier internal validation study conducted in 2003.  
 
Prevalence of Poor Mental Health 
The prevalence of poor mental health as measured by GHQ-12, among Singapore 
residents aged 18 to 74 years was 15.0% in 2023 (Table 12.1). More females (17.6%) 
reported poor mental health compared to males (12.2%). Younger adults aged 18 to 29 
years (26.0%) had the highest proportion with poor mental health while the prevalence 
for other age groups were much lower, ranging from 8.2% in the 60 to 74 years age group 
to 17.2% in the 30 to 39 years age group. Among the ethnic groups, Malays (16.1%) and 
Indians (16.1%) had higher proportion with poor mental health compared to Chinese 
(14.7%) (Graph 12.1). The proportion of Indian females (21.1%) with poor mental health 
was almost doubled that of Indian males (11.3%) while the difference in proportion 
between males and females among the Chinese and Malays were much narrower. 
Residents with post-secondary education (16.4%) had higher prevalence of poor mental 
health compared to residents with primary (9.5%) or secondary education (13.4%) (Table 
12.2). 
 
Table 12.1: Age-specific prevalence (%) of poor mental health among Singapore 
residents aged 18 to 74 years by sex, 2023 
Age (years) 
Total 
Males 
Females 
18-29 
26.0 
20.4 
31.7 
30-39 
17.2 
14.0 
20.2 
40-49 
13.4 
10.5 
16.1 
50-59 
11.2 
8.8 
13.5 
60-74 
8.2 
7.8 
8.7 
18-74 
15.0 
12.2 
17.6 
 
 
 
 
 


 
67 
 
Graph 12.1: Crude prevalence (%) of poor mental health among Singapore 
residents aged 18 to 74 years by sex and ethnicity, 2023 
 
 
Trends in Prevalence of Poor Mental Health 
The crude and age-standardised prevalence of poor mental health among Singapore 
residents aged 18 to 74 years increased between 2017 and 2023, though these increases 
were not significant (Table 12.2). The only significant increase in the prevalence of poor 
mental health was observed among younger residents aged 18 to 29 years between 2017 
(16.5%) and 2023 (26.0%). 
 
 
 
 
 
14.7
12.2
17.0
16.1
13.2
19.0
16.1
11.3
21.1
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
Total
Males
Females
Percent of respondents
Chinese
Malays
Indians


 
68 
 
Table 12.2: Prevalence (%) of poor mental health among Singapore residents 
aged 18 to 74 years by age, sex, education, and ethnicity,  
2017 to 2023 
Notes: (1) 
Figures in ( ) refer to the 95% confidence intervals. a Indicates that the results for any two consecutive 
survey periods (where data are available) are significantly different statistically at 5% significance level 
as the confidence intervals for these two survey periods did not overlap (e.g. NPHS 2022 and NPHS 
2023). 
 
(2) 
ASR: Age-standardised rate. The reference population used is Singapore Census 2020 resident 
population. 
 
(3) 
Analysis based on highest education attained, which served as a proxy for socio-economic factors. 
 
 
Primary education: No formal qualification/ Primary/ PSLE.  
 
 
Secondary education: Secondary/ GCE 'O'/ 'N' level.  
 
 
Post-secondary education: GCE ‘A' Level/ Polytechnic & other diploma/ Degree & professional 
qualification. 
 
(4) 
b Indicate statistically significant linear upward trend between 2017 and 2023 with p-value <0.05. 
 
 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
2017 
2020 
2022 
2023 
Total 
12.5  
(10.9, 14.0) 
13.4  
(12.4, 14.5) 
17.0  
(15.9, 18.0)a 
15.0  
(13.9, 16.0) 
ASR 
12.4 
13.3 
17.0 
15.0 
 
 
 
 
 
18-29 
16.5  
(12.7, 20.3) 
21.5  
(18.4, 24.6) 
25.3  
(22.4, 28.2) 
26.0b  
(22.6, 29.4) 
30-39 
12.8  
(9.8, 15.7) 
12.6  
(10.5, 14.8) 
19.4  
(17.0, 21.8)a 
17.2  
(14.9, 19.6) 
40-49 
10.9  
(8.1, 13.6) 
12.4  
(10.2, 14.6) 
15.7  
(13.7, 17.7) 
13.4  
(11.4, 15.4) 
50-59 
10.6  
(7.8, 13.5) 
11.4  
(9.2, 13.7) 
15.0  
(12.8, 17.2) 
11.2  
(9.3, 13.1) 
60-74 
11.4  
(8.8, 13.9) 
9.4  
(7.8, 11.1) 
10.5  
(8.7, 12.2) 
8.2  
(6.9, 9.5) 
 
 
 
 
 
Males 
11.4  
(9.3, 13.4) 
12.0  
(10.5, 13.5) 
15.2  
(13.8, 16.6)a 
12.2  
(10.9, 13.5)
a 
Females 
13.5  
(11.4, 15.7) 
14.8  
(13.3, 16.2) 
18.6  
(17.2, 20.1)a 
17.6  
(16.1, 19.1) 
 
 
 
 
 
Primary 
12.6  
(9.6, 15.6) 
12.6  
(10.0, 15.1) 
12.2  
(9.8, 14.6) 
9.5  
(7.4, 11.6) 
Secondary 
13.5  
(10.7, 16.2) 
15.4  
(13.4, 17.5) 
15.7  
(13.7, 17.6) 
13.4  
(11.5, 15.3) 
Post-secondary 
11.8  
(9.8, 13.8) 
12.7  
(11.3, 14.1) 
18.2  
(16.9, 19.6)a 
16.4  
(15.1, 17.8) 
 
 
 
 
 
Chinese 
11.7  
(10.1, 13.3) 
12.6  
(11.4, 13.8) 
16.4  
(15.3, 17.6)a 
14.7  
(13.5, 15.8) 
Malays 
16.9  
(13.2, 20.6) 
16.3  
(13.2, 19.5) 
19.5  
(16.6, 22.3) 
16.1  
(13.2, 19.0) 
Indians 
12.4  
(8.1, 16.7) 
15.9  
(12.2, 19.6) 
15.7  
(12.6, 18.8) 
16.1  
(12.7, 19.5) 


 
69 
 
Definition of Help-seeking Attitudes 
Respondents were asked on their willingness to seek help from healthcare professionals 
or informal support networks if they were constantly unable to cope with stress through 
the interviewer-administered questionnaire. Healthcare professionals include counsellors, 
doctors, psychologists or psychiatrists. Informal support networks refer to friends, 
relatives, colleagues, religious leaders and teachers in school. 
 
Help-seeking Attitudes 
In 2023, Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years were more willing to seek help from 
informal support networks (78.4%) than from healthcare professionals (62.8%) if they 
were constantly unable to cope with stress (Tables 12.3 and 12.4). Females were more 
willing to seek help from healthcare professionals and informal support networks 
compared to males. Older adults aged 60 to 74 years (51.2%) were the least willing to 
seek help from healthcare professionals while those aged 30 to 39 years (71.9%) were 
the most willing to seek help from healthcare professionals. Similarly, the willingness to 
seek help from informal support decreased with age, it was highest among younger adults 
aged 18 to 39 years (85.4% for both 18 to 29 years and 30 to 39 years age groups) and 
the lowest among older adults aged 60 to 74 years (65.6%). Those with higher levels of 
educational attainment were more willing to seek help from healthcare professionals and 
informal support networks, it was highest among those with post-secondary education 
and the lowest among those with primary education. 
 
Trends in Help-seeking Attitudes 
There was no trend in the overall proportion of residents who were willing to seek help 
from healthcare professionals between 2019 and 2023 (Table 12.3). Nonetheless, there 
was a significant improvement among residents aged 30 to 49 years, among males and 
females, in Chinese and those with post-secondary education who were more willing to 
seek professional help in 2023 compared to the previous year in 2022. 
 
Likewise, there was no trend in the overall proportion of residents who were willing to 
seek help from informal support networks over the years (2019 to 2023) (Table 12.4). But 
the proportion of Indians who were willing to seek help from informal support networks 
did increase significantly in the last five years.  
 
 


 
70 
 
Table 12.3: Proportion of Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years who were 
willing to seek help from healthcare professionals by age, sex, 
education, and ethnicity, 2019 to 2023 
 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
2019 
2020 
2021 
2022 
2023 
Total 
47.8  
(46.0, 49.6) 
60.4  
(58.9, 61.8)a 
58.3  
(56.8, 59.8) 
56.6  
(55.3, 57.9) 
62.8  
(61.5, 64.2)a 
ASR 
47.8 
60.4 
58.3 
56.8 
63.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
18-29 
54.6  
(50.3, 58.8) 
63.3  
(59.6, 67.0)a 
62.2  
(58.4, 66.0) 
60.1  
(56.7, 63.4) 
64.5  
(60.8, 68.3) 
30-39 
53.5  
(49.6, 57.4) 
69.4  
(66.3, 72.5)a 
67.7  
(64.8, 70.6) 
62.0  
(59.2, 64.9) 
71.9  
(69.2, 74.6)a 
40-49 
47.0  
(43.2, 50.8) 
63.8  
(60.6, 67.0)a 
65.4  
(62.2, 68.5) 
59.2  
(56.5, 61.9)a 
67.4  
(64.8, 70.1)a 
50-59 
42.9  
(38.9, 46.8) 
58.9  
(55.5, 62.2)a 
51.9  
(48.5, 55.4)a 
55.2  
(52.1, 58.3) 
61.0  
(58.0, 64.0) 
60-74 
41.2  
(37.6, 44.8) 
47.8  
(44.7, 50.9) 
45.8  
(43.1, 48.5) 
48.1  
(45.5, 50.8) 
51.2  
(48.5, 53.9) 
 
  
  
 
  
  
Males 
45.4  
(43.1, 47.7) 
59.0  
(56.8, 61.2)a 
56.8  
(54.7, 58.8) 
56.3  
(54.4, 58.1) 
62.3  
(60.3, 64.3)a 
Females 
50.1  
(47.7, 52.4) 
61.6  
(59.6, 63.7)a 
59.8  
(57.7, 61.9) 
57.0  
(55.2, 58.8) 
63.3  
(61.5, 65.2)a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Primary 
29.6  
(25.8, 33.5) 
34.1  
(30.5, 37.8) 
34.9  
(31.0, 38.7) 
33.7  
(30.3, 37.1) 
37.4  
(33.6, 41.1) 
Secondary 
44.0  
(41.3, 46.6) 
52.5  
(49.7, 55.3)a 
45.8  
(43.0, 48.6)a 
48.0  
(45.4, 50.6) 
52.9  
(50.2, 55.6) 
Post-
secondary 
53.5  
(51.1, 55.8) 
68.9  
(67.0, 70.8)a 
67.6  
(65.8, 69.3) 
64.0  
(62.4, 65.6)a 
70.7  
(69.0, 72.3)a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Chinese 
48.2  
(46.2, 50.2) 
61.5  
(59.8, 63.2)a 
58.6  
(56.9, 60.3) 
56.4  
(54.9, 57.9) 
62.4  
(60.9, 64.0)a 
Malays 
48.5  
(44.6, 52.4) 
54.0  
(49.6, 58.3) 
55.2  
(51.2, 59.3) 
53.7  
(50.1, 57.3) 
61.0  
(57.2, 64.8) 
Indians 
44.4  
(39.2, 49.7) 
59.3  
(54.2, 64.3)a 
57.1  
(52.3, 61.9) 
60.1  
(56.1, 64.2) 
65.6  
(60.9, 70.3) 
Notes: (1)  Figures in ( ) refer to the 95% confidence intervals. a Indicates that the results for any two 
consecutive survey years are significantly different statistically at 5% significance level as the 
confidence intervals for these two survey years did not overlap (e.g. NPHS 2022 and NPHS 2023). 
 
(2) ASR: Age-standardised rate. The reference population used is Singapore Census 2020 resident 
population. 
 
(3) Analysis based on highest education attained served as a proxy to socio-economic factors. 
 
 
Primary education: No formal qualification/ Primary/ PSLE.  
 
 
Secondary education: Secondary/ GCE 'O'/ 'N' level.  
 
 
Post-secondary education: GCE ‘A' Level/ Polytechnic & other diploma/ Degree & professional 
qualification. 
 


 
71 
 
Table 12.4: Proportion of Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years who were 
willing to seek help from informal support networks by age, sex,  
education, and ethnicity, 2019 to 2023  
 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
2019 
2020 
2021 
2022 
2023 
Total 
74.5  
(73.0, 76.0) 
79.2  
(78.0, 80.4)a 
69.1  
(67.7, 70.6)a 
79.7  
(78.6, 80.7)a 
78.4  
(77.3, 79.5) 
ASR 
74.4 
79.1 
69.2 
79.8 
78.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
18-29 
86.0  
(83.1, 88.9) 
88.1  
(85.9, 90.4) 
84.3  
(81.2, 87.4) 
88.1  
(86.0, 90.3) 
85.4  
(82.9, 87.9) 
30-39 
82.8  
(80.3, 85.4) 
86.3  
(84.0, 88.6) 
78.6  
(75.8, 81.4)a 
85.5  
(83.4, 87.7)a 
85.4  
(83.4, 87.5) 
40-49 
76.1  
(72.9, 79.3) 
81.7  
(79.3, 84.1) 
73.7  
(70.0, 77.4)a 
80.8  
(78.6, 83.0)a 
82.5  
(80.4, 84.6) 
50-59 
69.0  
(65.2, 72.8) 
78.4  
(75.7, 81.0)a 
61.0  
(57.6, 64.4)a 
77.3  
(74.8, 79.9)a 
75.5  
(72.8, 78.2) 
60-74 
59.3  
(55.9, 62.6) 
63.1  
(60.2, 66.1) 
50.3  
(47.6, 53.0)a 
68.4  
(66.1, 70.8)a 
65.6  
(63.0, 68.1) 
 
  
  
 
  
 
Males 
69.3  
(67.1, 71.5) 
75.1  
(73.3, 77.0)a 
64.3  
(62.3, 66.3)a 
75.7  
(74.2, 77.3)a 
75.1  
(73.4, 76.7) 
Females 
79.5  
(77.7, 81.4) 
83.1  
(81.6, 84.6)a 
73.7  
(71.6, 75.8)a 
83.5  
(82.1, 84.8)a 
81.6  
(80.1, 83.0) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Primary 
56.4  
(52.2, 60.7) 
61.2  
(57.6, 64.9) 
49.8  
(45.9, 53.7)a 
64.8  
(61.3, 68.2)a 
64.0  
(60.3, 67.7) 
Secondary 
73.1  
(70.6, 75.6) 
74.3  
(72.0, 76.7) 
60.3  
(57.5, 63.1)a 
74.6  
(72.4, 76.8)a 
71.7  
(69.3, 74.0) 
Post-secondary 
79.1  
(77.1, 81.2) 
84.8  
(83.4, 86.2)a 
76.2  
(74.3, 78.0)a 
84.3  
(83.0, 85.5)a 
83.3  
(82.0, 84.6) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Chinese 
74.4  
(72.7, 76.1) 
79.9  
(78.5, 81.2)a 
67.9  
(66.2, 69.6)a 
79.2  
(78.0, 80.4)a 
77.9  
(76.6, 79.2) 
Malays 
78.3  
(74.8, 81.8) 
79.2  
(75.9, 82.5) 
72.2  
(68.4, 76.0) 
81.8  
(79.1, 84.4)a 
80.2  
(77.2, 83.2) 
Indians 
68.8  
(63.5, 74.0) 
74.0  
(69.7, 78.2) 
72.9  
(68.9, 77.0) 
79.8  
(76.5, 83.0) 
78.5d  
(74.8, 82.2) 
Notes: (1)  Figures in ( ) refer to the 95% confidence intervals. a Indicates that the results for any two 
consecutive survey years are significantly different statistically at 5% significance level as the 
confidence intervals for these two survey years did not overlap (e.g. NPHS 2022 and NPHS 2023). 
 
(2) ASR: Age-standardised rate. The reference population used is Singapore Census 2020 resident 
population. 
 
(3) Analysis based on highest education attained served as a proxy to socio-economic factors. 
 
 
Primary education: No formal qualification/ Primary/ PSLE.  
 
 
Secondary education: Secondary/ GCE 'O'/ 'N' level.  
 
 
Post-secondary education: GCE ‘A' Level/ Polytechnic & other diploma/ Degree & professional 
qualification. 
(4) d Indicate statistically significant linear upward trend between 2019 and 2023 with p-value <0.05. 
 
 
 
 
 


 
72 
 
Chapter 13 Survey Methodology 
 
Study Design and Objectives 
The NPHS is a cross-sectional population health survey series jointly managed by the 
Ministry of Health and Health Promotion Board to track the health and risk factors of the 
Singapore residents. The main objectives of the survey are to monitor the health of 
Singapore residents and track progress towards national targets in the areas of: 
(i) 
risk factors such as alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking and physical 
inactivity; 
(ii) 
diseases such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia; and 
(iii) preventive health behaviours such as chronic disease screening; cervical, breast 
and colorectal cancer screening; and vaccinations.  
 
The survey results were presented for the 18 to 74 years age group for most chapters 
except chronic disease screening, cancer screening and vaccinations. For these few 
chapters, the analyses were confined to relevant age groups recommended for screening 
and immunisation. Data for the “Others” ethnic group were included in the compilation of 
the survey results shown under “Total”, but suppressed in ethnic-specific data of all 
statistical tables due to small counts or high sampling variability.   
 
Ethics Approval 
The NPHS methodology, protocol and procedures were approved by National Healthcare 
Group (NHG) Domain Specific Review Board (Domain F). 
 
Sample Design 
A representative sample of residential addresses was obtained from the Singapore 
Department of Statistics (DOS) who maintains a sampling frame of residential addresses 
for the selection of samples for household surveys. The sample selection was based on 
a two-stage design where the primary sampling units comprised of geographical areas 
and the secondary sampling units were the residential dwelling units.  
 
 
 


 
73 
 
The NPHS design comprised two components – (1) Household Interview (HI) and (2) 
Health Examination (HE). In the first component, a household member aged 18 to 79 
years old (also known as “reference person”) was identified using KISH tables within each 
selected address to participate in the household for a face-to-face questionnaire interview 
(i.e. NPHS HI). Only Singapore citizens and permanent residents were recruited for the 
survey. All reference persons who completed NPHS HI would be invited to undergo a 
health examination (i.e. NPHS HE) at a designated clinic. Physical measurements e.g. 
height, weight, hip and waist circumference, blood pressure levels and bio-specimens 
such as blood and urine samples of survey respondents were collected. The blood and 
urine samples were sent to a medical laboratory to test for blood sugar, cholesterol, 
proteins in urine and other conditions. A full report on the respondent’s health status was 
mailed to him/ her six to eight weeks after the completion of the health examination.  
 
Questionnaire 
An electronic structured questionnaire administrated on a tablet was used in the survey 
to collect information on the demographic, socio-economic, lifestyle practices relating to 
the major non-communicable diseases and risk factors, health conditions, knowledge, 
attitude and practices on health screening as well as the help-seeking attitudes of the 
respondents. The questionnaire was adopted from that of the National Population Health 
Survey 2017 and National Health Surveillance Survey 2013; and included elements of 
the instruments used in the WHO STEP-wise approach to Surveillance of Non-
Communicable Diseases (STEPS) Instrument for Non-Communicable Disease Risk 
Factors and WHO’s Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ).    
 
Invitation Letter and Publicity 
An invitation letter, in four official languages, was mailed to the selected household 
addresses one week prior to visitation by the assigned interviewers. The invitation letter 
provided information on the survey purpose, what the survey comprised and expected 
survey duration. It also informed that an interviewer from a research company 
commissioned by the Ministry of Health and Health Promotion Board would be visiting 
the household to enumerate, select and interview an eligible household member to take 
part in the survey, and assured the household on the confidentiality of all collected 
information. A dedicated NPHS webpage was set-up to provide detailed information on 
the conduct of the NPHS.   
 
 


 
74 
 
Training 
All survey interviewers were given an overview of the survey background and briefed 
extensively on the fieldwork procedures such as procurement of appointments, 
enumeration of household members, selection of eligible household members using KISH 
tables and consent taking for survey participation. They were given training slides on 
survey protocols and questionnaire administration as well as training in administrating the 
electronic questionnaire on a tablet. Fieldworkers carrying out the health examination 
were given training on consent taking and the standard operation procedures for the 
conduct of health examination. These trainings helped to ensure compliance to standards 
and protocols of the survey, and consistency in data collection for the household interview 
and health examination.  
 
Household Interview Fieldwork 
The survey fieldwork was conducted between 01 July 2022 and 30 June 2023. Survey 
interviewers from the appointed research company (National University of Singapore 
(IPS-Social Lab)), commissioned by the Ministry of Health and Health Promotion Board 
visited all the selected household addresses. The interviewers made a minimum of five 
visit attempts, at different times of the day and on different days of a week to establish 
contact with the reference person or household member to conduct the survey or obtain 
a survey appointment if the reference person was unavailable at the point of visit. 
Informed written consent was obtained from the reference person before the interviewer 
administered the questionnaire face-to-face. A token of appreciation was given to the 
reference person who completed the survey interview. All reference persons who 
completed the household interview were invited to go for a health examination and given 
a letter of invitation by the interviewer.  
 
 


 
75 
 
Health Examination Fieldwork 
The health examination fieldwork for NPHS 2023 was carried out between 18 July 2022 
and 28 August 2023 by a healthcare service provider (Healthway Medical Group) 
appointed by the Ministry of Health and Health Promotion Board. Appointment setting 
officers from the service provider provided a reminder call to reference persons two to 
three days prior to their appointments and managed any requests for changes to the 
appointments. At the appointed clinic, informed written consent was obtained by a 
fieldworker before the conduct of the health examination and a token of appreciation was 
given to the reference person after the completion of the health examination.   
 
Data Quality Control 
Informed consent forms validation 
All the informed consent forms from the household interview and health examination were 
checked for completeness and accuracy of information captured. This included checks 
for missing information, consistency of information and any data-entry errors in the 
datasets.  
 
Interview validation 
Data quality control was conducted by a separate team of staff who were not involved in 
the survey interview fieldwork. For each interviewer, 40% of their survey interviews were 
randomly selected and subjected to quality control checks via telephone validation or 
audio audit. At least 30% of all quality control checks were conducted through telephone 
validation where respondents were asked to verify their residential address and 
responses to nine specific fields with the respondents concerned. The remaining 10% of 
the checks were audio audits where a quality control staff listened to segments of the 
interview and checked if the interviewer complied with the stipulated survey protocols in 
administering the questions.   
 
 
 


 
76 
 
Data verification and consistency check 
The electronic survey questionnaire had built-in features that prompt data entry for fields 
that required a response or prompt data re-entry if data entered was outside the logical 
or valid field range. Built-in checks for relational fields were also incorporated to ensure 
that responses for those fields across different sections of the questionnaire were 
consistent. The built-in features and checks ensured that missing values, data-entry 
errors and inconsistent responses were eradicated or kept to the minimum where possible. 
The database on the questionnaire records with the complete survey responses was 
subjected to a series of computer-programmed checks for missing values, valid field 
range and cross-field relational consistency. Missing values were obtained from 
respondents and data anomalies were clarified through direct verification with the 
respondents whenever necessary.  
 
The database on the physical measurements and laboratory results were also checked 
for missing value, valid field range and cross-field relational consistency. Missing values 
and data anomalies were clarified with fieldworkers and corrected where possible.   
 
Data Confidentiality 
Throughout all stages of the survey, strict confidentiality on individual respondent 
information was maintained. All information, including audio recordings, questionnaire 
answers, health examination records collected for this survey, would be kept strictly 
confidential, and stored in a secure, password-protected environment. Any reporting of 
findings would be done on a grouped basis such that no individual survey respondents 
can be identified. The identity of the respondents would remain confidential in publications 
(e.g. in national reports). 
 
Age-Standardisation 
Age-standardisation of prevalence rates take into account the changing age distribution 
of the population over the years and allows for more meaningful trend comparison, 
especially with an ageing population. Age-standardisation of prevalence was calculated 
by the direct method, using the 2020 Census Singapore resident population as the 
standard (reference) population.  
 
 
 


 
77 
 
Response Rate 
From a sample of 10,623 eligible households, 7,624 reference persons aged 18 to 79 
years participated in the household interview, forming a response rate of 71.8% in NPHS 
2023. 5,832 reference persons (76.5% of all reference persons) initially agreed to 
participate in the follow-on health examination. However, only 4,498 (77.1%) of those who 
agreed eventually attended the health examination.     
 
Comparison of Demographic Profile between Survey Respondents and Resident 
Population 
The demographic profiles of survey respondents from household interview were shown 
in Table 13.1. The survey sample was weighted to the age, ethnic group and sex 
distribution of the 2022 Singapore resident population to yield a similar population 
structure as the resident population. This was to ensure that the survey results apply to 
the general population.  
 
Sample Weights 
The sample weights for household interview were the composite of sample weights for 
the households and the selected household members. For each household, the sample 
weight (WHH) comprised weight for non-response and unequal probability of selection 
stratified by planning regions and housing type and benchmarked to the total number of 
resident households. For each household member, the sample weight (WHH_Mem) 
comprised weight for unequal probability of selection and weight for post-stratification 
stratified by age, sex and ethnic groups. The overall sample weight for household 
interview was the product of WHH and WHH_Mem. 
 
 
 


 
78 
 
Table 13.1: Percentage distribution (%) of the survey sample (unweighted) for 
household interview and 2022 Singapore resident population  
by demographic characteristics 
  
Household Interview Survey 
Sample (Unweighted) 
Singapore Resident 2022 
   Total 
100.0 
100.0 
  
  
  
   18-29  
11.8 
18.4 
   30-39  
17.9 
18.8 
   40-49  
20.2 
18.7 
   50-59  
18.7 
18.3 
   60-69  
18.8 
16.6 
   70-79  
12.6 
9.1 
  
 
 
   Males 
47.2 
48.8 
   Females 
52.8 
51.2 
  
 
 
   Chinese 
75.1 
75.1 
   Malays 
12.3 
12.9 
   Indians 
9.1 
8.8 
   Others 
3.4 
3.2 
 
 
 
 
 


 
79 
 
REFERENCES 
 
Chapter 1: Alcohol Consumption 
Anderson B, Berdzuli N, Ilbawi A, Kestel D, Kluge HP, Krech R, Mikkelsen B, Neufeld M, Poznyak 
V, Rekve D, Slama S, Tello J, Ferreira-Borges C, Health and cancer risks associated with low 
levels of alcohol consumption. The Lancet Public Health. 2023; 8(1). doi: 10.1016/S2468-
2667(22)00317-6. 
 
WHO. Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health 2018. Geneva: World Health Organization, 
2018. 
 
Zhao J, Stockwell T, Naimi T, Churchill S, Clay J, Sherk A. Association Between Daily 
Alcohol Intake and Risk of All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-
analyses. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(3):e236185. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.6185. 
 
Chapter 2: Cigarette Smoking 
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking – 50 
Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and 
Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic 
Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; 2014. 
 
Chapter 3: Physical Activity 
Bennie JA, De Cocker K, Teychenne MJ, Brown WJ, Biddle SJH. The epidemiology of aerobic 
physical activity and muscle-strengthening activity guideline adherence among 383,928 U.S. 
adults. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2019; 16:34.  
 
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. 2nd 
edition ed. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2018. 
 
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Introducing the Physical Activity Guidelines for 
Americans. 2nd edition ed. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 
2018. 
 
WHO. Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ), Analysis Guide, (Downloaded in 2014) 
 
WHO. Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health. Geneva: World Health 
Organization; 2010.  
 
WHO. Physical Activity. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022.  
 
 
 


 
80 
 
Chapter 4: Self-reported Diabetes Mellitus 
WHO. Classification of diabetes mellitus. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019. 
 
Chapter 5: Self-reported Hypertension 
WHO. A Global Brief on Hypertension. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013. 
 
WHO. Arterial Hypertension. Report of a WHO Expert Committee. No. 628 WHO Technical 
Report Series. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1978. 
 
Chapter 6: Self-reported Hyperlipidaemia 
Expert Panel on the Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. 
Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) 
Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult 
Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001; 285:2486–2497. 
 
National Institutes of Health. National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel. Executive 
summary of the (NCEP) on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in 
Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program 
(NCEP) in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. 
National Institutes of Health. NHI Publication No. 02-5215. September 2002.   
 
Chapter 7: Chronic Disease Screening 
Health Promotion Board, Singapore. Screen for Life Booklet, October 2019. 
 
Chapter 8: Breast Cancer Screening, Chapter 9: Cervical Cancer Screening and Chapter 10: 
Colorectal Cancer Screening 
National Registry of Diseases Office, Health Promotion Board, Singapore. Singapore Cancer 
Registry Annual Report 2022. Health Promotion Board, Singapore 2024. 
 
Chapter 11: Vaccination 
Ministry of Health, Singapore. National Adult Immunisation Schedule. Ministry of Health, 
Singapore 2017.  
 
Chapter 12: Mental Health 
WHO. Mental Health: Fact sheet. June 2020.  Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. 
 
Chapter 13: Survey Methodology 
Singapore Department of Statistics, Ministry of Trade & Industry, Singapore. Resident Population 
by 5-Year Age Group, Sex and Ethnicity, 2022. 
 
 
 
 


 
81 
 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 
 
The National Population Health Survey 2023 Project Team would like to gratefully 
acknowledge Associate Professor Chua Tin Chiu, Department of Statistics and Applied 
Probability, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore and Dr Loh Tze Ping for 
their technical advice.  
 
The Team would also like to thank colleagues in the Ministry of Health and the Health 
Promotion Board who have given inputs to the design of the survey questionnaire, 
planning of the fieldwork processes, management of administrative matters and the 
drafting of this report.  
 
Last but not least, the Team would like to thank all Singapore residents who have 
participated in this survey.  
 
 


 
82 
 
Annex A 
Survey Questionnaire 
 
 
 


 
83 
 
 
NATIONAL POPULATION HEALTH SURVEY 2022/23 
QUESTIONNAIRE A [FOR PERSONS AGED 18 YEARS & ABOVE]  
全国人口健康调查2022/23 问卷 A [供18 岁或以上的人]  
 
Serialhi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Date of Interview 
D 
D 
M 
M 
Y 
Y 
Y 
Y 
 
Interviewer’s 
Full Name 
 
KISH Table Used 
 
Household Information 
Number of eligible PERSONS (Singapore citizens/PRs aged 18 to 79 years) in household: ________ 
住户中合格的人士（18 至79 岁以下的新加坡公民/永久居民）人数 
Number of eligible SENIORS (Singapore citizens/PRs aged 65 years & above) in household: ______ 
住户中合格的乐龄人士（65 岁或以上的新加坡公民/永久居民）人数 
 
1. REGISTRATION 
 
Interviewer: I would like to inform that your individual information collected for the survey will be kept 
strictly confidential. Any reporting would be done on a collective basis such that no participants in the 
survey will be identifiable. 
我想告诉您，本调查所收集的个人信息会严格保密。所有调查都会基于整体数据，因此不会泄
漏您的任何个人信息。 
 
1000.     Year of birth:  
出生年份 
 
Age:  
年龄 
 
1001.     Record gender of participant [SA] 
请注明受访者的性别 
 
 
 
 
 
Y 
Y 
Y 
Y 
 
 
 
1 
Male 
男性 
2 
Female 
女性 


 
84 
 
1002.     Ethnic group (as listed in NRIC) [SA] 
种族（以身份证（NRIC）为准） 
READ ONLY IF NECESSARY 
1 
Chinese 
华族 
2 
Malay 
马来族 
3 
Indian 
印度族 
DO NOT READ 
4 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
[Go to Q1003] 
 
 
1003.     Are you a Singapore Citizen? [SA]  
您是新加坡公民吗？ 
READ  
1 
Yes, I am a Singapore Citizen 
是，我是新加坡公民 
2 
No, I am a Permanent Resident 
否，我是永久居民 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
[Go to Q1004] 
 
 
1004.     May I know your height in metres, centimetres, or feet and inches? [SA] 
请问您的身高是多少公尺、公分或英尺英寸？ 
 
Height in cm, OR  
(nearest whole number) 
公分，或 
（最近的整数) 
 
Height in metres, OR 
(nearest two decimal places) 
公尺，或 
（最接近的两位小数） 
 
Feet (nearest whole number) AND 
英尺（最近的整数)与 
 
Inches (nearest whole number) 
英寸（最近的整数) 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q1005] 
 
 
 


 
85 
 
1005.     May I know your weight in kilograms or pounds? [SA] 
请问您的体重是多少公斤或磅？ 
 
Weight in kg, OR   
(nearest one decimal place) 
公斤，或 
（最接近的一位小数) 
 
Weight in lbs 
(nearest whole number) 
磅 
（最近的整数) 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
END OF SECTION 1. GO TO SECTION 2. 
 
 
 


 
86 
 
2. DEMOGRAPHICS 
 
 
2000. 
What is your current marital status? [SA] 
请问您目前的婚姻状况是？ 
USE SHOWCARD  
1 
Never married 
从未结婚 
2 
Married 
已婚 
3 
Divorced 
离婚 
4 
Separated 
分居 
5 
Widowed 
丧偶 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
[Go to Q2001] 
 
 
2001. 
Do you have any children, including adopted and step-children? Please do not include 
foster children. [SA] 
请问您是否有孩子,这包括领养的孩子、继子和继女？ 请不要包括寄养的儿童。 
USE SHOWCARD  
1 
Yes 
有 
[Go to Q2002] 
2 
No 
没有 
[Go to Q2003] 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
 
 
2002. 
Are any of your children within the following age range, including adopted and step-
children? Please do not include foster children. [SA] 
您是否有属于以下年龄段的孩子，这包括领养的孩子、继子和继女？请不要包括寄养的
儿童。 
READ 
a) Aged 6 years and below 
6 岁或以下 
1) Yes 
是 
2) No 
否 
777) Refused 
拒绝回答 
b) Aged 7 to 12 years 
7 岁至12 岁 
1) Yes 
是 
2) No 
否 
777) Refused 
拒绝回答 
c) Older than 12 years 
12 岁以上 
1) Yes 
是 
2) No 
否 
777) Refused 
拒绝回答 
[Go to Q2003] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


 
87 
 
2003. 
What is the highest level of education* that you have attained? [SA] 
请问您的最高教育程度
*是什么？ 
USE SHOWCARD AND DO NOT READ 
1 
No formal education / Primary 
未接受正规教育/小学 
2 
PSLE or equivalent 
小六离校毕业证书或同等学历 
3 
Secondary  
中学 
4 
’O’ / ‘N’ level or NTC3 cert or its 
equivalent  
‘O’/‘N’水准或全国技工证书第3 级
(NTC 3)或同等学历 
5 
‘A’ level / International Baccalaureate 
(IB)/ NTC 1-2 or Cert in office/ business 
skills or its equivalent, WSQ certificates 
‘A’水准或/国际高中文凭(IB)/全国技
工证书第1-2 级(NTC 1-2)或办公室/商
业技能证书或同等学历,WSQ 证书 
6 
Polytechnic Diploma 
理工学院文凭 
7 
Other diploma & professional 
qualification 
其它文凭或专职业资格证书 
8 
University and above 
大学及以上学历 
9 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q2004] 
* Refers to the highest level or standard which a person had passed or attained and was awarded 
a certificate, either through attendance at an institution of learning, through correspondence or 
self-study.  
最高教育程度指的是一个人通过在教育机构学习、函授或自修并获得证书的最高教育水平或学位。 
 
 
2004. 
Which of the following best describes your main work status* over the last 12 months? 
[SA] 
下列哪项最符合您在过去12 个月内的主要工作情况*？ 
USE SHOWCARD & READ ONLY IF NECESSARY 
1 
Working       
工作 
[Go to Q2005a] 
2 
Full-time Student 
全职学生 
[Go to Q2006] 
3 
Serving National Service 
在服兵役/国民服役 
4 
Homemaker or housewife 
家庭主妇/夫 
5 
Retired 
退休 
[Go to Q2005a] 
6 
Unemployed 
无工作 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
[Go to Q2006] 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
* Refers to what you spent most of the usual working hours on during the last 12 months. 
主要工作情况指的是在过去12 个月内的平常工作时间，您大部分的时间所做的事。 
 
 
 


 
88 
 
2005a. Which industry do you work in, or used to work in? [SA] 
您目前或以前从事哪一个行业的工作？ 
 
<write response 写回应> 
 
2005b. What is or was your occupation? [SA] 
您目前或以前的职业是什么？ 
 
<write response 写回应> 
 
DO NOT READ (for internal coding only)  
1 
Community, Social and Personal 
Services (e.g. education, nursing, arts, 
entertainment, public administration, 
defence, …) 
社区, 社会及个人服务业 (如教育, 护
理, 艺术, 娱乐, 公共行政, 国防， 等
等) 
2 
Manufacturing 
制造业 
3 
Business Services (e.g. real estate, 
legal, accounting, architectural, R&D, 
travel, employment, …) 
商业服务业 (如房地产, 法律, 会计, 
建筑设计, 科研开发, 旅游, 雇员介
绍，等等) 
4 
Wholesale and Retail Trade 
批发及零售业 
5 
Financial and Insurance Activities 
金融险业 
6 
Information and Communications (e.g. 
publishing, media, telecommunications, 
information technology, …) 
资讯通信业(如出版, 媒体, 电信, 资讯
科技 等等) 
7 
Others 
(e.g. 
transport, 
hotels, 
restaurants, construction) 
其它(如交通, 酒店, 餐馆, 建筑业, 等
等) 
8 
Have never worked 
从来没有工作过 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q2006] 
 
 
 


 
89 
 
2006. 
Over the last 12 months, what is the average earnings (S$) of your household in one 
month, before any deductions? Please include all sources of income such as bonuses, 
rental and investment income, and other sources such as pension and contributions from 
relatives and friends who are not staying in the same household. [SA] 
在过去 12 个月内，您全家每月的平均总收入，在任何扣除前，大概是多少新币？请包括
红利、租金和投资所得到的收入，也包括退休金和非同住在一起的家人或朋友所给的现
金零用钱/资助。 
USE SHOWCARD  
1 
Below 2,000 per month 
每月收入低于 2,000 
2 
2,000 – 3,999 per month 
每月收入在 2,000 – 3,999 之间 
3 
4,000 – 5,999 per month  
每月收入在 4,000 – 5,999 之间 
4 
6,000 – 9,999 per month  
每月收入在 6,000 – 9,999 之间 
5 
10,000 – 14,999 per month 
每月收入在 10,000 – 14,999 之间 
6 
15,000 & above per month 
每月收入 15,000 及以上 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
END OF SECTION 2. GO TO SECTION 3. 
 
 
 


 
90 
 
3. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY 
 
 
Interviewer: The next questions are about the time you spend doing work. Think of work as the things 
that you have to do such as paid or unpaid work, household chores or looking for a job. Activities at 
work, focus on occupational physical activity. For homemakers, this refers to household chores. For 
unemployed, this refers to looking for a job. For students, this refers to classes (including Physical 
Education if relevant). 
接着我要询问您关于工作中的体力活动。工作是指您不得不做的事情，如有偿或无偿工作、家
务活以及找工作。工作中的活动，主要是指与职业相关的体力活动。对于家庭主妇来说，这指
的是家务劳动。对于无业人士来说，这指的是找工作。对于学生来说，这指的是上课（包括相
关的体育课）。 
 
In answering the next few questions, ‘vigorous-intensity activities’ are activities that require hard physical 
effort and cause large increases in breathing or heart rate, ‘moderate-intensity activities’ are activities 
that require moderate physical effort and cause small increases in breathing or heart rate. 
在以下的问题，“剧烈活动” 是指需要大量体力并引起呼吸心跳显著增加的活动，“中等强
度活动” 是指需引起呼吸心跳轻度增加的活动。 
 
 
Activity at work （在工作中的活动） 
3000. 
In a typical week, on how many days do you do vigorous-intensity activities for at least 
10 minutes continuously as part of your work? [SA] 
您在工作中通常每周有多少天会做持续至少10 分钟的剧烈活动？ 
USE SHOWCARD FOR EXAMPLES 
 
Days a week 
每周几天 
[If 0 day, go to Q3001. 
Else go to Q3000a] 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
[Go to Q3001] 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
 
 
3000a. On a typical day on which you do vigorous-intensity activities for at least 10 minutes 
continuously, how much time do you spend doing such activities at work? [SA] 
在您有做持续至少10 分钟剧烈活动的平常一天里，您通常会花多长时间做此类活动？ 
 
Hours 
小时 
 
Minutes 
分钟 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q3001] 
 
 
 


 
91 
 
3001. 
In a typical week, on how many days do you do moderate-intensity activities for at least 
10 minutes continuously as part of your work? [SA] 
您在工作中通常每周有多少天会做持续至少10 分钟的中等强度活动？ 
USE SHOWCARD FOR EXAMPLES 
 
Days a week 
每周几天 
[If 0 day, go to Q3002. 
Else go to Q3001a] 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
[Go to Q3002] 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
 
 
3001a. On a typical day on which you do moderate-intensity activities for at least 10 minutes 
continuously, how much time do you spend doing such activities at work? [SA] 
在您有做持续至少10 分钟中等强度活动的平常一天里，您通常会花多长时间做此类活动？ 
 
Hours 
小时 
 
Minutes 
分钟 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q3002] 
 
 
Interviewer: The next questions exclude the physical activities at work that you have previously 
mentioned. Now, I would like to ask you about the usual way you travel to and from places. For example, 
going to work, shopping, market, or church, temple or mosque or going out for lunch. 
以下的问题不包括上述工作时的体力活动。现在我要询问您通常的交通方式。例如，上班、购
物、去市场、教堂、寺庙或清真寺，或出门用午餐。 
 
 
Travel to and from places （出行时） 
3002. 
In a typical week, on how many days do you walk or cycle (pedal cycle) for at least 10 
minutes continuously to get to and from places? [SA] 
您出行时，通常每周有多少天步行或骑脚踏车，持续至少10 分钟？ 
 
Days a week 
每周几天 
[If 0 day, go to Q3003. 
Else go to Q3002a] 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
[Go to Q3003] 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
 
 
 


 
92 
 
3002a. On a typical day when you walk or cycle (pedal cycle) for at least 10 minutes continuously, 
how much time do you spend walking or cycling? [SA] 
在您有步行或骑脚踏车持续至少10 分钟的一天里，您通常会花多长时间做此类活动？ 
 
Hours 
小时 
 
Minutes 
分钟 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q3003] 
 
 
Recreational activities （娱乐性体力活动） 
3003. 
In a typical week, on how many days do you do vigorous-intensity sports, fitness, 
recreational or leisure activities for at least 10 minutes continuously? [SA] 
您通常每周有多少天会做持续至少10 分钟的剧烈运动、健身或娱乐性体力活动？ 
USE SHOWCARD FOR EXAMPLES 
 
Days a week 
每周几天 
[If 0 day, go to Q3004. 
Else go to Q3003a] 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
[Go to Q3004] 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
 
3003a. On a typical day, how much time do you spend doing vigorous-intensity sports, fitness, 
recreational or leisure activities for at least 10 minutes continuously? [SA] 
在您有做持续至少10 分钟剧烈运动、健身或娱乐性体力活动的平常一天里，您通常会花
多长时间做此类活动？ 
 
Hours 
小时 
 
Minutes 
分钟 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q3004] 
 
3004. 
In a typical week, on how many days do you do moderate-intensity sports, fitness, 
recreational or leisure activities for at least 10 minutes continuously? [SA] 
您通常每周有多少天会做持续至少10 分钟的中等强度运动、健身或娱乐性体力活动？ 
USE SHOWCARD FOR EXAMPLES 
 
Days a week 
每周几天 
[If 0 day, go to Q3006. 
Else go to Q3004a] 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
[Go to Q3006] 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 


 
93 
 
3004a. On a typical day, how much time do you spend doing moderate-intensity sports, fitness, 
recreational or leisure activities for at least 10 minutes continuously? [SA] 
在您有做持续至少10 分钟中等强度运动、健身或娱乐性体力活动的平常一天里，您通常
会花多长时间做此类活动？ 
 
Hours 
小时 
 
Minutes 
分钟 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q3006] 
 
 
3006. 
In a typical week, on how many days do you do physical activities or exercises to 
strengthen your muscles? Examples of these activities include tai-chi, qi-gong, yoga, 
sit-ups, push-ups, the use of weight machines, free weights, or elastic bands. Do not 
include aerobic activities like walking, running, or cycling. [SA] 
您通常每周有多少天会为了增强肌肉而做运动或体育锻炼？这些运动包括太极、气功、
瑜伽、仰卧起坐或伏地挺身，以及那些使用举重器械、自由力量训练设备或弹力带的运
动。请勿包括有氧运动，如健步行走、跑步或骑脚踏车。 
Interviewer note: Record number of days per month if frequency is less than once a 
week. Respondents should complete at least 1 set of strength exercises to register as 1 
day. 
USE SHOWCARD FOR EXAMPLES & DEFINITION OF 1 SET OF EXERCISE 
 
Days per week OR 
每周几天 或 
 
Days per month 
每月几天 
DO NOT READ 
666 
Never do such activity or exercise 
没有做这些运动或体育锻炼 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q3005] 
 
 
 


 
94 
 
Interviewer: The next question is about sitting or reclining at work, at home, getting to and from 
places, or with friends, including time spent sitting at a desk, sitting with friends, travelling in car, bus, 
train, reading, playing cards or watching television but DO NOT include time spent sleeping. 
以下的问题是关于工作中、在家里、出行或与朋友相处时的坐卧情况，包括坐在桌前、与朋友
坐在一起，乘坐汽车、巴士、地铁，阅读、打牌或看电视的时间，但不包括睡眠时间。 
 
 
3005. 
On a typical day, how much time do you usually spend sitting or reclining? [SA] 
您通常每天花多长时间坐着或靠着？ 
 
Hours 
小时 
 
Minutes 
分钟 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
END OF SECTION 3. GO TO SECTION 4. 
 
 
 


 
95 
 
4. TOBACCO USE 
 
Interviewer: The next questions are on cigarette smoking. 
现在，我要问一些有关吸烟的问题。 
 
 
4000. 
Have you ever smoked cigarettes? [SA] 
您曾吸过烟吗？ 
READ  
1 
Yes 
有 
[Go to Q4001] 
2 
No 
没有 
[Go to Q4016 
Other Tobacco 
Products] 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
 
4001. 
How old were you when you first tried or experimented with smoking cigarettes? [SA] 
您第一次尝试吸烟时是几岁？ 
 
Age 
几岁 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q4002] 
 
4002. 
Have you ever smoked at least 100 cigarettes, or about 5 packs in your whole life? [SA] 
您一生中曾经吸过的烟总数是否有至少 100 支（约 5 包）？ 
READ  
1 
Yes 
有 
[Go to Q4003] 
2 
No 
没有 
[Go to Q4016 
Other Tobacco 
Products] 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
 
4003. 
Have you ever smoked cigarettes daily? [SA] 
您曾经每天吸烟吗？ 
READ  
1 
Yes 
有 
[Go to Q4004] 
2 
No 
没有 
[Go to Q4005] 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
 
 


 
96 
 
4004. 
At what age did you start smoking cigarettes daily? [SA] 
您从几岁开始每天吸烟的？ 
 
Age 
几岁 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q4005] 
 
 
4005. 
How often do you smoke cigarettes now, is it….? [SA] 
您目前吸烟的频率, 是…？ 
READ 
1 
Daily* 
每天* 
[Go to Q4006a] 
2 
Occasionally 
偶尔 
3 
Have stopped smoking 
completely 
已经彻底戒烟 
[If Q4003=1, go to Q4011 
Ex-daily Smoker 
If Q4003=2, 777 or 888, go 
to Q4015 Ex-smoker] 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
[Go to Q4016 Other 
Tobacco Products] 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
* Interviewer Note: Please include respondents who have stop smoking daily temporarily 
because of religious fasting or medical reasons. 
请包括受访者因宗教禁食或医疗因素而暂时停止每天吸烟。 
 
 
[If Q4005 = “Daily” or “Occasionally”, ask the following question] 
4006a. Can you show me the pack of cigarettes that you are currently smoking so that we can 
write down the flavour of cigarette? [SA]  
您是否能让我看您所吸的烟的包装以便我记下其烟的口味？ 
Interviewer Note: If respondent does not have a pack or refused to show pack of 
cigarettes, please ask for the flavour. If there are more than 1 flavour smoked, record the 
flavour that was most often smoked.  
DO NOT READ [Record flavour as shown for 4006a] 
1 
Regular  
2 
Menthol  
3 
Mint 
4 
Clove/ Kretek 
5 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q4006] 
 
 


 
97 
 
4006. 
Based on the pack of cigarettes, please code the theme of the graphic health warning. 
[SA] 
DO NOT READ [For internal coding by Interviewers] 
1 
Smoking causes blindness 
2 
Smoking causes cancer 
3 
Smoking causes heart disease 
4 
Smoking causes lung disease 
5 
Smoking increases the risk of miscarriage 
6 
When you’re hooked, your child suffers too 
7 
Smoking can cause stillbirth 
8 
Smoking causes oral cancer 
9 
Smoking causes throat cancer 
10 
Smoking leads to death from lung cancer 
11 
Tobacco smoke harms your baby 
12 
Smoking causes premature ageing 
13 
Others please specify: ____________________________________________ 
666 
No graphic warnings 
777 
Refused to show the pack of cigarette 
Note: No translation of graphic warning theme is required.   
 
 
 
[If Q4005 = “Daily”, go to Q4007. Else, go to Q4016 Other Tobacco Products]  
4007. 
[Daily Smoker] On average, how many cigarettes do you smoke per day? [SA] 
您平均每天吸多少支烟？ 
 
Cigarettes daily 
一天几支烟 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q4008] 
 
 
 


 
98 
 
4008. 
[Daily Smoker] Do you have any intention to quit smoking? [SA]  
您是否有戒烟的打算？ 
READ AND USE SHOWCARD  
1 
Yes, I plan to quit smoking within the next 
month 
有,我打算在下个月内戒烟 
2 
Yes, I plan to quit smoking within the next 6 
months 
有,我打算在未来 6 个月内戒烟 
3 
Yes, I plan to quit smoking within the next 12 
months 
有,我打算在未来 12 个月内戒烟 
4 
Yes, I plan to quit smoking within the next 5 
years 
有,我打算在未来 5 年内戒烟 
5 
Yes, I plan to quit smoking sometime in the 
future 
有,我打算在未来的某个时候戒烟 
6 
No, I do not plan to quit smoking completely, 
but plan to cut down on the number of 
cigarettes smoked 
我没有打算完全戒烟,但有打算减少吸
烟 
7 
No, I do not plan to quit smoking or cut down 
on the number of cigarettes smoked 
我没有打算戒烟或减少吸烟 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q4009] 
 
 
4009. 
[Daily Smoker] In the last 12 months, have you tried to stop smoking for at least 24 
hours? [SA] 
在过去12 个月内，您是否有尝试连续至少 24 小时不吸烟？ 
READ  
1 
Yes 
有 
[Go to Q4010] 
2 
No 
没有 
[Go to Q4016 
Other Tobacco 
Products] 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
 
 
4010. 
[Daily Smoker] How many times did you try to quit smoking during the last 12 months? 
[SA] 
在过去12 个月内，您曾经几次尝试戒烟？ 
 
Number of times in last 12 months 
在过去12个月内有几次 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q4016 Other Tobacco Products] 
 
 
 
 


 
99 
 
[If Q4005 = “Have stopped smoking completely” and Q4003=1, go to Q4011. Else if Q4005 
= “Have stopped smoking completely” and Q4003=2, 777 or 888, go to Q4015.]    
4011. 
[Ex-daily Smoker] How long has it been since you last smoked daily? [SA] 
您已经有多久停止每日吸烟的习惯？ 
 
Number of years, OR 
几年，或 
 
Number of months 
几月 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q4012] 
 
 
4012. 
[Ex-daily Smoker] How long did you smoke daily before you gave up smoking? [SA] 
在戒烟之前，您曾经有多久每天吸烟？ 
 
Number of years, OR 
几年，或 
 
Number of months 
几月 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q4015] 
 
 
4015. 
[Ex-smoker] How many times did you try to quit smoking before you succeeded? [SA] 
在戒烟成功前，您曾经尝试戒烟过几次？ 
 
Number of times 
几次 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q4013] 
 
 
 


 
100 
 
4013. 
[Ex-smoker] What was the main reason which made you stop smoking completely? [SA] 
您彻底戒烟的主要原因是什么？ 
DO NOT READ  
1 
Experienced the ill effects of smoking 
身受吸烟之害 
2 
Pressure to stop from the environment (e.g. 
smoking bans) 
迫于环境（例如禁烟令）的压力而戒
烟 
3 
Concerned about the health of those around 
me (through passive smoking) 
担心周围人群的健康（通过二手烟） 
4 
Concerned about the harmful effects of 
smoking 
关注吸烟的害处 
5 
Pressure/ advice to stop from family/ 
friends/ colleagues 
出于家庭/朋友/同事的压力/建议而
戒烟 
6 
Cigarettes have become too expensive 
香烟价格太贵 
7 
Social stigma associated with smoking 
吸烟不光彩 
8 
Advised to stop smoking by my doctor 
医生建议我戒烟 
9 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q4014] 
 
 
4014. 
[Ex-smoker] How did you quit smoking? [MA] 
请问您是怎样戒烟的？ 
DO NOT READ  
1 
Abstained from smoking on own accord 
自我克制主动戒烟 
2 
Attended smoking cessation 
programme/counselling in public/private hospitals 
参加公立/私人医院的戒烟计划/
辅导 
3 
Attended smoking cessation 
programme/counselling in public (including 
polyclinics) /private GP clinics 
参加公立(包括综合诊疗所)/私
人诊所的戒烟计划/辅导 
4 
Attended smoking cessation 
programme/counselling in the workplace 
参加工作场所的戒烟计划/辅导 
5 
Attended smoking cessation 
programme/counselling through a retail pharmacy  
通过零售药店参加戒烟计划/辅
导 
6 
Through talking to a quit advisor at Quitline 
通过与戒烟热线的戒烟顾问沟通 
11 
Through participating in I Quit programme 
(constitutes SMS and Quitline as an option for 
smokers) 
通过参加全国戒烟运动“ I 
Quit” 
7 
By nicotine replacement therapy (e.g. nicotine 
patch, inhaler) 
通过尼古丁替代治疗（例如尼古
丁贴片、尼古丁吸入剂） 
8 
By herbal remedy 
通过草药疗法 
9 
Used 
medication 
(e.g. 
Bupropion/ 
Zyban, 
Varenicline/Champix) 
药物治疗（例如耐烟盼牌的安非
他酮、戒必适牌的伐尼克兰) 
10 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q4016] 


 
101 
 
4016. 
[Ask All]  Other than cigarettes, which of the following tobacco products do you currently 
smoke? [SA] 
除了香烟，您目前吸的是以下哪种烟草产品？ 
USE SHOWCARD 
List of other tobacco 
products 
其它烟草产品的列表 
1) Yes, 
Daily 
是,每天 
2) Yes, 
Occasionally 
是, 偶尔 
3) No 
否 
777) 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888) Don’t know 
/ Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
4016a.  
Cigar 雪茄 
□ 
□ 
□ 
□ 
□ 
4016b.  
Cigarillos 迷你雪茄 
□ 
□ 
□ 
□ 
□ 
4016c.  
E-cigarette / E-vapouriser 
电子香烟 
□ 
□ 
□ 
□ 
□ 
4016d.  
Heated Tobacco 加热烟草 
□ 
□ 
□ 
□ 
□ 
4016e.  
Beedis 比迪烟 
□ 
□ 
□ 
□ 
□ 
4016f.  
Roll your own tobacco / 
Ang Hoon (loose tobacco) 
卷烟 
□ 
□ 
□ 
□ 
□ 
4016g.  
Pipe Tobacco 烟丝 
□ 
□ 
□ 
□ 
□ 
4016h.  
Others 其它 
[Go to Q4016h(i) for “1” 
or “2”] 
□ 
□ 
□ 
□ 
□ 
[If Q4016a to Q4016h=1 or 2, go to Q4020] 
If Q4016a to Q4016h=3, 777 or 888, go to Section 6] 
 
 
4016h(i) [If respondent selected “1” or “2” for Q4016h, please specify below]: 
其它（请注明）: 
 
 
 
 
 


 
102 
 
[If Q4000 = “Yes” or Q4016a to Q4016h = “Yes, Daily” or “Yes, Occasionally”] 
4020. 
[Ask All Smokers] When you first started smoking, which of the following tobacco 
product did you smoke? [SA] 
在您刚开始吸烟时，您吸的是以下哪种烟草产品？ 
USE SHOWCARD 
1 
Cigarettes 
香烟 
2 
Cigar 
雪茄 
3 
Cigarillo 
迷你雪茄 
4 
E-cigarette / E-vapouriser 
电子香烟 
5 
Heated Tobacco 
加热烟草 
6 
Beedis  
比迪烟 
7 
Roll your own tobacco / Ang Hoon (loose 
tobacco) 
卷烟 
8 
Pipe Tobacco  
烟丝 
9 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q4021] 
 
 
4021. 
[Ask All Smokers] What was the flavour of (tobacco product mentioned in 4020) that 
you smoked when you first started smoking? [SA] 
在您刚开始吸烟时，您吸的______是什么口味？ 
USE SHOWCARD 
1 
Regular  
普通味 
2 
Menthol  
薄荷醇味 
3 
Mint  
薄荷味 
4 
Clove/ Kretek 
丁香味 
5 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
END OF SECTION 4. GO TO SECTION 6. 
 
 
 
 
 


 
103 
 
6. ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION 
 
Interviewer: Now I am going to ask you some questions about alcohol consumption. 
现在，我要问您一些关于饮酒的问题。 
 
6000. 
In the past 12 months, how frequent did you have at least one drink? [SA] 
在过去12 个月内，您喝至少一杯酒的频率是多少？ 
READ AND USE SHOWCARD 
1 
5 or more days a week 
每周5 天或更多 
[Go to Q6003] 
2 
1-4 days per week 
每周1 至4 天 
3 
1-3 days a month 
每月1 至3 天 
4 
Less than once a month 
每月少于一天 
5 
Did not drink alcohol in the 
past 12 months 
在过去12 个月内没有喝酒 
[Go to Section 
7] 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
 
 
6003. 
On the days that you drank alcohol, about how many drinks did you usually have? [SA] 
每当喝酒时，您通常会在一天内喝几杯含有酒精的饮料？ 
USE SHOWCARD & EXPLAIN WHAT CONSTITUTES 1 DRINK 
 
Number of drinks per day 
一天内几杯饮料 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q6002] 
 
 
6002. 
How many times during the past month did you have X [X = 5 for men, X = 4 for women] 
or more drinks in any one drinking session? Please include all types of alcoholic drinks. 
[SA] 
在过去一个月内，您曾经有多少次在一次饮酒过程中喝了X [男性 X = 5，女性 X = 4] 
杯或更多？请包括所有类型的酒精饮品。 
USE SHOWCARD & EXPLAIN WHAT CONSTITUTES 1 DRINK 
 
Times in the past month 
过去一个月内有几次 
[If >0, go to Q6004] 
DO NOT READ 
666 
Did not drink X [X = 5 for 
men, X = 4 for women] or 
more drinks in any one 
drinking session 
没有在一次饮酒过程中喝
超过 X [男性 X = 5，女
性 X = 4] 杯 
[Go to Section 7] 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
 


 
104 
 
6004. 
On those days where you drink X [X = 5 for men, X = 4 for women] or more drinks, 
where do you usually drink? [MA] 
在您喝X [男性 X = 5，女性 X = 4] 杯酒或更多的那些天里, 您通常会在哪里喝？ 
READ (May choose more than one answer) 
1 
At home / relative’s/ friend’s home (e.g. 
during parties, celebratory occasions) 
在家里/亲戚/朋友家里（聚会、庆祝场
合） 
2 
Pubs/ Bars/ Hotels lounges 
酒吧/酒店酒廊 
3 
Discos/ Nightclubs/ KTVs 
歌舞厅/夜店/KTV 练歌房 
4 
Restaurants/ Coffeeshops/ Hawker 
Centres 
餐馆/咖啡店/小贩中心 
5 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
END OF SECTION 6. GO TO SECTION 7. 
 
 
 


 
105 
 
7. DIABETES 
 
Interviewer: Now, I would like to ask you some questions about diabetes. Diabetes occurs when 
there is excess sugar in the blood.  Oral medications and insulin injections may be required if a person 
with diabetes is unable to adequately control his blood sugar levels despite lifestyle changes. 
现在，我要问您一些关于糖尿病的问题。血糖过高会导致糖尿病。若糖尿病患者在改变生活方
式之后仍然无法控制血糖，那他/她就或许需要以服用口服降糖药或胰岛素注射来控制病情。 
 
 
7000. 
Can you tell me who in your immediate family* has diabetes, excluding diabetes that 
happens only during pregnancy? [MA] 
您的直系家庭*中谁患有糖尿病？这不包括只在怀孕期间患上的糖尿病。 
Interviewer note: Diabetes that happens only during pregnancy refer to diabetes that develop 
during pregnancy and usually stop at the end of pregnancy (also known as gestational diabetes). 
READ (May choose more than one answer) 
1 
Parents 
父母 
2 
Siblings 
兄弟姐妹 
3 
Children 
儿女 
4 
No one in my family has diabetes 
没有家人患有糖尿病 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q7013] 
* Exclude spouse and non-blood relatives 
不包括配偶及无血缘关系的亲戚 
 
 
7013. 
Can you tell me how often should a person of your age check for diabetes by a 
doctor/healthcare professional? [SA] 
您认为与您同龄的人应该多久一次由医生/医疗保健专业人员测量血糖？ 
Once every ________________ year(s) 
每几年一次 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q7001] 
 
 


 
106 
 
7001. 
Have you ever been told by a western-trained doctor that you have diabetes? [SA] 
西医是否曾经告诉过您，您患有糖尿病？ 
[If ‘Yes’ and respondent is female, ask “Was this only when you were pregnant?”] 
READ 
1 
Yes    
是 
[Go to Q7001a] 
2 
Yes, but only during 
pregnancy 
是，不过仅在怀孕时 
[Go to Q7004] 
3 
No   
否 
4 
No, pre-diabetes or borderline 
diabetes      
否，糖尿病前期或临界性糖尿
病 
[Go to Q7014] 
DO NOT READ 
[Go to Q7004] 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
 
 
7014.  
What lifestyle or dietary modifications have you made to prevent or delay the progression 
to diabetes? [MA] 
您是通过哪些生活或饮食的改变来预防或延缓糖尿病的进展？ 
DO NOT READ (May record more than one answer) 
1 
Manage / Lose weight 
控制体重/减肥 
2 
Reduce intake of sugar, rice, bread 
减少糖、米饭、面包的摄取量 
3 
Increase intake of wholemeal bread, brown rice, 
vegetables and high fibre food 
增加全麦面包、糙米、蔬菜和高纤
维食物的摄取量 
4 
Reduce fat intake 
减少脂肪摄取量 
5 
Cutting down/ stop smoking 
减少/停止吸烟 
6 
Do more exercise  
多做运动 
7 
Reduce alcohol intake 
减少酒精摄取量 
8 
Avoid sugar-sweetened beverages 
避免饮用含糖饮料 
9 
Go for regular blood sugar test  
定期做血糖测试 
10 
Receive health coaching to improve blood sugar 
control 
接受健康辅导以改善血糖控制 
11 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
555 
Unaware that pre-diabetes can progress to 
diabetes 
不知道糖尿病前期会导致糖尿病 
666 
No lifestyle changes or dietary modifications 
没有改变生活或饮食习惯 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q7002] 
 
 
 
 


 
107 
 
7001a. Does your doctor currently give you treatment for your diabetes such as tablets or 
injections? [SA] 
医生目前是否有给您治疗糖尿病的药物或注射？ 
READ  
1 
Yes 
有 
[Go to Q7001b] 
2 
No 
没有 
[Go to 7002] 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
 
 
7001b. What type of medication are you on? [SA] 
您正在使用哪种治疗方式？ 
READ 
1 
Insulin injections 
胰岛素注射 
2 
Oral medications for diabetes 
口服降糖药 
3 
Both insulin injections & oral 
medications for diabetes 
同时使用胰岛素注射和口服降糖药 
4 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to 7002] 
 
 
7002. 
How many times in the past 12 months have you seen a doctor for your X [X=pre-
diabetes when Q7001=4, X=diabetes when Q7001=1]? [SA] 
在过去12 个月内，您曾经有几次因为X [X=糖尿病前期when Q7001=4,X=糖尿病when 
Q7001=1]而看医生？ 
 
Number of times in the past 12 months 
在过去12 个月内有几次 
DO NOT READ 
666 
Did not see a doctor for X [X=pre-
diabetes when Q7001=4, X=diabetes 
when Q7001=1] 
没有因为X [X=糖尿病前期 when 
Q7001=4, X=糖尿病when Q7001=1]而看
医生 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to 7003] 
 
 
 
 
 


 
108 
 
7003. 
Where do you seek treatment for your X [X=pre-diabetes when Q7001=4, X=diabetes 
(when Q7001=1] most of the time? [SA] 
您大多数是去哪里治疗您的X[X=糖尿病前期when Q7001=4,X=糖尿病when Q7001=1]？ 
DO NOT READ  
1 
Private GP 
家庭医生 
2 
Polyclinic 
综合诊疗所 
3 
Specialist outpatient clinic (public 
hospital) 
专科门诊诊所（公共医院） 
4 
Specialist outpatient clinic  
(private hospital) 
专科门诊诊所（私人医院） 
5 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
666 
None, do not seek treatment for X 
[X=pre-diabetes when Q7001=4, 
X=diabetes when Q7001=1] 
否， 没有为X [X=糖尿病前期when 
Q7001=4,糖尿病when Q7001=1]寻求治疗 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Section 8] 
 
 
[If Q7001 = “Yes, but only during pregnancy”, “No”, “No, pre-diabetes or borderline 
diabetes”, “Refused” or “Don’t know / Not sure”] 
7004. 
Blood tests can be used to check for diabetes. When was the last time you had a blood 
test to check for diabetes? Please exclude checks done by yourself. [SA] 
血糖检验是一种测试糖尿病的方法。您最后一次进行血糖测试是什么时候？请不要包括
自己做的检查。 
Interviewer note: Blood tests can be a fasting plasma glucose test (FPG), random plasma 
glucose test, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) or HbA1c test. 
READ ONLY IF NECESSARY 
1 
1 year ago or less 
过去1 年或少于1 年 
[Go to Q7005] 
2 
More than 1 year to 2 years  
超过1 年但在2 年以内 
3 
More than 2 years to 3 years  
超过2 年但在3 年以内 
4 
More than 3 years to 5 years  
超过3 年但在5 年以内 
5 
More than 5 years ago 
超过5 年前 
6 
Never been checked 
从未检查过 
[Go to Section 
8]  
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
 
 
 


 
109 
 
7005. 
Where did you go for your last blood test for diabetes? [SA] 
您的最后一次血糖测试是在哪里进行的 ？ 
Interviewer note: If respondent answers “Private GP”, probe to check if they are participating in 
the Screen for Life programme where they pay $0, 2or5 for the test. 
DO NOT READ  
1 
Private GP (Screen for Life) 
家庭医生（"定期体检， 益您一生" ） 
2 
Private GP (Non-Screen for Life) 
家庭医生（非"定期体检， 益您一生" ） 
3 
Polyclinic 
综合诊疗所 
4 
Specialist outpatient clinic (public 
hospital) 
专科门诊诊所（公共医院） 
5 
Specialist outpatient clinic (private 
hospital) 
专科门诊诊所（私人医院） 
6 
Workplace 
工作场所 
7 
Community venue 
社区场所 
8 
Overseas clinic/ hospital  
国外的诊所或医院 
9 
Army camp 
军队兵营 
10 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
END OF SECTION 7. GO TO SECTION 8. 
 
 
 
 
 


 
110 
 
8. HYPERTENSION 
 
Interviewer: Next, I would like to ask you some questions about hypertension, also commonly 
known as high blood pressure.  
接下来，我要问您一些关于高血压的问题。 
 
 
8000. 
Can you tell me who in your immediate family* has high blood pressure, exclude high 
blood pressure that only happens during pregnancy? [MA] 
您的直系家庭*中谁患有高血压？这不包括只在怀孕期间患上的高血压。 
Interviewer note: High blood pressure that happens only during pregnancy refer to high blood 
pressure that develop during pregnancy and usually stop at the end of pregnancy. 
READ (May choose more than one answer) 
1 
Parents 
父母 
2 
Siblings 
兄弟姐妹 
3 
Children 
儿女 
4 
No one in my family has high blood 
pressure 
没有家人患有高血压 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q8011] 
* Exclude spouse and non-blood relatives 
不包括配偶及无血缘关系的亲戚 
 
 
8011. 
Can you tell me how often should a person of your age check for high blood pressure by 
a doctor/healthcare professional? [SA] 
您认为与您同龄的人应该多久一次由医生/医疗保健专业人员测量血压？ 
Once every ________________ year(s) 
每几年一次 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q8001] 
 
 
 
 


 
111 
 
8001. 
Have you ever been told by a western-trained doctor that you have high blood pressure? 
[SA] 
西医是否曾经告诉过您，您患有高血压？ 
[If ‘Yes’ and respondent is female, ask “Was this only when you were pregnant?”] 
READ 
1 
Yes 
是 
[Go to Q8002] 
2 
Yes, but only during 
pregnancy 
是，不过仅在怀孕时 
[Go to Q8005] 
3 
No 
否 
4 
No, borderline hypertension      否，临界性高血压 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
Interviewer Note: A person with blood pressure 140/90mmHg is defined to have high blood 
pressure or hypertension. 
高血压指血压高于140/90mmHg. 
 
8002. 
Does your doctor currently give you medicine (e.g. tablets) for your high blood pressure? 
[SA] 
医生目前是否有给您治疗高血压的药物？ 
READ  
1 
Yes 
有 
2 
No 
没有 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q8003] 
 
 
8003. 
How many times in the past 12 months have you seen a doctor for your high blood 
pressure? [SA] 
在过去12 个月内，您为了治疗高血压看过几次医生？ 
 
Number of times in the past 12 months 
在过去12个月内有几次 
DO NOT READ 
666 
Did not see a doctor for high blood 
pressure 
没有因为高血压看医生 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q8004] 
 
 
 


 
112 
 
8004. 
Where do you seek treatment for your high blood pressure most of the time? [SA] 
您大多数是去哪里治疗您的高血压？ 
DO NOT READ  
1 
Private GP 
家庭医生 
2 
Polyclinic 
综合诊疗所 
3 
Specialist outpatient clinic (public hospital) 
专科门诊诊所（公共医院） 
4 
Specialist outpatient clinic  
(private hospital) 
专科门诊诊所（私人医院） 
5 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
666 
None, do not seek treatment for high blood 
pressure 
否， 没有为高血压寻求治疗 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Section 9] 
 
 
[If Q8001 = “Yes, but only during pregnancy”, “No”, “No, borderline hypertension”, 
“Refused” or “Don’t know / Not sure”] 
8005. 
When was the last time you had your blood pressure checked? Please exclude checks 
by yourself. [SA] 
您最后一次检查血压是什么时候？请不要包括自己做的检查。 
READ ONLY IF NECESSARY 
1 
1 year ago or less 
过去1 年或少于1 年 
[Go to Q8006] 
2 
More than 1 year to 2 years  
超过1 年但在2 年以内 
3 
More than 2 years to 3 years  
超过2 年但在3 年以内 
4 
More than 3 years to 5 years  
超过3 年但在5 年以内 
5 
More than 5 years ago 
超过5 年前 
6 
Never been checked 
从未检查过 
[Go to Section 
9] 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
 
 
 
 


 
113 
 
8006. 
Where did you go for your last blood pressure check-up? [SA] 
您最后一次检查血压是在哪里进行的？ 
Interviewer note: If respondent answers “Private GP”, probe to check if they are participating in 
the Screen for Life programme where they pay 0,2 or $5 for the test. 
DO NOT READ  
1 
Private GP (Screen for Life) 
家庭医生（"定期体检， 益您一生" ） 
2 
Private GP (Non-Screen for Life) 
家庭医生（非"定期体检， 益您一生" ） 
3 
Polyclinic 
综合诊疗所 
4 
Specialist outpatient clinic (public 
hospital) 
专科门诊诊所（公共医院） 
5 
Specialist outpatient clinic (private 
hospital) 
专科门诊诊所（私人医院） 
6 
Workplace 
工作场所 
7 
Community venue 
社区场所 
8 
Overseas clinic/ hospital  
国外的诊所或医院 
9 
Army camp 
军队兵营 
10 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
END of SECTION 8. GO TO SECTION 9 
 
 
 


 
114 
 
9. HIGH BLOOD CHOLESTROL 
 
9008. 
Can you tell me who in your immediate family* has high blood cholesterol? [MA] 
您的直系家庭*中谁患有高胆固醇? 
READ (May choose more than one answer) 
1 
Parents 
父母 
2 
Siblings 
兄弟姐妹 
3 
Children 
儿女 
4 
No one in my family has high blood 
cholesterol 
没有家人患有高胆固醇 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q9009] 
* Exclude spouse and non-blood relatives 
不包括配偶及无血缘关系的亲戚 
 
 
9009. 
Can you tell me how often should a person of your age check for high blood cholesterol 
by a doctor/healthcare professional? [SA] 
您认为与您同龄的人应该多久一次由医生/医疗保健专业人员测量胆固醇? 
Once every ________________ year(s) 
每几年一次 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q9000] 
 
 
9000. 
Have you ever been told by a western-trained doctor that you have high blood 
cholesterol? [SA] 
西医是否曾经告诉过您，您患有高胆固醇？ 
READ 
1 
Yes    
是 
[Go to Q9001] 
2 
No   
否 
[Go to Q9004] 
3 
No, borderline high blood 
cholesterol      
否，临界性高胆固醇 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
 
 
 
 
 


 
115 
 
9001. 
How many times in the past 12 months have you seen a doctor for your high blood 
cholesterol? [SA] 
在过去12 个月内，您为了治疗高胆固醇看过几次医生？ 
 
Number of times in the past 12 months 
在过去12个月内有几次 
DO NOT READ 
666 
Did not see a doctor for high blood 
cholesterol  
没有因为高胆固醇看医生 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q9002] 
 
 
 
9002. 
Does your doctor currently give you medicine (e.g. tablets) for your high blood 
cholesterol? [SA] 
医生目前是否有给您治疗高胆固醇的药物？ 
READ  
1 
Yes 
有 
2 
No 
没有 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q9003] 
 
 
9003. 
Where do you seek treatment for your high blood cholesterol most of the time? [SA] 
您大多数是去哪里治疗您的高胆固醇？ 
DO NOT READ  
1 
Private GP 
家庭医生 
2 
Polyclinic 
综合诊疗所 
3 
Specialist outpatient clinic (public 
hospital) 
专科门诊诊所（公共医院） 
4 
Specialist outpatient clinic  
(private hospital) 
专科门诊诊所（私人医院） 
5 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
666 
None, do not seek treatment for high 
blood cholesterol  
否，没有为高胆固醇寻求治疗 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Section 10] 
 
 
 


 
116 
 
[If Q9000 = “No”, “No, borderline high blood cholesterol”, “Refused” or “Don’t know / Not 
sure”] 
9004. 
When was the last time you had your blood cholesterol checked? [SA] 
您最后一次检查胆固醇是什么时候？ 
Interviewer note: Blood tests can be a fasting or non-fasting 
READ ONLY IF NECESSARY 
1 
1 year ago or less 
过去1 年或少于1 年 
[Go to Q9005] 
2 
More than 1 year to 2 years  
超过1 年但在2 年以内 
3 
More than 2 years to 3 years  
超过2 年但在3 年以内 
4 
More than 3 years to 5 years  
超过3 年但在5 年以内 
5 
More than 5 years ago 
超过5 年前 
6 
Never been checked 
从未检查过 
 
[Go to Section 
10] 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
 
 
9005. 
Where did you go for your last blood test to check for cholesterol? [SA] 
您最后一次检查胆固醇是在哪里进行的？ 
 
Interviewer note: If respondent answers “Private GP”, probe to check if they are participating in 
the Screen for Life programme where they pay $0, 2or5 for the test. 
DO NOT READ  
1 
Private GP (Screen for Life) 
家庭医生（"定期体检， 益您一生" ） 
2 
Private GP (Non-Screen for Life) 
家庭医生（非"定期体检， 益您一生" ） 
3 
Polyclinic 
综合诊疗所 
4 
Specialist outpatient clinic (public 
hospital) 
专科门诊诊所（公共医院） 
5 
Specialist outpatient clinic (private 
hospital) 
专科门诊诊所（私人医院） 
6 
Workplace 
工作场所 
7 
Community venue 
社区场所 
8 
Overseas clinic/ hospital  
国外的诊所或医院 
9 
Army camp 
军队兵营 
10 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
END OF SECTION 9. GO TO SECTION 10. 
 
 
 


 
117 
 
10. HEALTH CONDITIONS 
 
10040. Have you check your weight at least once in the past 12 months? Please include checks 
done by yourself or a health professional.  [SA]  
在过去的12 个月内，您是否至少检查过一次自己的体重?请包括您自己或健康专业人员
做的检查。 
READ  
1 
Yes 
是 
2 
No 
否 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q10011] 
 
10011. 
Have you been told by a western-trained doctor in the last 12 months that you need to 
lose weight for health reasons? [SA] 
在过去12 个月内，西医是否告诉过您必须为了健康而减轻体重？ 
READ 
1 
Yes    
是 
[Go to Q10041] 
2 
No   
否 
[Go to Q10020] 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
 
10041. Have you try to lose weight after receiving the doctor’s advice about weight loss?  [SA]  
在收到医生关于减肥的建议后，您是否有尝试着减肥? 
READ  
1 
Yes 
是 
2 
No 
否 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q10020] 
 
 
 


 
118 
 
10020. In the past 30 days, have you had low back pain that lasted a whole day or more? [SA] 
在过去30 天内，您是否曾有持续一整天或更长时间的腰背痛？ 
READ 
1 
Yes    
是 
[Go to Q10021] 
2 
No   
否 
[Go to Q10025] 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
 
 
10021. About how many days in the past 30 days did you experience this pain? [SA] 
在过去30 天内，您有几天感受到腰背痛？ 
 
Number of days in the past 30 days 
在过去30天内有几天 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q10022] 
 
 
10022. Were you limited in your usual activities because of low back pain? [SA] 
腰背痛是否限制了您的日常活动？ 
READ  
1 
Yes 
是 
2 
No 
否 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q10023] 
 
 
10023.   Do you feel that the pain was caused by work? [SA] 
您觉得此疼痛是由工作造成的吗？ 
READ 
1 
Yes    
是 
2 
No   
否 
3 
Not applicable      
不适用 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q10024] 
 


 
119 
 
10024.   In the past 12 months, how many days were you on medical leave or not able to go to 
work because of low back pain? [SA] 
在过去12 个月内，您有多少天因为腰痛而拿病假或无法上班？ 
 
Number of days in the past 12 months 
在过去12 个月内有几天 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q10025] 
 
 
10025. In the past 30 days, have you had neck pain that lasted a whole day or more? [SA] 
在过去30 天内，您是否曾有持续一整天或更长时间的颈部疼痛？ 
READ 
1 
Yes    
是 
[Go to Q10026] 
2 
No   
否 
[Go to Q10030] 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
 
 
10026. About how many days in the past 30 days did you experience this pain? [SA] 
在过去30 天内，您有几天感受到颈部疼痛？ 
 
Number of days in the past 30 days 
在过去30天内有几天 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q10027] 
 
 
10027. Were you limited in your usual activities because of neck pain? [SA] 
颈部疼痛是否限制了您的日常活动？ 
READ  
1 
Yes 
是 
2 
No 
否 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q10028] 
 
 
 
 


 
120 
 
10028.  Do you feel that the pain was caused by work? [SA] 
您觉得此疼痛是由工作造成的吗？ 
READ 
1 
Yes    
是 
2 
No   
否 
3 
Not applicable      
不适用 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q10029] 
 
10029. In the past 12 months, how many days were you on medical leave or not able to go to 
work because of neck pain? [SA] 
在过去12 个月内，您有多少天因为颈部疼痛而拿病假或无法上班？ 
 
Number of days in the past 12 months 
在过去12个月内有几天 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q10030] 
 
 
10030. Do you wear glasses or contact lenses? [SA] 
您有戴眼镜或隐形眼镜吗？ 
READ 
1 
Yes    
是 
[Go to Q10031] 
2 
No   
否 
[Go to Q10032] 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
 
 
 


 
121 
 
10031.  Why do you need to wear glasses or contact lenses? [MA] 
您为什么戴眼镜或隐形眼镜？ 
READ  
1 
Short-sighted/ myopia (cannot see far) 
近视（看不清远处） 
2 
Long sighted/ presbyopia (cannot see 
near)    
远视（看不清近处） 
3 
Astigmatism 
散光 
4 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q10032] 
 
 
10032. Have you ever been told by a western-trained doctor that you have … ? 
西医是否曾告诉过您患有…? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
10033. Do you feel you have hearing loss? [SA] 
您觉得您的听力受损了吗？ 
READ 
1 
Yes    
是 
[Go to Q10034] 
2 
No   
否 
[Go to Q10035] 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
 
 
 
 
READ 
DO NOT READ 
 
Condition 
1      
Yes    
是 
2         
No         
否 
777 
Refused          
拒绝回答 
888                         
Don’t know/ Not 
sure                    
不知道／不肯定 
a. 
Cataract [SA]  
白内障 
 
 
 
 
b. 
Glaucoma [SA] 
青光眼 
 
 
 
 
c. 
Age-related macular degeneration [SA] 
年龄相关的黄斑变性 
 
 
 
 
d. 
Diabetic eye disease [SA] 
糖尿病引起的眼疾 
 
 
 
 
[Go to Q10033] 


 
122 
 
10034. 
Do you feel that the hearing loss was caused by work? [SA] 
您觉得听力受损是由工作造成的吗？ 
READ  
1 
Yes 
是 
2 
No 
否 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q10035] 
 
 
10035. Do you have difficulty following conversations in the presence of background noise? (e.g. 
Noise from a TV or radio; traffic noise in the street; people talking at other tables in a 
crowded restaurant) [SA] 
您觉得在嘈杂的环境下是否难以听清谈话？（如电视或收音机的噪音；街上的交通噪音；
在拥挤的饭店内人们在其他桌交谈产生的噪音） 
READ  
1 
Yes 
是 
2 
No 
否 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q10036] 
 
 
10036. Do you wear a hearing aid? [SA] 
您有戴助听器吗？ 
READ  
1 
Yes 
有 
2 
No 
没有 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
END OF SECTION 10. GO TO SECTION 11. 
 
 


 
123 
 
11. HEALTH SCREENING PROGRAMMES 
 
IF respondent is male & below 50 years of age, go to Q11023. 
IF respondent is male & aged 50 and above, go to Q11016. 
IF respondent is female & below 50 years of age, go to Q11000. 
IF respondent is female & aged 50 and above, go to Q11002. 
 
 
11000. [For women below 50 years of age] To your knowledge, are you pregnant now? [SA] 
据您所知，您目前是否怀孕？ 
READ  
1 
Yes 
是 
2 
No 
否 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q11002] 
 
 
11002. [For all women only] When was the last time you had a test to scrap cells from the 
mouth of the womb to check for cervical cancer? These tests are also known as Pap test 
or HPV test. [SA] 
您最后一次接受子宫口细胞检查子宫颈癌时，是多久以前的事? 这些检查也称为子宫颈
抹片检查人或乳头瘤病毒检查(HPV) 。 
READ ONLY IF NECESSARY 
1 
1 year ago or less 
过去1 年或少于1 年 
[Go to Q11003] 
2 
More than 1 year to 2 years  
超过1 年但在2 年以内 
3 
More than 2 years to 3 years  
超过2 年但在3 年以内 
4 
More than 3 years to 4 years  
超过3 年但在4 年以内 
5 
More than 4 years to 5 years  
超过4 年但在5 年以内 
6 
More than 5 years ago 
超过5 年前 
7 
Never been checked 
从未检查过 
 [Go to Q11010 if 
aged 40 and above.  
 
Go to Q11023 if aged 
below 40] 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
 
 
 


 
124 
 
11003. [For all women only] Where did you go for your last test to check for cervical cancer? 
[SA] 
您最后一次在哪里进行子宫颈癌检查？ 
Interviewer note: If respondent answers “Private GP”, probe to check if they are participating in 
the Screen for Life programme where they pay 0,2 or $5 for the test. 
DO NOT READ  
1 
Private GP (Screen for Life) 
家庭医生（"定期体检， 益您一生" ） 
2 
Private GP (Non-Screen for Life) 
家庭医生（非"定期体检， 益您一生" ） 
3 
Polyclinic 
综合诊疗所 
4 
Specialist outpatient clinic (public hospital) 
专科门诊诊所（公共医院） 
5 
Specialist outpatient clinic (private hospital) 
专科门诊诊所（私人医院） 
10 
Specialist outpatient clinic (not in hospital) 
专科门诊诊所 (不在医院经营) 
6 
Workplace 
工作场所 
7 
Community venue 
社区场所 
8 
Overseas clinic/ hospital  
国外的诊所或医院 
9 
Others,  please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q11025] 
 
11025. [For all women only] Which of the following test have you taken for your last check for 
cervical cancer? [SA] 
您在最后一次检查子宫颈癌时接受了以下哪一种子宫口细胞检查？ 
USE SHOWCARD 
1 
Pap test 
子宫颈抹片检查 
2 
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) test 
人乳头瘤病毒检查(HPV) 
3 
Pap test and Human Papillomavirus 
(HPV) test on the same visit 
在同一次进行子宫颈抹片检查和人乳头瘤
病毒检查 (HPV) 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[Else, go to Q11010 if aged 40 and above.]  
[Else, go to Q11023 if aged below 40.] 
 
 
 
 
 
 


 
125 
 
11010. [Only for Women aged 40 years and older] A mammogram is an x-ray of each breast 
to look out for breast cancer. When was the last time you had a mammogram? [SA] 
乳房X 光检查是一种利用X 光检查乳癌的方法。您最后一次接受乳房X 光检查是多久以
前的事？ 
READ ONLY IF NECESSARY 
1 
1 year ago or less 
过去1 年或少于1 年 
[Go to Q11013] 
2 
More than 1 year to 2 years  
超过1 年但在2 年以内 
3 
More than 2 years to 3 years  
超过2 年但在3 年以内 
4 
More than 3 years to 4 years  
超过3 年但在4 年以内 
5 
More than 4 years to 5 years  
超过4 年但在5 年以内 
6 
More than 5 years ago 
超过5 年前 
7 
Never been checked 
从未检查过 
[Go to Q11026] 
 
 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
 
 
11013. [Only for Women aged 40 years and older] Where did you go for your last 
mammogram? [SA] 
您最后一次的乳房 X 光检查是在哪里进行的？ 
DO NOT READ  
1 
Polyclinic 
综合诊疗所 
2 
Public hospital 
公共医院 
3 
Private hospital 
私人医院 
4 
Private X-ray centre 
私人 X 光检查中心 
5 
Mammobus 
乳房 X 光检查流动巴士 
6 
Workplace 
工作场所 
7 
Community venue 
社区场所 
8 
Overseas clinic/ hospital  
国外的诊所或医院 
9 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
 [Go to Q11026] 
 
 


 
126 
 
11026. [Only for Women aged 40 years and older] Have your periods stopped because of 
menopause? [SA] 
您的月经是否因为更年期而已停止？ 
READ 
1 
Yes 
是 
[Go to Q11027] 
2 
No 
否 
[Go to Q11016 if aged 50 
and above.  
Go to Q11023 if aged 
below 50] 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
 
 
11027. [Only for Women aged 40 years and older] At what age did your periods stop? [SA] 
 
您的月经在您几岁时停止？ 
 
Age 
几岁 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q11016 if aged 50 and above.  
Go to Q11023 if aged below 50] 
 
 
[For Male & Female respondents aged 50 years and above only] 
11016. A blood stool test is a test to determine whether the stool contains blood, which can be 
caused by conditions such as piles or colorectal cancer. When was the last time you had 
a blood stool test? [SA] 
便血检查能检测粪便中是否含有血液，这可能是由于痔疮或者结直肠癌等病症引起的。
您最后一次进行便血检查是多久以前的事？ 
Interviewer note: A blood stool test can be also known as a faecal occult blood test (FOBT) or 
faecal immunochemical blood test (FIT). 
READ ONLY IF NECESSARY 
1 
1 year ago or less 
过去1 年或少于1 年 
[Go to Q11018] 
2 
More than 1 year to 2 years  
超过1 年但在2 年以内 
3 
More than 2 years to 3 years  
超过2 年但在3 年以内 
4 
More than 3 years to 5 years  
超过3 年但在5 年以内 
5 
More than 5 years ago 
超过5 年前 
6 
Never been checked 
从未检查过 
[Go to Q11020] 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
 
 
 


 
127 
 
11018. Where did you go for your last blood stool test? [SA] 
您最后一次的便血检查是在哪里进行的？ 
 
Interviewer note: If respondent answers “Private GP”, probe to check if they are participating in 
the Screen for Life programme where they pay $0, 2or5 for the test. 
DO NOT READ  
1 
Private GP (Screen for Life) 
家庭医生（"定期体检， 益您一生" ） 
2 
Private GP (Non-Screen for Life) 
家庭医生（非"定期体检， 益您一生" ） 
3 
Polyclinic 
综合诊疗所 
4 
Specialist outpatient clinic (public hospital) 
专科门诊诊所（公共医院） 
5 
Specialist outpatient clinic (private hospital) 
专科门诊诊所（私人医院） 
6 
Workplace 
工作场所 
7 
Community venue 
社区场所 
8 
Overseas clinic/ hospital  
国外的诊所或医院 
10 
Collection of Faecal Immunochemical Test 
(FIT) kit (e.g. from pharmacies such as 
Watson, Guardian, Eu Yan Seng, Unity 
Family Medicine Clinic, Singapore Cancer 
Society) 
粪便免疫化学测验器 （例如屈臣氏
（Watson's)，佳宁药房（Guardian）, 
余仁生，仁益家庭医药诊所，新加坡癌症
协会） 
9 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q11020] 
 
 
 
 


 
128 
 
[For Male & Female respondents aged 50 years and above only] 
11020. Colonoscopy is a procedure where a flexible tube is inserted through the rectum and into 
the large intestines. A small camera allows the doctor to examine the intestinal wall for 
abnormalities such as cancer. When was the last time you had a colonoscopy? [SA] 
结肠内窥镜检查是一种将软管插入直肠然后进入大肠的检查方法。软管前端会有一个小
型摄像头，让医生可以检查肠壁是否有异常，例如癌症。您最后一次接受结肠内窥镜检
查是多久以前的事？ 
Interviewer note: Before taking a colonoscopy, patients are required to drink a cleansing liquid 
and be on a clear liquid diet at least one day before the test so that a clear view of their bowel 
can be taken.  
READ ONLY IF NECESSARY 
1 
1 year ago or less 
过去1 年或少于1 年 
2 
More than 1 year to 2 years  
超过1 年但在2 年以内 
3 
More than 2 years to 3 years  
超过2 年但在3 年以内 
4 
More than 3 years to 5 years  
超过3 年但在5 年以内 
5 
More than 5 years to 10 years  
超过5 年但在10 年以内 
6 
More than 10 years ago 
超过10 年前 
7 
Never been checked 
从未检查过 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q11023] 
 
 
[For all Male & Female respondents] 
11023. In the past 12 months, have you had an injection to protect you from getting flu? This 
injection is also known as influenza vaccination. [SA] 
在过去12 个月内,您有没有接受流行性感冒的免疫注射？这也被称为接种流感疫苗注
射。 
READ  
1 
Yes 
有 
2 
No 
没有 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q11024] 
 
 
 
 


 
129 
 
11024. Have you ever had pneumococcal vaccination before? This vaccine protects against a 
bacterial infection that causes pneumonia, blood infection and inflammation of the brain 
(meningitis). [SA] 
您是否曾有接种肺炎球菌疫苗？这种疫苗可预防能引起肺炎、血液感染和脑炎(脑膜炎)
的细菌感染。   
READ  
1 
Yes 
有 
2 
No 
没有 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
END OF SECTION 11. GO TO SECTION 12. 
 
 


 
130 
 
12. PRIMARY CARE 
 
12006. Do you have a regular* family doctor (i.e. a General Practitioner (GP) or Polyclinic) whom 
you consult when you have common illnesses such as diarrhoea or headache?  [SA] 
您在患上腹泻或头痛等普通疾病的时候, 您是否会去看固定*的家庭医生，或者前往同一
间综合诊疗所看病？ 
READ ONLY IF NECESSARY 
1 
Yes, I have a regular family 
doctor in a private General 
Practitioner (GP) clinic whom I 
consult on common illnesses           
有，我有固定的家庭医生看病 
[Go to Q12007] 
2 
Yes, I visit the same Polyclinic to 
consult a doctor on common 
illnesses 
有，我会探访同一所综合诊疗
所看病 
3 
No, I do not have a regular family 
doctor whom I consult on 
common illnesses 
没有，我在患上普通疾病的时
候我没有固定家庭医生 
[Go to Q12008] 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
* A regular family doctor is defined as a primary care physician who you turn to frequently or 
habitually for healthcare advice/consultation. 
 
 
12007. What are the reasons you choose him/ her as your regular family doctor or visit the same 
polyclinic for your common illnesses? [MA] 
您选择他/她作为您固定的家庭医生或者前往同一间综合诊疗所看病的原因是什么？ 
Interviewer note: If respondent answers “convenient location”, probe if it is convenient to home 
or workplace. 
READ ONLY IF NECESSARY 
1 
Professionally competent doctor / good 
doctor 
医生的专业水平/医术高 
2 
Cheaper charges 
医疗费用比较便宜 
3 
Convenient location, nearer to my home 
地点方便，靠近住家 
4 
Convenient location, nearer to my 
workplace 
地点方便，靠近工作地点 
5 
Have been seeing this doctor since 
young / for many years 
从小就看这位医生/看这位医生很多年了 
7 
Part of company’s panel of doctors 
是公司指定的医生团队 
6 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q12008] 
 


 
131 
 
12008. Do you have a regular* family doctor (i.e. a General Practitioner (GP) or Polyclinic) whom 
you will consult on your chronic conditions^ (e.g diabetes, hypertension, high blood 
cholesterol, asthma)? [SA] 
您在患上慢性疾病^（例如:糖尿病、高血压、高胆固醇、哮喘）的时候，您是否会去看
固定*的家庭医生，或者前往同一间综合诊疗所看病？ 
READ ONLY IF NECESSARY 
1 
Yes, I have a regular family doctor in a 
private General Practitioner (GP) clinic 
whom I consult on my chronic conditions      
有，我有固定的家庭医生看病 
[Go to 
Q12009] 
2 
Yes, I visit the same Polyclinic to consult 
a doctor on my chronic conditions 
有，我会探访同一所综合诊疗
所看病 
3 
No, I do not have a regular family doctor 
whom I consult on my chronic conditions 
没有，我在患上慢性疾病的时
候没有固定家庭医生去看病 
[Go to 
Q12002] 
4 
I do not have any chronic conditions 
我没有任何慢性疾病 
[Go to 
Section 
13] 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
* A regular family doctor is defined as a primary care physician who you turn to frequently or 
habitually for healthcare advice/consultation. 
^ Chronic conditions refer to long-term medical conditions that require regular management (e.g. 
diabetes, hypertension, high blood cholesterol, asthma) 
 
 
12009. What are the reasons you choose him/ her as your regular family doctor or visit the same 
polyclinic for your chronic conditions? [MA] 
您选择他/她作为您固定的家庭医生或者前往同一间综合诊疗所看病的原因是什么？ 
Interviewer note: If respondent answers “convenient”, probe if it is convenient to home or 
workplace. 
READ ONLY IF NECESSARY 
1 
Professionally competent doctor / good 
doctor 
医生的专业水平/医术高 
2 
Cheaper charges 
医疗费用比较便宜 
3 
Convenient location, nearer to my home 
地点方便，靠近住家 
4 
Convenient location, nearer to my 
workplace 
地点方便，靠近工作地点 
5 
Have been seeing this doctor since 
young / for many years 
从小就看这位医生/看这位医生很多年了 
7 
Part of company’s panel of doctors 
是公司指定的医生团队 
6 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Section 13] 
 
 
 


 
132 
 
[If Q12006=“No, I do not have a regular family doctor whom I consult on common illnesses” 
or Q12008=“No, I do not have a regular family doctor whom I consult on my chronic 
conditions”] 
12002. What are the reasons that you do not have a regular family doctor? [MA] 
您没有固定的家庭医生或综合诊疗所的原因有哪些？ 
READ ONLY IF NECESSARY 
1 
I visit different clinics depending on 
convenience – whichever clinic near 
wherever I am 
我会为了方便而选择探访不同的诊所– 
哪家诊所靠近就去哪家 
3 
I visit different clinics because I compare 
the cost of visiting the different clinics 
我探访不同的诊所是为了比较医疗费用 
4 
I don’t see the value / need to have a 
regular family doctor 
我不认为有需要看固定的家庭医生 
5 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
END OF SECTION 12. GO TO SECTION 13. 
 
 
 


 
133 
 
13. HEALTH STATE DESCRIPTIONS 
 
Interviewer: Next, I would like to ask you some questions about your sleeping habits. 
接下来我想问关于您的睡眠习惯。 
 
 
13006. How many hours do you usually sleep per day on weekdays? [SA] 
 
您通常在周日有几个小时的睡眠？ 
Interviewer note: Please exclude nap time and record number of hours of sleep to the nearest 
0.5 hours e.g. 8 hours 30 minutes per weekday is 8.5 hours per weekday. 
 
Hours per day on weekdays 
每个周日几小时 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q13007] 
 
 
13007. How many hours do you usually sleep per day on weekends? [SA] 
 
您通常在周末有几个小时的睡眠？ 
Interviewer note: Please exclude nap time and record number of hours of sleep to the nearest 
0.5 hours e.g. 8 hours 30 minutes per weekend is 8.5 hours per weekend. 
 
Hours per day on weekends 
每个周末日几小时 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q13008] 
 
 
13008. What do you usually do 30 minutes before bedtime? [MA] 
 
您通常在睡前30 分钟做什么？ 
DO NOT READ (May record more than one answer) 
1 
Watch TV 
2 
Play video console games 
3 
Use handheld electronic devices (e.g. mobile phone, tablet) for non-school work/ 
office work (e.g. socialising with friends, doing hobby, etc) 
4 
Do school work/ office work 
5 
Read a book/ listen to music 
6 
Spend time with family members/ friends 
7 
Exercise 
8 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q13009] 
 


 
134 
 
13009. Do you think you are getting adequate sleep? [SA] 
您认为您的睡眠充足吗? 
READ  
1 
Yes 
是 
[Go to Q13004] 
2 
No 
否 
[Go to Q13010] 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
 
 
13010. Why do you think you are not getting adequate sleep?  [MA] 
为什么您认为自己睡眠不足? 
DO NOT READ (May record more than one answer) 
1 
Stay up late to study/ do homework/ do office work 
2 
Stay up late to watch TV/ play games 
3 
Stay up late because family members/ friends also sleep late 
4 
Due to shift work 
5 
Eating/ drinking too late 
6 
Due to medical conditions (e.g. asthma)  
7 
Due to sleeping disorders (e.g. insomnia, sleep apnea) 
8 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q13011] 
 
 
13011. How often do you feel sleepy in the day while working/ in school? [SA] 
当您工作/上学的时候，您多经常感到困意? 
 
 
 
 
 
READ 
1 
All the time 
一直都有 
2 
Often 
经常 
3 
Sometimes 
有时 
4 
Rarely  
很少 
5 
Never  
从来没有 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q13004] 


 
135 
 
 
13004. Have you recently (in the past 6 weeks) ...? [SA]  
 
您最近（过去6 周内）是否…？ 
READ AND USE SHOWCARD 
 
1) 
2) 
3) 
4) 
13004a.  
Been able to concentrate on whatever 
you are doing? 
能够集中精神做事？ 
□ 
Better than 
usual 
优于往常 
□ 
Same as 
usual 
与往常一样 
□ 
Less than 
usual 
比往常稍差 
□ 
Much less 
than usual 
比往常差很多 
13004b.  
Lost much sleep over worry? 
因担忧而严重失眠？ 
□ 
Not at all 
根本不 
□ 
No more 
than usual 
与往常一样 
□ 
Rather more 
than usual 
比往常稍差 
□ 
Much more 
than usual 
比往常差很多 
13004c.  
Felt that you are playing a useful part in 
things? 
感觉自己在某些事情中发挥作用？ 
□ 
More than 
usual 
优于往常 
□ 
Same as 
usual 
与往常一样 
□ 
Less useful 
than usual 
比往常稍差 
□ 
Much less 
useful 
比往常差很多 
13004d.  
Felt capable of making decisions about 
things? 
感觉有能力做决定？ 
□ 
More so 
than usual 
优于往常 
□ 
Same as 
usual 
与往常一样 
□ 
Less so than 
usual 
比往常稍差 
□ 
Much less 
capable 
比往常差很多 
13004e.  
Felt constantly under strain? 
经常感觉紧张？ 
□ 
Not at all 
根本不 
□ 
No more 
than usual 
与往常一样 
□ 
Rather more 
than usual 
比往常稍差 
□ 
Much more 
than usual 
比往常差很多 
13004f. 
Felt you couldn’t overcome your 
difficulties? 
感觉自己不能克服困难？ 
□ 
Not at all 
根本不 
□ 
No more 
than usual 
与往常一样 
□ 
Rather more 
than usual 
比往常稍差 
□ 
Much more 
than usual 
比往常差很多 
13004g. 
Been able to enjoy your normal day-to-
day activities? 
能够享受正常的日常活动？ 
□ 
More so 
than usual 
优于往常 
□ 
Same as 
usual 
与往常一样 
□ 
Less so than 
usual 
比往常稍差 
□ 
Much less 
than usual 
比往常差很多 
13004h. 
Been able to face up to your problems? 
能够面对自己的问题？ 
□ 
More so 
than usual 
优于往常 
□ 
Same as 
usual 
与往常一样 
□ 
Less able 
than usual 
比往常稍差 
□ 
Much less 
able 
比往常差很多 
13004i. 
Been feeling unhappy and depressed? 
一直感觉不开心和抑郁？ 
□ 
Not at all 
根本不 
□ 
No more 
than usual 
与往常一样 
□ 
Rather more 
than usual 
比往常稍差 
□ 
Much more 
than usual 
比往常差很多 
Interviewer: Now, I would ask about your health in general over the last 6 weeks. For each question, 
tell me which answer you think best applies to you in the last 6 weeks. Remember that I want to know 
about present and recent complaints, not those you had in the past. All answers will be treated as 
confidential.  
我要问您在过去6 周内的整体健康状况。请您在每一题选择最能够代表您在过去6 周内的状况。
请切记，我想知道您目前以及最近的心理诉状，不包括您以前的诉状。所有答案将完全保密。 


 
136 
 
READ AND USE SHOWCARD 
 
1) 
2) 
3) 
4) 
13004j. 
Been losing confidence in yourself? 
一直没有自信？ 
□ 
Not at all 
根本不 
□ 
No more 
than usual 
与往常一样 
□ 
Rather more 
than usual 
比往常稍差 
□ 
Much more 
than usual 
比往常差很多 
13004k. 
Been thinking of yourself as a worthless 
person? 
一直认为自己没有价值？ 
□ 
Not at all 
根本不 
□ 
No more 
than usual 
与往常一样 
□ 
Rather more 
than usual 
比往常稍差 
□ 
Much more 
than usual 
比往常差很多 
13004l. 
Been feeling reasonably happy, all 
things considered? 
整体上一直感觉比较开心？ 
□ 
More so 
than usual 
优于往常 
□ 
Same as 
usual 
与往常一样 
□ 
Less so than 
usual 
比往常稍差 
□ 
Much less 
than usual 
比往常差很多 
[Go to Q13002] 
 
 
13002. If you feel like you are constantly unable to cope with stress, would you be willing to seek 
help from a…? [SA] 
若您觉得经常无法应付/面对压力时，您是否愿意向以下人士求助？ 
READ 
 
1) Yes 
是 
2) No 
否 
777) Refused 
拒绝回答 
a. Healthcare professional, for example a counsellor, 
doctor, psychologist or psychiatrist? 
医疗专业人士例如辅导员、医生、心理学家、精神病医生？ 
□ 
□ 
□ 
b. Friend, relative, colleague, religious leader or teacher in 
school? 
朋友、亲戚、同事、宗教领袖、学校的老师？ 
□ 
□ 
□ 
[Go to Q13012] 
 
 
13012. 
Have you sought help or advice from the following groups when you were constantly 
unable to cope with stress in the past 6 months? [SA] 
在过去6 个月内，当您经常无法应付压力时，是否曾向以下组织寻求帮助或建议? 
READ 
 
1) Yes 
是 
2) No 
否 
777) Refused 
拒绝回答 
a. Healthcare professional, for example a counsellor, 
doctor, psychologist or psychiatrist? 
医疗专业人士例如辅导员、医生、心理学家、精神病医生？ 
□ 
□ 
□ 
b. Friend, relative, colleague, religious leader or teacher in 
school? 
朋友、亲戚、同事、宗教领袖、学校的老师？ 
□ 
□ 
□ 
[If Q103012a = 1 then go to Q13013. Else, go to Q13014] 
 


 
137 
 
[If Q13012a = “1 Yes”] 
13013. Which of the following channels have you used when seeking help in the past 6 months? 
[MA] 
过去6 个月内，您曾使用过下列哪一种途径寻求帮助? 
READ AND USE SHOWCARD 
1 
In-person services (e.g. face-to-face 
consultation with a counsellor, doctor, 
psychologist or psychiatrist) 
面对面服务(例如与辅导员、医生、心理
学家或精神科医生面对面谘询) 
2 
Mental health support hotlines (e.g. 
National Care Hotline, SOS or IMH 24-
hour helpline) 
心理健康支援热线(如全国关爱热线、
SOS 或心理卫生学院24 小时热线服务) 
3 
Text-based consultation (e.g. via instant 
messaging with SOS Care Text or e-
mails) 
简讯咨询(例如，通过SOS 援人协会关怀
简讯或电子邮件即时通讯) 
4 
Digital or self-help resources (e.g. 
MindSG, Mindline, NCSS Beyond the 
Label Website, Youthtopia, AIC.sg) 
数码或自助资源(如MindSG、Mindline、
国家福利理事会的“跨越成见，退去标
签”网站、Youthtopia、护联中心.sg) 
5 
Online support groups (e.g. social media 
community support groups) 
线上支援小组(如社交媒体社区支援小
组) 
6 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
DO NOT READ 
666 
None of the above 
以上都不是 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q13014] 
 
13014. Which of the following channels would you be willing to use when seeking help? [MA] 
在寻求帮助时，您愿意使用下列哪一种途径? 
READ AND USE SHOWCARD 
1 
In-person services (e.g. face-to-face 
consultation with a counsellor, doctor, 
psychologist or psychiatrist) 
面对面服务(例如与辅导员、医生、心理
学家或精神科医生面对面谘询) 
2 
Mental health support hotlines (e.g. 
National Care Hotline, SOS or IMH 24-
hour helpline) 
心理健康支援热线(如全国关爱热线、
SOS 或心理卫生学院24 小时热线服务) 
3 
Text-based consultation (e.g. via instant 
messaging with SOS Care Text or e-
mails) 
简讯咨询(例如，通过SOS 援人协会关怀
简讯或电子邮件即时通讯) 
4 
Digital or self-help resources (e.g. 
MindSG, Mindline, NCSS Beyond the 
Label Website, Youthtopia, AIC.sg) 
数码或自助资源(如MindSG、Mindline、
国家福利理事会的“跨越成见，退去标
签”网站、Youthtopia、护联中心.sg) 
5 
Online support groups (e.g. social media 
community support groups) 
线上支援小组(如社交媒体社区支援小
组) 
6 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
DO NOT READ 
666 
None of the above 
以上都不是 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q13017] 


 
138 
 
13017. Mental wellbeing relates to our thoughts, feelings and our ability to cope with day-
to-day life so that we can achieve our goals and contribute to the community. In 
the last 2 weeks, did you do anything to improve your mental wellbeing? [SA] 
 
心理健康与我们的思想、感情和处理日常生活的能力息息相关，由此我们才可以实现我
们的目标，为社区做出贡献。在过去两周内，您有做什么来改善您的心理健康吗? 
READ  
1 
Yes 
是 
2 
No 
否 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q13101] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


 
139 
 
Interviewer: Next, I would like to ask how you have been feeling, thinking and behaving over the 
last 2 weeks. 
For each sentence, tell me which number on the scale ranging from 1: Strongly Disagree to 9: Strongly 
Agree best corresponds to how well each sentence describes you over the last 2 weeks. 
接下来，我想问关于您在前两周内的心情、思想及行为。请仔细阅读以下句子。 
请您在每个句子旁的比例表（从1：强烈不同意至9：强烈同意）选择最代表您在前两周内的
心情、思想及行为。 
 
READ AND USE SHOWCARD  
1 
Strongly 
Disagree 
强烈不同意 
 
2 
3 
4 
Mildly 
Disagree 
稍微不同
意 
5 
Neither Agree 
Nor Disagree 
不同意也不反对 
 
6 
Mildly 
Agree 
稍微同意 
 
7 
8 
9 
Strongly 
Agree 
强烈同意 
 
 
 
Score 
[1 to 9] 
13101a. 
I am optimistic about the future.   
我对未来感到乐观。 
 
13101b. 
I am spiritual.  
我的心灵感到满足。 
 
 
13101c. 
I am able to accept myself.  
我能够接受自己。 
 
 
13101d. 
I am able to accept reality.  
我能够接受现实。 
 
13101e. 
I am able to cope with life’s challenges.  
我能够应付生活的挑战。 
 
13101f. 
I am calm.  
我感到镇定。 
 
13101g. 
I am not depressed.  
我不会感到忧郁。 
 
13101h. 
I am able to make friends.  
我能够交朋友。 
 
13101i. 
I have the strong support of my family and friends.  
 
 
我有朋友与家人的支持及鼓励。 
 
13101j. 
I seek for self-development/growth/cultivation.  
我寻求自我提升/成长/修炼。 
 
13101k. 
I am able to offer help to others.  
我能够帮助其他人。 
 
13101l. 
I am appreciative of life.  
我对生活具有欣赏力。 
 
13101m. 
I appreciate my own self-worth.  
我赏识我的自我价值。 
 
13101n. 
I am happy.  
我感到开心。 
 
13101o. 
I am able to think clearly.  
我能够清楚地思考。 
 
13101p. 
I am able to make good decisions.  
我能够做好的决定。 
 
END OF SECTION 13. GO TO SECTION 14. 
 
 


 
140 
 
14. DENTAL HEALTH 
 
Interviewer: Now, I would like to ask you some questions about your dental health. 
现在，我想问您关于口腔健康的问题。 
 
14000. How often do you visit a dentist? [SA] 
您多久看一次牙医？ 
READ ONLY IF NECESSARY 
1 
Once every 6 months 
每6 个月一次 
[Go to Q14001] 
 
2 
Once a year 
一年一次 
3 
Once every 2 years 
每两年一次 
4 
Only if there is pain or when I 
have a dental problem 
只有在有牙疼或有口腔问题的
时侯 
5 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: _____________________ 
DO NOT READ 
666 
Have never been to a dentist 
从未看过牙医 
[Go to Section 
15] 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
 
 
14001. When was the last time you visited a dentist? [SA] 
您最后一次看牙医是什么时候？ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
READ ONLY IF NECESSARY 
1 
Less than 6 months ago 
 
过去6 个月内 
2 
6-12 months ago 
 
6 到12 个月内 
3 
More than a year, but less than 2 years 
ago 
 
超过1 年，但少过2 年内 
4 
2 years or more, but less than 5 years ago  2 年以上，但少过5 年内 
5 
 At least 5 years ago 
至少5 年以前 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
END OF SECTION 14. GO TO SECTION 15. 


 
141 
 
15. ADDITIONAL DIABETES QUESTIONS  
 
15001. To your knowledge, what are some ways to prevent diabetes? [MA] 
据您所识， 有哪些方法可以预防糖尿病呢？ 
 
 
<write response 写回应> 
 
DO NOT READ (for internal coding only)  
1 
Exercise regularly  
经常运动 
2 
Exercise for at least 150 minutes per 
week  
每周运动至少150 分钟 
3 
Go for regular health screening 
定期体检 
4 
Go for blood sugar / blood glucose 
screening / testing 
检查血糖/血糖检验/测试 
5 
Eat a balanced diet  
注意饮食平衡 
6 
Eat more fruits and/or vegetables 
多吃水果和/或蔬菜 
7 
Eat wholegrains / brown rice 
吃全谷物/糙米 
8 
Eat less sweetened food 
少吃甜食 
9 
Eat less carbohydrate rich food (e.g.  
rice/ bread/ noodle) 
少吃碳水化合物（比如米饭/面包/面
条） 
10 
Eat lower calorie meals / foods 
吃低卡路里的食物 
11 
Limit processed foods 
减少工业加工的食品 
12 
Have “siu dai” / lower sugar beverage 
喝少糖的饮品 
13 
Do not smoke / quit smoking 
不吸烟/戒烟 
14 
Control your blood pressure 
控制血压 
15 
Manage / Lose weight 
控制体重/减肥 
16 
Manage stress 
调节压力 
17 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q15004] 
 
 
 
 


 
142 
 
15004. Diabetes can lead to some health conditions. What are some of these conditions? [MA] 
糖尿病能够引起一些其它病症。下面哪些病症可能由糖尿病引发呢？ 
READ (May choose more than one answer) 
1 
Kidney Disease 
肾病 
2 
Stroke 
中风 
3 
Heart Disease / Heart Attack  
心脏病/心脏病发作 
4 
Foot Amputation 
截肢 
5 
Blindness 
眼盲 
6 
Cancer 
癌症 
7 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
END OF SECTION 15. GO TO SECTION 19. 
 
 
 
 


 
143 
 
19 CAREGIVING 
 
Interviewer: Now, I would like to ask you some questions about caregiving (i.e. providing regular 
care or assistance to a friend or family member who has a health problem, long-term illness, or 
disability).  
现在，我要问一些有关看护的问题（即为有健康问题、长期患病或有残疾的朋友或家庭成员提
供经常性的护理或帮助。） 
 
19000. During the past month, did you provide any such care or assistance to a friend or family 
member? [SA] 
在过去一个月内，您曾为朋友或家庭成员提供过此类护理或帮助吗？ 
READ  
1 
Yes 
有 
[Go to Q19001] 
2 
No 
没有 
[Go to Section 
20] 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
 
 
19001. How many people do you provide care to? [SA] 
您看护了多少人？ 
 
Number of people 
人数 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q19004] 
 
 
[IF Q19001 > “1”, please provide the following information based on the person you spend 
most time caring for.] 
19004. Are you the only person providing care for this person? [SA] 
您是此人的唯一看护人吗？ 
READ  
1 
Yes 
是 
[Go to Q19006] 
2 
No 
否 
[Go to Q19005] 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
 
 
 
 


 
144 
 
19005. Who else provides care to this person? [MA] 
此人的其他看护人是什么身份？ 
READ (May choose more than one answer) 
1 
Other family members 
其他家庭成员  
2 
Live-in helper / Migrant Domestic 
Worker (MDW) 
居住在雇主家的女佣 
3 
Nurse / other nursing professional  
护士/其他专业护理人员 
4 
Day-care & other institutions 
日间护理中心和其他机构 
5 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q19006] 
 
 
19006. What is the care recipient’s relationship to you? For example, is he/she your 
(mother/daughter or father/son)? [SA] 
您看护的人与您是什么关系？例如，他/她是您的（母亲/女儿或父亲/儿子）？ 
READ 
1 
Parent 
父母 
2 
Parent-in-law 
岳父母或公婆 
3 
Child 
子女 
4 
Spouse 
配偶 
5 
Sibling 
兄弟姐妹 
6 
Grandparent 
祖父母 
7 
Grandchild 
孙子/孙女 
8 
Other relatives (e.g niece, nephew, 
uncle, aunt) 
其他亲戚关系(例如侄女，侄儿， 叔
叔，阿姨) 
9 
Non-relative (e.g. friend, neighbour) 
无亲戚关系(例如朋友，领居) 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q19007] 
 
 
19007. How old is the person to whom you are giving care? [SA] 
您看护的人年龄有多大？ 
 
Age 
岁 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q19008] 


 
145 
 
19008. Is this person whom you giving care to male or female? [SA] 
您看护的人是男性还是女性？ 
1 
Male 
男性 
2 
Female 
女性 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q19009] 
 
 
19009. How long have you been providing care to this person? [SA] 
您已经为此人提供了多长时间的看护？ 
READ ONLY IF NECESSARY 
1 
1 year or less 
1 年或少于1 年 
2 
More than 1 year to 2 years  
超过1 年但在2 年以内 
3 
More than 2 years to 5 years  
超过2 年但在5 年以内 
4 
More than 5 years to 10 years 
超过5 年但在10 年以内 
5 
More than 10 years 
超过10 年 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q19010] 
 
 
19010. In an average week, what is the total number of hours of care you provide to this person? 
[SA] 
您平均每周为此人提供多少小时的看护？ 
 
Hours per week 
每周几小时 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q19011] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


 
146 
 
19011. What are the health problems, long-term illnesses, or disabilities that the person you care 
for has according to the doctor? [MA] 
根据医生的判断，您所看护的这个人有什么健康问题、长期疾病或残疾？ 
USE SHOWCARD 
1 
Arthritis / Rheumatism/ Joint Pains 
关节炎/风湿/关节疼痛 
2 
Cancer 
癌症 
3 
Diabetes 
糖尿病 
4 
Heart Disease 
心脏病 
5 
Hypertension / High Blood Pressure 
高血压 
6 
Lung Disease / Emphysema / COPD 
肺病/肺气肿 
7 
Osteoporosis 
骨质疏松症 
8 
Parkison’s Disease 
帕金森病 
9 
Stroke 
中风 
10 
Eye / Vision Problem (blindness) 
眼疾/视力问题（失明） 
11 
Hearing Problems (deafness) 
听力问题（失聪） 
12 
Kidney disease / Renal failure 
肾病/肾功能衰竭 
13 
Fracture 
骨折 
14 
Alzheimer’s Disease / Dementia 
阿尔茨海默病或痴呆 
15 
Cerebral Palsy (CP) 
脑性麻痹 (CP) 
16 
Down’s Syndrome 
唐氏综合征 
17 
Anxiety / Depression 
焦虑/忧郁症 
18 
Intellectually Disabled 
智力残障 
19 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q19012] 
 
 
 
 


 
147 
 
19012. In which of the following areas does the person you care for need your help? [MA] 
以下哪些方面是您的被看护人需要您帮助的？ 
USE SHOWCARD 
1 
To move from one place to another, e.g. 
move around within the home or outside 
of home 
从一个地方移动到另一个地方，例如在
家中或户外移动 
2 
To get in and out of bed or onto a chair 
移到床上或床下，或移到椅子上 
3 
To dress and undress themselves 
自己穿衣服或脱衣服 
4 
To shower 
冲凉 
5 
To feed themselves e.g. cutting food  
自己进食，例如将食物切成小块 
6 
To get to and use the toilet 
使用厕所 
7 
To do shopping e.g. buying groceries 
购物，例如买菜 
8 
To prepare meals 
煮饭 
9 
To do house chores e.g. cleaning and 
doing laundry 
做家务，例如打扫房间和洗衣服 
10 
To move around using public transport 
or driving 
搭乘公共交通或驾车出行 
11 
To manage money e.g. paying bills 
管理钱财，例如支付账单 
12 
To communicate with others e.g. 
making a phone call 
与他人交流，例如打电话 
13 
To help with medications needs 
including injections e.g. taking 
medications on time 
协助药物治疗，包括注射，例如按时服
药 
14 
To do simple procedures e.g. using 
feeding tubes, changing of dressings 
进行简单的医疗护理（例如使用喂食
管、更换敷料） 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q19013] 
 
 
 


 
148 
 
Care services for care recipients 
19013. Has the person you care for used or is currently using any of the following services/ 
programmes? [MA] 
您看护的这个人是否用过或者正在使用以下服务/计划？ 
USE SHOWCARD 
1 
Helplines 
求助热线 
3 
Support groups 
互助团体 
4 
Case management & counselling 
个案管理与辅导 
5 
Eldercare Centre Services (i.e. Active 
Ageing Centre / Active Ageing Care Hub) 
(e.g. active ageing programmes, 
befriending or buddying services, 
information and referral to care services) 
乐龄综合中心服务(如，活跃乐龄中心) 
(例如，活跃乐龄活动、友伴服务、护
理咨询与转介援助)” 
6 
Sheltered Workshop 
庇护工作坊 
7 
Residential Homes / Nursing Homes  
老人公寓/疗养院 
8 
Community Rehabilitation Centres 
(e.g.occupational therapy, physical rehab) 
社区康复中心 
（例如职业疗法、物理康复） 
9 
Day Care Centres/ Senior Care Centres 
(e.g. Maintenance Day Care, Dementia Day 
Care) 
日间护理中心/乐龄护理中心 
（例如保健日间护理、失智症日间护
理） 
10 
Home Care services 
(e.g. Home Medical, Home Nursing, Home 
Personal Care services) 
居家护理服务 
（例如居家医疗服务、居家疗养服务、
居家个人护理服务） 
19 
Home, Day and Inpatient Palliative/Hospice 
Care 
(e.g. Medical, nursing and psychosocial 
care for end-of-life patients) 
慈怀居家、日间和住院护理 
（例如为临终病人提供医疗，护理和社
会心理护理） 
11 
Escort and transport services  
(e.g. to medical appointments or centres) 
护送和交通服务  
（例如陪送复诊或送往医疗中心） 
12 
Meal delivery services 
膳食派送服务 
13 
Training programmes 
(e.g. Social skills training, Psychosocial 
skills training, illness management)  
培训课程 
（例如社会技能培训、社会心理技能培
训、疾病管理） 
14 
Employment-related services 
(e.g. skills upgrading, job placement/ 
support) 
就业相关服务 
（例如技能提升、就业安排/支持） 
15 
Assistive Devices 
(e.g. walking stick, hearing aid, wheelchair) 
辅助设备 
（例如拐杖、助听器、轮椅） 
16 
Spiritual / Religious based support 
精神上/宗教上的支持 
17 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
18 
None of the above 
以上都不是 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[If ALL Option 1 to Option 17 and Option 19 are selected, go to Q19015. Else go to  
to Q19014] 
 


 
149 
 
[Show only options not selected in Q19013]  
19014. Is the person you care for interested in using any of the following services/ programmes? 
[MA] 
您看护的这个人是否有兴趣使用以下服务/计划？ 
USE SHOWCARD 
1 
Helplines 
求助热线 
3 
Support groups 
互助团体 
4 
Case management & counselling 
个案管理与辅导 
5 
Eldercare Centre Services (i.e. Active 
Ageing Centre / Active Ageing Care Hub) 
(e.g. active ageing programmes, 
befriending or buddying services, 
information and referral to care services) 
乐龄综合中心服务(如，活跃乐龄中心) 
(例如，活跃乐龄活动、友伴服务、护
理咨询与转介援助)” 
6 
Sheltered Workshop 
庇护工作坊 
7 
Residential Homes / Nursing Homes  
老人公寓/疗养院 
8 
Community Rehabilitation Centres 
(e.g.occupational therapy, physical rehab) 
社区康复中心 
（例如职业疗法、物理康复） 
9 
Day Care Centres/ Senior Care Centres 
(e.g. Maintenance Day Care, Dementia 
Day Care) 
日间护理中心/乐龄护理中心 
（例如保健日间护理、失智症日间护
理） 
10 
Home Care services 
(e.g. Home Medical, Home Nursing, 
Home Personal Care services) 
居家护理服务 
（例如居家医疗服务、居家疗养服务、
居家个人护理服务） 
19 
Home, Day and Inpatient 
Palliative/Hospice Care 
(e.g. Medical, nursing and psychosocial 
care for end-of-life patients) 
慈怀居家、日间和住院护理 
（例如为临终病人提供医疗，护理和社
会心理护理） 
11 
Escort and transport services  
(e.g. to medical appointments or centres) 
护送和交通服务  
（例如陪送复诊或送往医疗中心） 
12 
Meal delivery services 
膳食派送服务 
13 
Training programmes 
(e.g. Social skills training, Psychosocial 
skills training, illness management)  
培训课程 
（例如社会技能培训、社会心理技能培
训、疾病管理） 
14 
Employment-related services 
(e.g. skills upgrading, job placement/ 
support) 
就业相关服务 
（例如技能提升、就业安排/支持） 
15 
Assistive Devices 
(e.g. walking stick, hearing aid, 
wheelchair) 
辅助设备 
（例如拐杖、助听器、轮椅） 
16 
Spiritual / Religious based support 
精神上/宗教上的支持 
17 
None of the above 
以上都不是 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q19015] 
 
 
 


 
150 
 
19015. 
Currently, is there any form of help given to you as the caregiver? [SA] 
您目前有得到作为看护者所需要的帮助吗？ 
READ  
1 
Yes 
是 
2 
No 
否 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q19019] 
 
 
Care services for caregivers 
19019. Have you heard of the following services/ programmes? [MA] 
您是否听说过以下服务/计划？ 
USE SHOWCARD 
1 
Helplines 
求助热线 
2 
Befriending services 
益友服务 
3 
Support groups 
互助团体 
4 
Case management & counselling 
个案管理与辅导 
5 
Respite Care 
(e.g. Eldersitter, Day Care, Child Care) 
短暂看护（例如长者护理计划、日间护
理、儿童托管） 
6 
Government assistance and subsidies 
(e.g. Community Health Assist Scheme 
(CHAS), Seniors’ Mobility and Enabling 
Fund (SMF), Home Caregiving Grant 
(HCG)) 
政府援助及津贴（例如社保援助计划
（CHAS）、乐龄助行基金（SMF）、居
家看护津贴（HCG）） 
7 
Employment-related services 
(e.g. skills upgrading, job placement/ 
support) 
就业相关服务 
（例如技能提升、就业安排/支持） 
8 
Caregiving related training programmes 
(e.g. information sharing sessions, 
caregiving training) 
看护相关培训课程（例如资讯分享活
动、看护培训） 
9 
Spiritual / Religious based support 
精神上/宗教上的支持 
10 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
11 
None of the above 
以上都不是 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[If Option 11 or 777 or 888 is selected, go to Q19017. 
If any Option 1 to Option 10 is selected, go to Q19016. 
If any Option 1 to 10 is not selected, go to Q19017] 
 
 
 
 


 
151 
 
[Show only options not selected in Q19019]  
19016. Which of the following services/ programmes have you used or are currently using? [MA] 
您是否用过或者正在使用以下服务/计划？ 
USE SHOWCARD 
1 
Helplines 
求助热线 
2 
Befriending services 
益友服务 
3 
Support groups 
互助团体 
4 
Case management & counselling 
个案管理与辅导 
5 
Respite Care 
(e.g. Eldersitter, Day Care, Child Care) 
短暂看护（例如长者护理计划、日间护
理、儿童托管） 
6 
Government assistance and subsidies 
(e.g. Community Health Assist Scheme 
(CHAS), Seniors Mobility and Enabling 
Fund (SMF), Home Caregiving Grant 
(HCG)) 
政府援助及津贴（例如社保援助计划
（CHAS）、乐龄助行基金（SMF）、 居
家看护津贴（HCG） 
7 
Employment-related services 
(e.g. skills upgrading, job placement/ 
support) 
就业相关服务 
（例如技能提升、就业安排/支持） 
8 
Caregiving related training programmes 
(e.g. information sharing sessions, 
caregiving training) 
看护相关培训课程（例如资讯分享活
动、看护培训） 
9 
Spiritual / Religious based support 
精神上/宗教上的支持 
10 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
11 
None of the above 
以上都不是 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q19018] 
 
 
 


 
152 
 
[Show only options not selected in Q19019]  
19017. Which of the following services/ programmes are you interested in trying? [MA] 
您有兴趣尝试以下何种服务/计划？ 
USE SHOWCARD 
1 
Helplines 
求助热线 
2 
Befriending services 
益友服务 
3 
Support groups 
互助团体 
4 
Case management & counselling 
个案管理与辅导 
5 
Respite Care 
(e.g. Eldersitter, Day Care, Child Care) 
短暂看护（例如长者护理计划、日间护
理、儿童托管） 
6 
Government assistance and subsidies 
(e.g. Community Health Assist Scheme 
(CHAS), Seniors Mobility and Enabling Fund 
(SMF) , Home Caregiving Grant (HCG)) 
政府援助及津贴（例如社保援助计划
（CHAS）、乐龄助行基金（SMF））、 
居家看护津贴（HCG） 
7 
Employment-related services 
(e.g. skills upgrading, job placement/ support) 
就业相关服务 
（例如技能提升、就业安排/支持） 
8 
Caregiving related training programmes 
(e.g. information sharing sessions, caregiving 
training) 
看护相关培训课程（例如资讯分享活
动、看护培训） 
9 
Spiritual / Religious based support 
精神上/宗教上的支持 
10 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
11 
None of the above 
以上都不是 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q19018] 
 
 
 


 
153 
 
19018. In which of the following areas do you think you (the caregiver) should be given training 
in order to provide care to others? [MA] 
您认为您（看护人）应接受以下哪个领域的培训，以便看护他人？ 
USE SHOWCARD 
1 
Helping care recipient to move from one 
place to another, e.g. move around 
within the home or outside of home 
协助护人从一个地方移动到另一个地
方，例如在家中或户外移动 
2 
Helping care recipient to get in and out 
of bed or onto a chair 
协助护人移到床上或床下，或移到椅子
上 
3 
Helping care recipient to dress or 
undress themselves 
协助护人穿或脱衣服 
4 
Helping care recipient to shower 
协助护人冲凉 
5 
Helping care recipient to feed 
themselves e.g. cutting food  
协助护人进食，例如将食物切成小块 
6 
Helping care recipient to get to and use 
the toilet 
协助护人使用厕所 
7 
Performing simple procedures (e.g. 
using feeding tubes, changing of 
dressings) 
进行简单的医疗护理（例如使用喂食
管、更换敷料） 
8 
Medication management, including 
injections  
协助药物治疗，包括注射，例如按时服
药 
9 
First aid and management of emergency 
e.g. CPR training  
急救和紧急救护培训，例如CPR 培训 
11 
Caring for the emotional or 
psychological needs of care recipient 
照顾护人的情绪或心理需求 
12 
Information and techniques for your own 
self-care, e.g. how to cope with 
caregiver stress 
自我照顾的资讯及技巧，例如，如何应
付看护人的压力 
10 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
END OF SECTION 19. GO TO SECTION 20. 
 
 
 


 
154 
 
20. ELDERLY HEALTH (FOR RESPONDENT AGED 55 AND ABOVE)  
 
IF respondent is below 55 years of age, go to Section 22. 
IF respondent is aged 55 and above, go to Q20000. 
 
Interviewer: Now, I would like to ask you some questions about your functional mobility, personal 
care, eye sight, hearing and communication.  
现在，我想问您关于您行动能力、个人护理、视力、听力及沟通能力的问题。 
 
 
 
 
USE SHOWCARD 
 
(1)  
Only with 
someone 
to help 
需要其他
人帮忙 
(2)  
With 
some 
difficulty 
有些困
难 
(3) 
Without 
difficulty 
完全没
有困难 
(777) 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
(888) 
Don’t 
know / 
Not sure 
不知道／
不肯定 
Locomotion 行动能力 
20000. Can you walk or move from one 
place to another independently, 
including with the use of a 
walking aid or wheelchair?  [SA] 
 
您是否能自己步行（包括使用助
行器）或自立行驶到达不同的场
所（包括使用轮椅）？ 
 
 
 
 
 
Personal care 个人护理 
20001. 
Can you get in and out of bed or 
a chair on your own? [SA] 
您是否能自己上下床或从坐着
的椅子上站起来？ 
 
 
 
 
 
20002. 
Can you dress and undress 
yourself on your own? [SA] 
您是否能自己穿或脱衣服？ 
 
 
 
 
 
20003. 
Can you shower on your own? 
[SA] 
您是否能自己洗燥？ 
 
 
 
 
 
20004. 
Can you feed yourself, including 
cutting up food? [SA] 
您是否能自己用餐，包括切割
食物？ 
 
 
 
 
 
20005. 
Can you get to and use the toilet 
on your own? [SA] 
您是否能自己上洗手间？ 
 
 
 
 
 
[Go to Q20006] 


 
155 
 
Seeing 视力 
20006. Can you see well enough to recognise a friend at a distance of four meters (across a 
road)? If no, can you see well enough to recognize a friend at a distance of one meter 
(at arm’s length)?  [SA] 
您能在四公尺外辨认出您的朋友（如马路对面）吗？ 若不行，那在一公尺外（手臂的长
度）能辨认出您的朋友吗？ 
READ  
1 
Can recognise a friend at four meters 
(across a road) 
在四公尺外（马路对面）能 辨认出朋友 
2 
Can recognise a friend at one meter (at 
arm’s length) but not at four meters 
(across a road) 
能在一公尺外（手臂的长度）辨认出朋友
却不能 
在四公尺外（马路对面 
3 
Cannot recognise a friend at one meter 
(at arm’s length) 
不能在一公尺外（手臂的长度）辨认出朋
友 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q20007] 
 
 
Hearing 听力 
20007. Is your hearing good enough to follow a TV programme at a volume others find 
acceptable? If not, can you follow a TV programme with the volume turned up?  [SA] 
您是否能在其他人能够接受的音量看电视节目？若不能, 您需要调高声量吗? 
READ  
1 
Can follow a TV programme at normal 
volume 
能接受跟常人一样的声量  
2 
Can follow a TV programme with volume 
turned up 
需要调高声量 
3 
Cannot follow a TV programme with 
volume turned up 
调高声量还是听不清楚 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q20008] 
 
 
 


 
156 
 
Eldercare Services 
20008. Which of the following eldercare services have you heard of … ? [MA] 
您听说过以下哪种长者看护服务…？ 
USE SHOWCARD 
11 
Eldercare Centre Services (i.e. Active 
Ageing Centre / Active Ageing Care Hub) 
(E.g. active ageing programmes, 
befriending or buddying services, 
information and referral to care services) 
乐龄综合中心服务(如，活跃乐龄中心) 
(例如，活跃乐龄活动、友伴服务、护理
咨询与转介援助)” 
1 
Home Medical, Home Nursing and/or Home 
Therapy services  
(E.g. minor medical procedures, wound 
dressing, changing of nasogastric tubes 
provided at home) 
居家医疗、居家护理和/或居家治疗服务 
(例如在家中提供的小型医疗程序，伤口
敷料，更换鼻胃管) 
2 
Home Personal Care  
(E.g. assistance with showering, 
housekeeping, medication reminders, mind-
stimulating activities and other personal 
care tasks at home) 
居家个人看护 
(例如协助沐浴，家政，药物提醒，精神
刺激的活动和家中的其他个人护理任务) 
3 
Day Care and/or Dementia Day Care  
(E.g. Custodial day care for seniors)  
日间护理和/或失智症日间看护 
(例如老年人的监护日托) 
4 
Community Rehabilitation 
(E.g. physiotherapy or occupational therapy 
at a centre) 
社区康复 
(例如中心里的物理治疗或职业疗法) 
5 
Medical Escort and Transport 
(E.g. Escort and transportation to medical 
appointments for seniors unable to attend 
on their own) 
医疗护送 
(例如接送需要帮助的老人去医疗复诊) 
6 
Meals-on-Wheels 
(E.g. Daily meal delivery programme for 
homebound elderly who are unable to 
prepare meals) 
送餐服务 
(例如每日为无法准备饭菜而无法出门的
老人送餐) 
7 
Nursing Home Respite Care/Centre-based 
Respite Care 
(E.g. Short-term care of a few hours or 
days at eldercare centres or nursing 
homes) 
疗养院短暂看护/中心短暂看护 
(例如在老人护理中心或疗养院进行短短
几小时或几天的护理) 
8 
Nursing Home  
(E.g. Long term residential care service) 
疗养院 
(例如长期住宿护理服务) 
9 
Home, Day and Inpatient Palliative/Hospice 
Care  
(E.g. Medical, nursing and psychosocial 
care for end-of-life patients) 
慈怀居家、日间和住院护理 
(例如为临终病人提供医疗，护理和社会
心理护理) 
10 
None of the above 
以上都没有 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[If Option 1 to Option 9 or Option 11 is selected, go to Q20009. Else go to Section 22. 
If Option 10 or 777 or 888 is selected, go to Section 22] 
 
 
 
 
 
 


 
157 
 
For those eldercare services selected in Q20008, go to Q20009. 
20009. Which of the following eldercare services have you used in the past one year? [MA]  
在过去的一年里，您使用过以下哪项长者护理服务？ 
USE SHOWCARD 
11 
Eldercare Centre Services (i.e. Active 
Ageing Centre / Active Ageing Care Hub) 
(E.g. active ageing programmes, 
befriending or buddying services, 
information and referral to care services) 
乐龄综合中心服务(如，活跃乐龄中心) 
(例如，活跃乐龄活动、友伴服务、护理
咨询与转介援助)” 
1 
Home Medical, Home Nursing and/or Home 
Therapy services  
(E.g. minor medical procedures, wound 
dressing, changing of nasogastric tubes 
provided at home) 
居家医疗、居家护理和/或居家治疗服务 
(例如在家中提供的小型医疗程序，伤口
敷料，更换鼻胃管) 
2 
Home Personal Care  
(E.g. assistance with showering, 
housekeeping, medication reminders, mind-
stimulating activities and other personal 
care tasks at home) 
居家个人看护 
(例如协助沐浴，家政，药物提醒，精神
刺激的活动和家中的其他个人护理任务) 
3 
Day Care and/or Dementia Day Care  
(E.g. Custodial day care for seniors)  
日间护理和/或失智症日间看护 
(例如老年人的监护日托) 
4 
Community Rehabilitation 
(E.g. physiotherapy or occupational therapy 
at a centre) 
社区康复 
(例如中心里的物理治疗或职业疗法) 
5 
Medical Escort and Transport 
(E.g. Escort and transportation to medical 
appointments for seniors unable to attend 
on their own) 
医疗护送 
(例如接送需要帮助的老人去医疗复诊) 
6 
Meals-on-Wheels 
(E.g. Daily meal delivery programme for 
homebound elderly who are unable to 
prepare meals) 
送餐服务 
(例如每日为无法准备饭菜而无法出门的
老人送餐) 
7 
Nursing Home Respite Care/Centre-based 
Respite Care 
(E.g. Short-term care of a few hours or 
days at eldercare centres or nursing 
homes) 
疗养院短暂看护/中心短暂看护 
(例如在老人护理中心或疗养院进行短短
几小时或几天的护理) 
8 
Nursing Home  
(E.g. Long term residential care service) 
疗养院 
(例如长期住宿护理服务) 
9 
Home, Day and Inpatient Palliative/Hospice 
Care  
(E.g. Medical, nursing and psychosocial 
care for end-of-life patients) 
慈怀居家、日间和住院护理 
(例如为临终病人提供医疗，护理和社会
心理护理) 
10 
None of the above 
以上都没有 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
END OF SECTION 20. GO TO SECTION 22. 
 
 
 


 
158 
 
22. HYGIENE PRACTICES AND USE OF ANTIBIOTICS  
 
22000. I am now going to read out some practices that will prevent the spread of infectious 
diseases like common cold or influenza that are caused by viruses. For the prevention 
of infectious diseases, do you usually …? [MA] 
我现在将读出一些防止由病毒所引起的传染病，例如预防普通感冒或流感传播的措施。 为了预防
传染病，您通常是否会 …? 
USE SHOWCARD (You may choose more than one answer) 
1 
wash your hands regularly with soap and 
water or use a hand sanitiser  
定期用肥皂和水洗手或使用消毒洗手液 
2 
cover your nose and mouth when coughing 
or sneezing 
在咳嗽或打喷嚏时掩住鼻子和嘴巴 
3 
stay at home if you feel unwell 
在感到不适的时候待在家里 
4 
use a surgical mask when you are unwell  
Interviewer note: Exclude reusable mask 
在身体不适的时候使用手术型口罩 
5 
go see a doctor if you feel unwell 
在感到不适的时候去看医生 
6 
go for yearly flu vaccination  
Interviewer note: Flu vaccination refers to 
an injection to protect you from getting the 
flu 
接受年度流感疫苗接种 
7 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
DO NOT READ 
666 
No, I do not have these habits  
不，我没有这些习惯 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q22001] 
 
 
 
 


 
159 
 
22001. I am now going to read out some statements on the use of antibiotics. Do you agree 
that…? [SA] 
我现在将读出几个有关服用抗生素的句子，请告诉我您觉得每一项的答案是对或错。 
USE SHOWCARD  
Statement 
 
1) Yes 
对 
2) No 
错 
DO NOT READ 
777) 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888) Don’t know 
/ Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
(a) Antibiotics do not work on flu virus 
 
抗生素对流感病毒无效 
 
 
 
 
(b) Antibiotics will lose its effectiveness in 
the long term if one takes antibiotics for 
common cold and flu, does not complete 
the full course of antibiotics or take 
leftover antibiotics 
如果因为普通感冒和流感而服用抗生
素，或者未完成整个抗生素疗程，或者
服用剩余的抗生素，长期以来, 抗生素将
失去效力 
 
 
 
 
(c) You should ask the doctor for antibiotics 
if not prescribed 
如果医生未开抗生素处方，您应该向医
生要求抗生素 
 
 
 
 
(d) You will recover faster when you take 
antibiotics for your respiratory infections 
like the flu 
如果服用抗生素治疗呼吸道感染如流感
等，您将会更快复原 
 
 
 
 
END OF SECTION 22.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


 
160 
 
Annex B 
Project Team 
 
Survey Planning, Preparation,  
Fieldwork & Survey Report 
Survey Report (Writers) 
 
MOH 
Dr Derrick Heng 
Dr Chow Wai Leng 
Sutowo 
Dr Stefan Ma 
Teo Wei Ting 
Irene Soh  
Lee Chee Min 
 
 
HPB 
Dr Annie Ling 
Dr Karen Cheong 
Dr Foo Ling Li 
Daniel Lin 
Angela Koh 
 
 
MOH 
Irene Soh (Editor) 
Lee Chee Min 
Jasmon Hoh 
 
 
HPB 
Angela Koh 
Wang Nan Xin

CONTENTS 
 
Foreword 
1 
 
 
Executive Summary 
2 
 
 
Main Report 
Based on annual data 
 
 
1 
Alcohol Consumption  
11 
 
2 
Cigarette Smoking  
19 
 
3 
Physical Activity 
24 
 
4 
Self-reported Diabetes Mellitus  
31 
 
5 
Self-reported Hypertension  
35 
 
6 
Self-reported Hyperlipidaemia  
39 
 
7 
Chronic Disease Screening 
43 
 
8 
Breast Cancer Screening  
50 
 
9 
Cervical Cancer Screening  
53 
 
10 Colorectal Cancer Screening  
56 
 
11 Self-reported Vaccination Uptake 
60 
 
12 Mental Health  
65 
 
13 Survey Methodology  
72 
 
 
References 
79 
 
 
Acknowledgements 
81 
 
 
Annexes 
 
 
A 
Survey Questionnaire  
82 
 
B 
Project Team  
160 
 
 
 


 
1 
 
Foreword 
 
 
The National Population Health Survey (NPHS) is a cross-sectional population health 
survey series to track the health and risk factors, as well as lifestyle practices of Singapore 
residents. This survey replaces the three population health surveys (i.e., National Health 
Survey (NHS), National Health Surveillance Survey (NHSS) and Health Behaviour 
Surveillance of Singapore (HBSS)) previously conducted by the Ministry of Health and 
Health Promotion Board respectively. 
 
The NPHS is conducted annually to provide timely and regular information on the 
prevalence of non-communicable diseases such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension and 
hyperlipidaemia, and related risk factors like smoking, alcohol consumption and physical 
inactivity from a representative sample of the resident population. The NPHS also 
captures information on practice of chronic disease and cancer screenings, mental health 
as well as influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations among Singapore residents.   
 
As we live with COVID-19 as an endemic disease, many of the health indicators have 
continued to show improvements in 2023. There were more residents who participated in 
chronic disease and cancer screening; and had sufficient total physical activity compared 
to 2022. The proportion of residents who reported having received vaccinations against 
influenza and pneumococcal; and showed willingness to seek help from healthcare 
professionals (when unable to cope with stress) continued to increase in 2023. Though 
there was a sustained decline in the prevalence of smoking, the prevalence of binge-
drinking increased slightly in 2023. The findings from the survey will help the Ministry of 
Health and Health Promotion Board develop and evaluate health policies and 
programmes and improve the health of Singapore residents. 
 
I would like to gratefully acknowledge and thank all who have, in one way or another, 
contributed to the successful completion of the survey. In particular, I would like to thank 
all respondents who have given their time to take part in the survey, and whose support 
makes this report possible. 
 
 
 
PROFESSOR KENNETH MAK 
Director-General of Health 
August 2024 
 


 
2 
 
Executive Summary 
 
The National Population Health Survey (NPHS) is a cross-sectional population health 
survey, conducted annually by the Ministry of Health and Health Promotion Board, to 
track the health and risk factors, as well as lifestyle practices of Singapore residents. This 
survey replaces the three population health surveys (i.e., National Health Survey (NHS), 
National Health Surveillance Survey (NHSS) and Health Behaviour Surveillance of 
Singapore (HBSS)) that were conducted in the earlier years.  
 
The NPHS monitors behavioural risk factors such as smoking and alcohol consumption; 
chronic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia as well as 
preventive health behaviour such as the practice of health screening. The survey findings 
will be used by the Ministry of Health and Health Promotion Board to track progress 
towards national heath targets and for planning and evaluation of health policies, 
programmes, and health care services. 
 
The NPHS consists of two components 1 : (i) Household Interview and (ii) Health 
Examination. This report presents the survey findings from the Household Interview of  
Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years. The Health Examination, which comprises 
mainly measured indicators such as obesity and chronic disease prevalence, is 
conducted on a two-year survey cycle to ensure that there is enough data for a detailed 
analysis2. The findings from the Health Examination (NPHS 2023 – 2024) will be reported 
in 2025. The reporting coverage in terms of age differs from previous national health 
surveys reflecting the growing size of the older population. While the survey results in the 
earlier publications of the national health surveys were based on Chinese, Malay and 
Indian residents aged 18 to 69 years, the NPHS report is based on all Singapore residents 
aged 18 to 74 years. Time-series data for the extended reporting coverage are available 
from 2007 onwards3.  
 
 
 
1  More details on the survey design, method and fieldwork are covered in “Chapter 13: Survey 
Methodology”. 
 
2 Data collection for the “Health Examination” component requires a longer time duration for completion. 
This is because it requires respondents to attend a health examination/screening at designated locations 
and hence there are relatively fewer respondents as compared to the “Household Interview” component.  
 
3 Data from the earlier national health surveys are presented for trend analysis over a longer time period. 
However, there are differences in the survey design across the health surveys and examination of 
differences across the survey series should take this into consideration.  


 
3 
 
Trend analysis is presented when there are sufficient data (inclusive of NHS, NHSS and 
NPHS) to gauge the directional change of an indicator. A comparison of survey results 
between 2019 and 2023 is also carried out to highlight changes in the health behaviours 
and health practices among Singapore residents, possibly due to COVID-19 pandemic4.  
 
 
Alcohol consumption  
• In 2023, 2.1% of Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years consumed alcohol regularly, 
with 3.2% of males and 1.0% of females being regular drinkers.  
• Regular alcohol consumption was most common among males in the 50 to 59 years 
age group (4.7%).  
• The crude and age-standardised prevalence of regular alcohol consumption 
increased significantly from 2007 to 2023 (crude: 1.2% in 2007, 2.1% in 2023; age-
standardised: 1.2% in 2007, 2.1% in 2023).  
• However, the prevalence of regular drinking remained the same between 2019 and 
2023 (crude: 2.1% in 2019, 2.1% in 2023; age-standardised: 2.1% in 2019, 2.1% in 
2023). 
• The prevalence of binge drinking was 10.3% in 2023, and it was more common among 
males (13.7%) than females (7.1%). 
• Males aged 30 to 39 years and females aged 18 to 29 years had the highest proportion 
of binge drinkers at 17.5% and 13.7% respectively. 
• The rise in both the crude and age-standardised prevalence of binge drinking was 
significant between 2007 and 2023 (crude: 4.3% in 2007, 10.3% in 2023; age-
standardised: 3.9% in 2007, 10.4% in 2023). 
• The overall prevalence of binge drinking remained the same between 2019 and 2023 
period (crude: 10.2% in 2019, 10.3% in 2023; age-standardised: 10.2% in 2019, 10.4% 
in 2023). 
 
 
4 NPHS 2020, 2021, 2022 and 2023 results are compared with NPHS 2019 results to highlight changes in 
the health behaviours and health practices among Singapore residents possibly due to COVID-19. 
Fieldwork for NPHS 2019 was conducted from August 2018 to July 2019 where COVID-19 pandemic had 
not started yet (pre-COVID-19). Fieldwork for NPHS 2020 was affected by COVID-19 as data were 
collected for only three-quarter of the survey year (July 2019 to March 2020) and fieldwork from April to 
June 2020 was cancelled due to the Circuit Breaker from 7 April to 1 June 2020 (inclusive). Fieldwork for 
NPHS 2021 to NPHS 2023 was typically carried out from preceding July to June of the reporting year, 
unless stated otherwise (e.g. for NPHS 2021, the fieldwork was carried from July 2020 to June 2021). 
 


 
4 
 
Cigarette Smoking 
• The crude prevalence of daily smoking has decreased further from 9.2% in 2022 to 
8.8% in 2023, continuing the declining trend of smoking rates over the past decade.   
• The prevalence of daily smoking was higher among males (15.7%) than females 
(2.3%) in 2023.  
• Daily smoking was most prevalent in adults aged 50 to 59 years (11.5%) and least 
prevalent among younger adults aged 18 to 29 years (5.0%) in 2023.   
• Male daily smokers smoked an average of 12 cigarettes a day while female daily 
smokers smoked an average of 8 cigarettes a day.  
• About half (46.5%) of the daily smokers in 2023 had intention to quit smoking. 
However, only 18.2% of them planned to quit smoking within the next 12 months or 
less. 
• The crude and age-standardised prevalence of daily smoking decreased significantly 
between 2007 and 2023 (crude: 13.3% in 2007, 8.8% in 2023; age-standardised: 13.0% 
in 2007; 8.9% in 2023).  
• Between 2019 and 2023, the overall crude and age-standardised prevalence of daily 
smoking also showed a significant decrease over the last five years (crude: 10.6% in 
2019, 8.8% in 2023; age-standardised: 10.6% in 2019, 8.9% in 2023).   
 
 
Physical Activity 
• With COVID-19 being an endemic disease, the proportion of residents with sufficient 
total physical activity increased significantly from 74.9% in 2022 to 78.5% in 2023 after 
several years of declining participation, likely primarily due to COVID-19.  
• In 2023, more males (80.0%) compared with females (76.9%) were able to meet the 
recommended total physical activity level.  
• Young adults in the 18 to 29 years age group (85.5%) had the highest level of sufficient 
total physical activity while the older adults aged 60 to 74 years had the lowest 
proportion at 74.2%.  
• The largest contributor to total physical activity per week was commuting (45.6%), 
followed by leisure-time physical activity (29.1%) and work-related physical activity 
(25.3%).   


 
5 
 
• About one in three (33.7%) Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years reported having 
sufficient muscle-strengthening activities in 2023. 
• This was more common among younger adults aged 18 to 29 years (42.3%) while the 
proportion with sufficient muscle-strengthening activities dropped to around one-third 
or less for those aged 30 to 74 years. 
• There was a higher proportion of males (40.4%) with sufficient muscle-strengthening 
activities compared with females (27.3%). 
• Comparing the longer-term trend between 2007 and 2023, the decreasing trend in the 
proportion of residents with sufficient total physical activity was not significant (crude: 
85.4% in 2007, 78.5% in 2023; age-standardised: 85.3% in 2007, 78.5% in 2023).  
• Likewise, the drop in proportion of residents with sufficient total physical activity was 
also not significant between 2019 and 2023 (crude: 84.6% in 2019, 78.5% in 2023; 
age-standardised 84.6% in 2019, 78.5% in 2023). 
 
Self-reported Diabetes Mellitus (or High Blood Sugar) 
• 7.3% of Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years reported that they had diabetes 
mellitus and were currently prescribed medication in 2023. 
• A higher proportion of males (8.1%) reported having diabetes compared to females 
(6.6%). 
• The prevalence of self-reported diabetes mellitus (i.e. residents who reported they had 
diabetes mellitus and were currently prescribed medication) increased with age, from 
1.0% in young adults aged 30 to 39 years to 22.3% among those aged 70 to 74 years. 
• Both the crude and age-standardised prevalence of self-reported diabetes among 
Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years showed a significant increasing trend 
between 2007 to 2023 (crude: 4.9% in 2007, 7.3% in 2023; age-standardised: 6.4% 
in 2007, 7.2% in 2023).  
• Between 2019 to 2023, the crude and age-standardised prevalence of self-reported 
diabetes remained stable and hovered around 7% (crude: 6.9% in 2019, 7.3% in 2023; 
age-standardised: 7.0% in 2019, 7.2% in 2023)  
 
 
 
 


 
6 
 
Self-reported Hypertension (or High Blood Pressure) 
• In 2023, 15.0% of Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years reported that they had 
hypertension (or high blood pressure) and were currently prescribed medication.  
• A higher proportion of males (15.9%) reported having hypertension than females 
(14.2%).  
• The prevalence of self-reported hypertension (i.e. residents who reported they had 
hypertension and were currently prescribed medication) increased with age, from 2.4% 
in young adults aged 30 to 39 years to 47.7% among those aged 70 to 74 years. 
• The crude prevalence of self-reported hypertension  among Singapore residents aged 
18 to 74 years showed a significant upward trend from 2007 to 2023 but the age-
standardised prevalence did not show a significant increase (crude: 12.7% in 2007, 
15.0% in 2023; age-standardised: 16.9% in 2007, 14.7% in 2023). 
• Between 2019 to 2023, the crude and age-standardised prevalence of self-reported 
hypertension remained stable around 15% to 16% (crude: 15.6% in 2019, 15.0% in 
2023; age-standardised: 15.9% in 2019, 14.7% in 2023).  
 
Self-reported Hyperlipidaemia (or High Blood Cholesterol) 
• 15.3% of Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years reported that they had 
hyperlipidaemia (or high blood cholesterol) and were currently prescribed medication 
in 2023.  
• More males (16.9%) reported having high blood cholesterol than females (13.7%).  
• The prevalence of self-reported high blood cholesterol (i.e. residents who reported 
they had hyperlipidaemia and were currently prescribed medication) increased with 
age, from 1.7% in young adults aged 30 to 39 years to 50.9% among those aged 70 
to 74 years. 
• The overall crude prevalence of self-reported hyperlipidaemia among Singapore 
residents aged 18 to 74 years showed an increasing trend from 2007 to 2023 but the 
age-standardised prevalence did not show significant upward trend over the same 
period (crude: 8.2% in 2007, 15.3% in 2023; age-standardised: 10.8% in 2007, 15.0% 
in 2023). 
• From 2019 to 2023, the crude and age-standardised prevalence of self-reported 
hyperlipidaemia remained stable at around 14% to 15% (crude: 13.6% in 2019, 15.3% 
in 2023; age-standardised: 13.8% in 2019, 15.0% in 2023).  


 
7 
 
Chronic Disease Screening  
• The crude proportion of Singapore residents aged 40 to 74 years with no previous 
diagnosed chronic diseases (i.e., diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure, and high 
blood cholesterol (“DHL”)) and were screened for these three conditions within the 
recommended screening frequencies (i.e. the chronic disease screening participation) 
increased from 60.3% in 2022 to 62.6% in 2023.  
• Looking at a longer-term trend between 2007 and 2023, the chronic disease screening 
participation showed no significant upward trend during this period (crude: 58.1% in 
2007, 62.6% in 2023; age-standardised: 62.0% in 2007, 62.6% in 2023). 
• Although chronic disease screening participation for residents with no previous 
diagnosis of DHL fell between 2019 and 2023, the decrease was not significant (crude: 
66.3% in 2019, 62.6% in 2023; age-standardised: 68.2% in 2019, 62.6% in 2023).  
• Looking at individual chronic disease alone regardless of the co-morbidity with the 
other two chronic diseases, the crude proportion of residents who had diabetes and 
hypertension screening increased significantly from 2007 to 2023 while the proportion 
screening for hyperlipidaemia did not show significant upward trend over the same 
period (diabetes: 72.4% in 2007, 76.7% in 2023; hypertension: 77.7% in 2007, 82.7% 
in 2023; hyperlipidaemia: 78.1% in 2007, 74.7% in 2023). 
• Between 2019 and 2023, the individual crude screening participation for all three 
chronic diseases fell but the decreases were not significant (diabetes: 81.0% in 2019, 
76.7% in 2023; hypertension: 86.0% in 2019, 82.7% in 2023; hyperlipidaemia: 77.9% 
in 2019, 74.7% in 2023). 
 
Cancer Screening 
• The crude screening participation for cervical and colorectal cancers increased from 
43.1% in 2022 to 45.4% in 2023, and from 38.1% in 2022 to 41.7% in 2023 
respectively. However, the crude screening participation for breast cancer decreased 
from 37.6% in 2022 to 34.7% in 2023. 
• The crude and age-standardised screening participation for breast and cervical cancer 
showed a decreasing trend between 2007 and 2023. The decline was significant for 
cervical cancer (crude: 57.9% in 2007, 45.4% in 2023; age-standardised: 54.1% in 
2007, 44.9% in 2023) but not for breast cancer (crude: 41.0% in 2007, 34.7 in 2023; 
age-standardised: 40.2% in 2007, 34.7% in 2023).  


 
8 
 
• The crude and age-standardised screening participation for colorectal cancer rose 
significantly between 2007 and 2023 (crude: 14.6% in 2007, 41.7% in 2023; age-
standardised: 15.0% in 2007, 41.7% in 2023).  
 
Breast Cancer Screening:  
• In 2023, slightly more than one-third (34.7%) of Singapore female residents in the 50 
to 69 years age group reported that they had gone for mammography in the last two 
years. 
 
Cervical Cancer Screening 
• In 2023, more than two in five (45.4%) Singapore female residents aged 25 to 74 
years reported that they had gone for cervical cancer screening (had done Pap test in 
the past three years or HPV test in the past five years).  
• Women aged 30 to 59 years (more than 50%) were most likely to have undergone 
cervical cancer screening. 
 
Colorectal Cancer Screening  
• In 2023, 41.7% of Singapore residents aged 50 to 74 years had undergone colorectal 
screening within the recommended screening frequency.  
• Approximately one in four of these residents reported having undergone a Faecal 
Immunochemical Test (FIT) at least once in the past one year (24.1%) or had 
undergone colonoscopy in the past 10 years (27.7%). 
• The practice of taking a FIT or a colonoscopy was more prevalent among males 
(43.8%) than females (39.6%). 
 
Self-reported Vaccination Uptake 
• 
The crude self-reported influenza vaccination uptake among Singapore residents 
aged 18 to 74 years increased significantly from 18.0% in 2022 to 21.7% in 2023.  
• 
The self-reported influenza vaccination uptake was similar among males (22.1%) and 
females (21.4%) in 2023.  
 
 


 
9 
 
• 
The crude and age-standardised self-reported influenza vaccination uptake (flu 
injection in the past 12 months) among Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years 
showed a significant increasing trend between 2017 and 2023 (crude: 13.1% in 2007, 
21.7% in 2023; age-standardised: 13.0% in 2007, 21.5% in 2023).  
• 
The crude self-reported pneumococcal vaccination uptake among Singapore 
residents aged 65 to 74 years increased significantly from 26.5% in 2022 to 35.0% in 
2023.  
• 
The proportion of residents who reported having received the pneumococcal 
vaccination was similar among males (35.0%) and females (34.9%) in 2023. 
• 
There was a significant increase in the self-reported pneumococcal vaccination 
uptake among Singapore residents aged 65 to 74 years over the period from 
2017(11.9%) to 2023 (35.0%). 
 
Mental Health 
• 
The crude prevalence of poor mental health, as measured by the 12-item General 
Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12), among Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years has 
decreased from 17.0% in 2022 to 15.0% in 2023.  
• 
More females (17.6%) reported poor mental health compared to males (12.2%) in 
2023.  
• 
Younger adults aged 18 to 29 years had the highest proportion (26.0%) with poor 
mental health while the prevalence for other age groups were much lower, ranging 
from 8.2% for those in the 60 to 74 years age group to 17.2% in the 30 to 39 years 
age group. 
• 
Comparing between 2017 and 2023, the crude and age-standardised prevalence of 
poor mental health among Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years have increased, 
though these increases were not significant (crude: 12.5% in 2017, 15.0% in 2023; 
age-standardised: 12.4% in 2017, 15.0% in 2023). 
• 
The proportion of Singapore residents who were willing to seek help from healthcare 
professionals has increased significantly to 62.8% in 2023, compared to 56.6% in 
2022, while 78.4% of Singapore residents were willing to seek help from informal 
support networks in 2023, compared to 79.7% in 2022. 


 
10 
 
• 
In 2023, females were more willing to seek help from healthcare professionals and 
informal support networks compared to males (females: 63.3% and 81.6% 
respectively; males: 62.3% and 75.1% respectively).  
• 
Among the age groups, Singapore residents in the oldest age band (60 to 74 years) 
(51.2%) were the least willing to seek help from healthcare professionals while those 
aged 30 to 39 years (71.9%) were the most willing to seek help from healthcare 
professionals in 2023. 
• 
Similarly, the proportion of Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years who indicated 
that they were willing to seek help from informal support networks decreased with 
age -- it was the highest among younger adults aged 18 to 39 years (85.4% for both 
18 to 29 years and 30 to 39 years age groups) and the lowest among older adults 
aged 60 to 74 years (65.6%) in 2023.    
• 
There was no trend in the proportion of residents who indicated that they were willing 
to seek help from healthcare professionals, which ranged between 47.8% to 62.8%,  
in the period between 2019 and 2023.  
• 
Similarly, the proportion of residents who were willing to seek help from informal 
support networks, which ranged between 69.1% to 79.7%, did not display any trend 
over the same period between 2019 and 2023.  
 
 


 
11 
 
Chapter 1 
Alcohol Consumption 
 
Key Points 
• 2.1% of Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years consumed alcohol regularly in 
2023, with 3.2% of the males and 1.0% of the females being regular drinkers. 
• Regular alcohol consumption was most common among males in the 50 to 59 years 
age group (4.7%).  
• The prevalence of binge drinking was 10.3% in 2023, and it was more common 
among males (13.7%) than females (7.1%).  
• Males aged 30 to 39 years and females aged 18 to 29 years had the highest 
proportion of binge drinkers at 17.5% and 13.7% respectively. 
 
Introduction 
Alcohol is a toxic, carcinogenic and psychoactive substance with dependence producing 
properties. Alcohol consumption is a major contributor to the global burden of disease. 
Several diseases such as liver and pancreas disease, neuropsychiatric disease, 
cardiovascular diseases and certain cancers, are entirely or partially caused by alcohol 
consumption. Although some studies have shown that light alcohol intake provides a 
small protective factor for cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes, no study has 
been able to show that light alcohol intake is beneficial for cardiovascular diseases, type 
2 diabetes, and cancer (Anderson et al., 2023). In addition to these chronic disease risks, 
alcohol consumption can also affect social behaviours and cause immediate harm (e.g., 
road traffic accidents, physical assault) to both the drinkers and the other people around.  
A recent meta-analysis reported that low levels of alcohol consumption was not 
associated with protection against all-cause mortality (Zhao et al., 2023). Due to the short 
and long term effects of alcohol consumption, there is risk associated with alcohol 
consumption at every level. 
 
 
 


 
12 
 
Definition 
Alcohol consumption was classified according to the frequency of alcohol intake in Table 
1.1. 
 
Table 1.1: Classification of alcohol consumption 
Classification 
Frequency of alcohol consumption 
Regular drinker 
> 4 days a week 
Frequent drinker 
1 – 4 days a week 
Occasional drinker 
≤ 3 days a month 
Binge drinking was defined as consumption of at least five alcoholic drinks5 for males or 
at least four alcoholic drinks for females in any single drinking session during the past 
month preceding the survey. 
 
Methodology 
An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used. Respondents were shown a card 
with pictures of servings of alcoholic drinks (Diagram 1) and asked questions on alcohol 
consumption within the past 12 months at the time of the survey.  
 
Diagram 1:  Alcohol Card 
 
 
 
5 1 alcoholic drink refers to 1 glass (~100 mls) of wine or 1 measure (~30 mls) of spirits.1 can/ mug/ small bottle (330ml) of beer 
represents 1.5 servings of alcoholic drink. 


 
13 
 
Alcohol Consumption 
The survey found that among Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years, 2.1% consumed 
alcohol regularly, 9.0% frequently, 35.3% occasionally, while 53.7% were non-drinkers 
(Table 1.2).  
 
Table 1.2: Alcohol consumption (%) among Singapore residents  
aged 18 to 74 years by sex, 2023 
Alcohol Consumption 
Total 
Males 
Females 
Non-drinker 
53.7 
45.8 
61.2 
Occasional drinker 
35.3 
39.6 
31.2 
Frequent drinker 
9.0 
11.5 
6.6 
Regular drinker 
2.1 
3.2 
1.0 
Note: Data might not sum to 100% due to rounding. 
 
Prevalence of Regular Alcohol Consumption 
Among Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years, 3.2% of the males and 1.0% of the 
females consumed alcohol regularly (Table 1.3). Regular alcohol consumption was most 
common among males in the 50 to 59 years age group (4.7%). Among the ethnic groups, 
both Chinese (2.2%) and Indians (2.1%) had similar proportion of regular drinkers at 
around 2% (Graph 1.1). A slightly higher proportion of residents with primary education 
(3.4%) and secondary education (2.2%) were regular drinkers, compared to those with 
post-secondary education (1.8%) (Table 1.4).  
 
Table 1.3: Age-specific prevalence (%) of regular alcohol consumption among 
Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years by sex, 2023 
Age (years) 
Total 
Males 
Females 
18-29 
s 
s 
s 
30-39 
1.5 
2.0 
s 
40-49 
2.8 
4.3 
1.5 
50-59 
3.3 
4.7 
1.8 
60-74 
2.4 
4.5 
s 
18-74 
2.1 
3.2 
1.0 
s: Data have been suppressed due to small counts or high sampling variability.  
 
 
 


 
14 
 
Graph 1.1: Crude prevalence (%) of regular alcohol consumption among 
Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years by sex and ethnicity, 2023 
 
Note: Data for Malays and Indian females have been suppressed due to small counts or high sampling variability. 
 
 
Trends in Regular Alcohol Consumption 
The crude and age-standardised prevalence of regular alcohol consumption increased 
significantly from 2007 to 2023 (Table 1.4). Likewise, a significant rise in prevalence of 
regular drinking was also observed among adults aged 40 to 59 years, among males and 
females, among Chinese and across all education levels in the same period. Comparing 
between 2019 and 2023, the prevalence of regular drinking remained the same.  
 
 
 
 
2.2
3.6
0.9
2.1
2.9
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
Total
Males
Females
Percent of respondents
Chinese
Malays
Indians


 
15 
 
Table 1.4: Prevalence (%) of regular alcohol consumption among Singapore 
residents aged 18 to 74 years by age, sex, education, 
and ethnicity, 2007 to 2023 
 
NHSS 
NHSS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
2007 
2013 
2017 
2019 
2020 
2021 
2022 
2023 
Total 
1.2 
1.2 
2.2  
(1.6, 2.7) 
2.1  
(1.6, 2.6) 
2.2  
(1.7, 2.6) 
2.8  
(2.1, 3.4) 
2.5 
(2.1, 2.9) 
2.1b 
(1.7, 2.4) 
ASR 
1.2 
1.2 
2.2 
2.1 
2.2 
2.8 
2.5 
2.1b 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
18-29 
s 
s 
s 
s 
s 
s 
s 
s 
30-39 
0.9 
s 
s 
1.1  
(0.5, 1.8) 
1.8  
(0.9, 2.8) 
1.7  
(1.0, 2.5) 
1.9 
(1.2, 2.7) 
1.5  
(0.8, 2.2) 
40-49 
1.2 
2.0 
2.3  
(1.1, 3.4) 
2.1  
(1.0, 3.1) 
2.0  
(1.2, 2.8) 
2.7  
(1.6, 3.9) 
3.5 
(2.5, 4.5) 
2.8b  
(1.8, 3.8) 
50-59 
1.9 
1.5 
3.8  
(2.1, 5.4) 
2.4  
(1.3, 3.4) 
3.4  
(2.2, 4.6) 
3.9 
(2.7, 5.1) 
3.2 
(2.0, 4.4) 
3.3b  
(2.1, 4.4) 
60-74 
s 
1.4 
3.7  
(2.0, 5.4) 
4.3  
(2.7, 5.9) 
3.0  
(2.1, 3.8) 
3.2  
(2.3, 4.1) 
3.3 
(2.3, 4.3) 
2.4  
(1.6, 3.3) 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
Males 
2.1 
2.0 
3.7  
(2.7, 4.8) 
3.6  
(2.6, 4.5) 
3.4  
(2.7, 4.1) 
4.6  
(3.3, 5.8) 
4.0 
(3.3, 4.7) 
3.2b  
(2.5, 3.8) 
Females 
s 
0.4 
s 
0.7  
(0.3, 1.0) 
1.0  
(0.6, 1.4) 
1.1  
(0.7, 1.4) 
1.1 
(0.7, 1.5) 
1.0b  
(0.6, 1.4) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Primary  
1.5 
1.8 
s 
3.3  
(1.9, 4.6) 
3.2  
(1.9, 4.4) 
2.9  
(1.8, 4.0) 
3.8 
(2.4, 5.3) 
3.4b 
(2.1, 4.7) 
Secondary 
1.3 
1.6 
2.6  
(1.4, 3.7) 
2.3  
(1.4, 3.1) 
1.9  
(1.3, 2.5) 
2.5  
(1.8, 3.3) 
2.7 
(1.9, 3.4) 
2.2b 
(1.5, 2,9) 
Post-
secondary 
1.0 
0.8 
1.9 
(1.1, 2.7) 
1.7 
(1.1, 2.3) 
2.1 
(1.5, 2.6) 
2.9 
(1.9, 3.8) 
2.2 
(1.7, 2.7) 
1.8b 
(1.3, 2.3) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Chinese 
1.3 
1.3 
2.3  
(1.6, 2.9) 
2.2  
(1.6, 2.8) 
2.4  
(1.9, 2.9) 
3.2  
(2.3, 4.0) 
2.9 
(2.4, 3.4) 
2.2b  
(1.8, 2.7) 
Malays 
s 
s 
s 
s 
s 
s 
s 
s 
Indians 
s 
1.0 
s 
s 
s 
2.3  
(1.2, 3.3) 
s 
2.1  
(0.9, 3.2) 
Notes: (1) 
Figures in ( ) refer to the 95% confidence intervals. a Indicates that the results for any two consecutive survey 
years are significantly different statistically at 5% significance level as the confidence intervals for these two 
survey years did not overlap (e.g.  NPHS 2022 and NPHS 2023).  
 
(2) 
s: Data have been suppressed due to small counts or high sampling variability. 
 
(3) 
ASR: Age-standardised rate. The reference population used is Singapore Census 2020 resident population.  
 
(4) 
Analysis based on highest education attained served as a proxy to socio-economic factors. 
 
 
Primary education: No formal qualification/ Primary/ PSLE.  
 
 
Secondary education: Secondary/ GCE ‘O’/ ‘N’ level.  
 
 
Post-secondary education: GCE ‘A’ Level/ Polytechnic & other diploma/ Degree & professional qualification. 
 
(5) 
b Indicate statistically significant linear upward trend between 2007 and 2023 with p-value <0.05. 
 
 
 


 
16 
 
Prevalence of Binge Drinking 
Among Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years, the prevalence of binge drinking was 
10.3% (Table 1.5). Binge drinking was more prevalent among males (13.7%) than 
females (7.1%). The highest proportion of binge drinkers for males was in the 30 to 39 
years age group (17.5%) and for females in the 18 to 29 years age group (13.7%). Among 
the ethnic groups, the prevalence of binge drinking was higher in Indians (13.0%) and 
Chinese (11.0%) than Malays (3.0%) (Graph 1.2). The proportion of binge drinkers was 
higher among those with post-secondary education (12.6%), compared to those with 
lower education levels (primary education and secondary education at 5.2% and 6.7%, 
respectively) (Table 1.6).  
 
Table 1.5: Age-specific prevalence (%) of binge drinking among  
Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years by sex, 2023 
Age (years) 
Total 
Males 
Females 
18-29 
14.4 
15.0 
13.7 
30-39 
14.3 
17.5 
11.3 
40-49 
11.6 
16.2 
7.4 
50-59 
8.2 
13.4 
3.1 
60-74 
4.3 
7.4 
1.4 
18-74 
10.3 
13.7 
7.1 
 
Graph 1.2: Crude prevalence (%) of binge drinking among Singapore residents 
aged 18 to 74 years by sex and ethnicity, 2023 
 
 
 
11.0
15.1
7.1
3.0
2.6
3.5
13.0
14.2
11.8
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
18.0
20.0
Total
Males
Females
Percent of respondents
Chinese
Malays
Indians


 
17 
 
Trends in Binge Drinking 
The rise in both the crude and age-standardised prevalence of binge drinking was 
significant between 2007 and 2023 (Table 1.6). This upward trend was also observed in 
all age groups except those aged 18 to 29 years and 60 to 74 years, among males and 
females, among all ethnic groups; and those with primary and post-secondary education 
over the same period between 2007 and 2023.  
 
Between 2019 and 2023, the prevalence of binge drinking remained the same at the 
overall and subgroup levels except in the 40 to 49 years age group which showed a 
significant increase over the last five years. 
 
Table 1.6: Prevalence (%) of binge drinking among Singapore residents aged 18 
to 74 years by age, sex, education, and ethnicity, 2007 to 2023 
 
NHSS 
NHSS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
2007 
2013 
2017 
2019 
2020 
2021 
2022 
2023 
Total 
4.3 
7.4 
8.8  
(7.6, 10.0) 
10.2  
(9.1, 11.3) 
10.5  
(9.5, 11.5) 
9.6  
(8.6, 10.6) 
9.4 
(8.6, 10.2) 
10.3b  
(9.5, 11.2) 
ASR 
3.9 
6.9 
8.6 
10.2 
10.5 
9.7 
9.4 
10.4b 
 
 
 
 
 
  
 
 
 
18-29 
8.1 
14.6 
12.4  
(9.2, 15.6) 
16.6  
(13.5, 19.7) 
17.1  
(13.8, 20.3) 
15.6  
(12.0, 19.3) 
10.5 
(8.5, 12.5) 
14.4  
(11.8, 16.9) 
30-39 
4.6 
7.7 
10.6  
(7.5, 13.7) 
13.8  
(10.9, 16.6) 
14.5  
(12.0, 17.0) 
12.8  
(10.7, 14.9) 
12.6 
(10.7, 14.5) 
14.3b  
(12.2, 16.4) 
40-49 
3.7 
5.3 
9.3  
(6.8, 11.7) 
8.8  
(6.8, 10.7) 
9.6  
(7.7, 11.6) 
9.7  
(7.9, 11.5) 
11.2 
(9.4, 13.0) 
11.6b,d  
(9.8, 13.5) 
50-59 
2.3 
4.9 
7.3  
(5.0, 9.7) 
6.9  
(5.0, 8.8) 
6.8  
(5.1, 8.5) 
6.4  
(4.9, 7.8) 
9.0 
(7.1, 10.9) 
8.2b  
(6.5, 10.0) 
60-74 
s 
3.2 
4.0  
(2.4, 5.7) 
5.0  
(3.4, 6.6) 
4.9  
(3.5, 6.2) 
4.3  
(3.2, 5.3) 
4.5 
(3.4, 5.6) 
4.3  
(3.2, 5.4) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Males 
6.4 
10.7 
13.1  
(11.1, 15.1) 
14.9  
(13.1, 16.6) 
14.6  
(13.0, 16.3) 
13.8  
(12.1, 15.5) 
13.1 
(11.9, 14.4) 
13.7b  
(12.3, 15.0) 
Females 
2.2 
4.2 
4.7  
(3.4, 6.0) 
5.7  
(4.6, 6.8) 
6.5  
(5.3, 7.7) 
5.6  
(4.5, 6.7) 
5.7 
(4.9, 6.6) 
7.1b  
(6.1, 8.2) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Primary  
3.1 
2.7 
4.2  
(2.3, 6.2) 
5.4  
(3.6, 7.2) 
4.4  
(2.9, 5.9) 
4.8  
(3.2, 6.3) 
6.6 
(4.7, 8.5) 
5.2b  
(3.6, 6.8) 
Secondary 
4.5 
5.7 
8.4  
(6.5, 10.4) 
7.3  
(5.9, 8.7) 
7.5  
(6.0, 8.9) 
6.6  
(5.4, 7.8) 
6.6 
(5.3, 8.0) 
6.7  
(5.4, 8.1) 
Post- 
secondary 
4.5 
9.8 
10.3  
(8.6, 12.0) 
12.5  
(10.9, 14.2) 
13.0  
(11.5, 14.5) 
11.7  
(10.2, 13.1) 
11.0 
(9.9, 12.0) 
12.6b  
(11.4, 13.7) 
 
 
 


 
18 
 
Table 1.6: Prevalence (%) of binge drinking among Singapore residents aged 18 
to 74 years by age, sex, education, and ethnicity, 2007 to 2023 (continued) 
 
NHSS 
NHSS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
2007 
2013 
2017 
2019 
2020 
2021 
2022 
2023 
Chinese 
4.7 
8.6 
9.4  
(8.0, 10.9) 
11.5  
(10.1, 12.8) 
11.6  
(10.3, 12.8) 
10.2  
(9.0, 11.4) 
10.1 
(9.2, 11.1) 
11.0b  
(10.0, 12.0) 
Malays 
1.1 
1.5 
s 
2.3  
(1.0, 3.6) 
1.7  
(0.7, 2.7) 
2.1  
(1.0, 3.2) 
1.9 
(0.8, 3.0) 
3.0b  
(1.5, 4.6) 
Indians 
4.5 
6.6 
13.4  
(9.2, 17. 6) 
10.5  
(7.8, 13.1) 
11.4  
(7.9, 14.8) 
10.6  
(6.3, 14.8) 
9.2 
(6.8, 11.7) 
13.0b  
(9.8, 16.2) 
Notes: (1) 
Figures in ( ) refer to the 95% confidence intervals. a Indicates that the results for any two consecutive survey years are 
significantly different statistically at 5% significance level as the confidence intervals for these two survey years did not 
overlap (e.g. NPHS 2022 and NPHS 2023). 
 
(2) 
s: Data have been suppressed due to small counts or high sampling variability. 
 
(3) 
ASR: Age-standardised rate. The reference population used is Singapore Census 2020 resident population. 
 
(4) 
Analysis based on highest education attained served as a proxy to socio-economic factors. 
 
 
Primary education: No formal qualification/ Primary/ PSLE.  
 
 
Secondary education: Secondary/ GCE ‘O’/ ‘N’ level.  
 
 
Post-secondary education: GCE ‘A’ Level/ Polytechnic & other diploma/ Degree & professional qualification. 
 
(5) 
b Indicate statistically significant linear upward trend between 2007 and 2023 with p-value <0.05. 
(6) 
d Indicate statistically significant linear upward trend between 2019 and 2023 with p-value <0.05. 
 
 
 
 


 
19 
 
Chapter 2 
Cigarette Smoking 
 
Key Points 
• 8.8% of Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years smoked cigarettes daily in 2023.  
• More males (15.7%) smoked daily than females (2.3%).  
• Daily smoking was most prevalent in adults aged 50 to 59 years (11.5%) and least 
prevalent among younger adults aged 18 to 29 years (5.0%) in 2023.  
• Male daily smokers smoked an average of 12 cigarettes a day while female daily 
smokers smoked an average of 8 cigarettes a day.  
• About half (46.5%) of the daily smokers had intention to quit smoking. However, 
only 18.2% of them planned to quit smoking within the next 12 months or less. 
 
Introduction 
Tobacco use is a source of preventable morbidity and mortality. Active smoking increases 
the risk of several diseases such as respiratory diseases, cardiovascular diseases and 
certain cancers. In addition to these disease risks that affect the smokers, smoking also 
implicates the other people around who are exposed to second-hand smoke. Cigarette 
smoking is the most common form of smoking. The impact of tobacco use is largely 
determined by the pattern of smoking and number of cigarettes smoked (US Department 
of Health and Human Services, 2014). 
 
Definition 
Smoking status was classified according to the frequency of cigarette smoked as shown 
in Table 2.1, which followed the World Health Organization (WHO) classification criteria 
(WHO, 1998). 
 
Table 2.1: Classification of smoking status 
Classification 
Frequency of cigarette smoking 
Daily smoker 
Smokes cigarettes at least once a day (including people who smoke 
every day but have to stop temporarily because of religious fasting or 
medical reasons)  
Occasional smoker 
Smokes cigarettes but not every day 
Ex-smoker 
Formerly a daily smoker, but currently does not smoke at all 
Non-smoker 
Never smoked before or smoked too little in the past to be regarded 
as an ex-smoker 


 
20 
 
Methodology 
An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used. The questionnaire was based on 
WHO’s recommended core questions for assessing smoking status (WHO,1998). 
 
Smoking Status 
The survey showed that among Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years, 8.8% were 
daily smokers, 2.7% were occasional smokers, 8.5% were ex-smokers and 79.9% were 
non-smokers (Table 2.2). 
 
Table 2.2: Smoking status (%) of Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years  
by sex, 2023 
Smoking Status 
Total 
Males 
Females 
Daily smoker 
8.8 
15.7 
2.3 
Occasional smoker 
2.7 
4.3 
1.2 
Ex-smoker 
8.5 
13.8 
3.5 
Non-Smoker 
79.9 
66.3 
93.0 
Note: Data might not sum to 100% due to rounding. 
 
Prevalence of Daily Smoking  
The prevalence of daily smoking among Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years was 
15.7% among males and 2.3% among females (Table 2.3). Daily smoking was most 
prevalent for males in the 50 to 59 years age group (20.7%) and for females in the 40 to 
49 years age group (3.4%). Daily smoking prevalence was higher among Malays (16.0%) 
than Chinese (7.6%) and Indians (9.8%) (Graph 2.1). The prevalence of daily smoking 
among residents with primary education (17.6%) was more than three times higher than 
residents with post-secondary education (5.2%) (Table 2.4). 
 
Table 2.3: Age-specific prevalence (%) of daily smoking among  
Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years by sex, 2023 
Age (years) 
Total 
Males 
Females 
18-29 
5.0 
8.3 
s 
30-39 
8.5 
15.2 
2.3 
40-49 
10.5 
18.2 
3.4 
50-59 
11.5 
20.7 
2.6 
60-74 
8.7 
16.2 
1.6 
18-74 
8.8 
15.7 
2.3 
s: Data have been suppressed due to small counts or high sampling variability.  


 
21 
 
Graph 2.1: Crude prevalence (%) of daily smoking among Singapore residents 
aged 18 to 74 years by sex and ethnicity, 2023 
 
Note: Data for Indian females have been suppressed due to small counts or high sampling variability. 
 
Age of Initiation and Onset of Daily Smoking Among Daily Smokers 
Among Singapore residents who are daily smokers, the mean age of initiation, or the age 
at which they first tried smoking, was 18 years old. The mean age at which they 
established their habit of daily smoking was 19 years old. Among the younger daily 
smokers aged 18 to 24 years, the mean age of initiation and age at which they established 
their daily smoking habit was 17 and 18 years old respectively. Such information help to 
establish more targeted interventions aim at younger adults to prevent or delay their 
smoking initiation.  
 
Smoking Intensity of Daily Smokers 
The mean number of cigarettes smoked per day among the daily smokers was 12 
cigarettes. Male daily smokers on average smoked more cigarettes per day (12 cigarettes) 
than female daily smokers (8 cigarettes). Daily smokers in the 50 to 59 years age group 
on average smoked the highest number of cigarettes per day (13 cigarettes), compared 
to the other age groups.  
 
 
 
7.6
13.5
1.9
16.0
28.3
3.9
9.8
17.5
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
Total
Males
Females
Percent of respondents
Chinese
Malays
Indians


 
22 
 
Quit Intention of Daily Smokers 
About half (46.5%) of the daily smokers had intention to quit smoking. However, only 
about one in six (18.2%) daily smokers planned to quit smoking within the next 12 months 
or less. Around one in four (25.6%) daily smokers did not plan to quit smoking at all but 
planned to cut down on the number of cigarettes smoked. Over one in four (27.9%) daily 
smokers did not plan to quit smoking or reduce the number of cigarettes smoked. Daily 
smokers who had abstained from smoking for a period of at least 24 hours in the past 12 
months reported that on average they had tried quitting smoking three times during the 
past 12 months preceding the survey.  
 
Trends in Daily Smoking  
The crude and age-standardised prevalence of daily smoking decreased significantly 
between 2007 and 2023 (Table 2.4). This downward trend was also significant in adults 
aged 18 to 49 years, among males and females, among the Chinese and Malays, those 
with secondary and post-secondary education over the same period.  
 
Between 2019 and 2023, the overall crude and age-standardized prevalence of daily 
smoking also decreased significantly. There was a significant decrease in daily smoking 
prevalence among males, among Chinese and Malays and residents with secondary 
education over the last five years. 
 
 
 


 
23 
 
Table 2.4: Prevalence (%) of daily smoking among Singapore residents aged 18 to 
74 years by age, sex, education, and ethnicity, 2007 to 2023 
 
NHSS 
NHS 
NHSS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
2007 
2010 
2013 
2017 
2019 
2020 
2021 
2022 
2023 
Total 
13.3 
13.9 
13.1 
11.8  
(10.6, 13.0) 
10.6  
(9.5, 11.7) 
10.1  
(9.2, 11.0) 
10.4  
(9.6, 11.2) 
9.2 
(8.5, 10.0) 
8.8c,e  
(8.0, 9.6) 
ASR 
13.0 
13.5 
12.7 
11.7 
10.6 
 10.2 
10.4 
9.3 
8.9c,e 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
18-29 
17.4 
16.0 
12.6 
9.8  
(7.1, 12.5) 
8.4  
(6.5, 10.2) 
8.8  
(6.8, 10.8) 
8.3  
(6.2, 10.4) 
5.1 
(3.8, 6.5) 
5.0c  
(2.7, 7.2) 
30-39 
12.5 
16.0 
14.7 
12.6  
(9.5, 15.7) 
11.4  
(9.3, 13.5) 
9.9  
(7.9, 11.8) 
12.8  
(10.9, 14.7) 
8.7 
(7.1, 10.4) 
8.5c  
(6.7, 10.3) 
40-49 
12.8 
14.3 
15.4 
14.5  
(11.6, 17.4) 
10.6  
(8.7, 12.5) 
10.6  
(8.5, 12.7) 
11.6  
(9.5, 13.7) 
11.6 
(9.9, 13.3) 
10.5c  
(8.7, 12.2) 
50-59 
12.7 
11.4 
13.3 
11.9  
(9.2, 14.6) 
12.6  
(10.0, 15.2) 
13.4  
(10.8, 16.0) 
11.3  
(9.4, 13.3) 
11.4 
(9.5, 13.3) 
11.5  
(9.6, 13.4) 
60-74 
9.8 
10.1 
8.5 
10.2  
(7.5, 12.8) 
10.2  
(8.0, 12.4) 
8.0  
(6.5, 9.5) 
8.3  
(6.9, 9.6) 
9.4 
(7.9, 10.8) 
8.7  
(7.2, 10.2) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Males 
23.1 
24.0 
23.0 
20.6  
(18.5, 22.8) 
18.4  
(16.3, 20.5) 
17.0  
(15.4, 18.6) 
17.8  
(16.3, 19.3) 
16.0 
(14.7, 17.3) 
15.7c,e  
(14.2, 17.2) 
Females 
3.8 
4.1 
3.6 
3.3  
(2.3, 4.3) 
3.2  
(2.4, 3.9) 
3.4  
(2.5, 4.3) 
3.3  
(2.6, 4.0) 
2.7 
(2.2, 3.3) 
2.3c  
(1.8, 2.8) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Primary  
16.3 
19.4 
15.8 
17.2  
(13.6, 20.9) 
18.3  
(15.2, 21.4) 
16.5  
(13.7, 19.3) 
16.5  
(13.5, 19.5) 
17.5 
(14.7, 20.3) 
17.6  
(14.8, 20.5) 
Secondary 
18.0 
18.1 
19.6 
17.5  
(14.8, 20.2) 
16.7  
(14.3, 19.0) 
16.4  
(14.2, 18.6) 
15.5  
(13.6, 17.3) 
14.6 
(12.9, 16.4) 
14.6c,e  
(12.5, 16.8) 
Post-
secondary 
8.4 
9.3 
8.3 
6.9  
(5.6, 8.2) 
6.1  
(5.1, 7.1) 
6.0  
(5.0, 6.9) 
7.2  
(6.3, 8.1) 
5.7 
(5.0, 6.4) 
5.2c  
(4.4, 5.9) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Chinese 
12.0 
12.6 
11.5 
9.9  
(8.6, 11.2) 
8.6  
(7.5, 9.7) 
8.6  
(7.7, 9.5) 
8.6  
(7.8, 9.5) 
7.9 
(7.2, 8.7) 
7.6c,e  
(6.8, 8.4) 
Malays 
23.0 
26.1 
24.9 
23.1  
(19.0, 27.3) 
23.0  
(19.4, 26.6) 
21.1  
(17.3, 24.9) 
22.4  
(19.1, 25.8) 
19.5 
(16.6, 22.3) 
16.0c,e  
(13.3, 18.7) 
Indians 
11.1 
10.0 
10.5 
12.6  
(8.4, 16.9) 
10.9  
(8.0, 13.8) 
8.9  
(6.0, 11.9) 
9.2  
(6.8, 11.7) 
5.9 
(4.2, 7.6) 
9.8  
(5.3, 14.3) 
Notes: (1) Figures in ( ) refer to the 95% confidence intervals. a Indicates that the results for any two consecutive survey years are 
significantly different statistically at 5% significance level as the confidence intervals for these two survey years did not 
overlap (e.g.  NPHS 2022 and NPHS 2023). 
 
(2) ASR: Age-standardised rate. The reference population used is Singapore Census 2020 resident population. 
 
(3) Analysis based on highest education attained served as a proxy to socio-economic factors. 
 
 
Primary education: No formal qualification/ Primary/ PSLE.  
 
 
Secondary education: Secondary/ GCE ‘O’/ ‘N’ level.  
 
 
Post-secondary education: GCE ‘A’ Level/ Polytechnic & other diploma/ Degree & professional qualification. 
(4) c Indicate statistically significant linear downward trend between 2007 and 2023 with p-value <0.05. 
 
(5) e Indicate statistically significant linear downward trend between 2019 and 2023 with p-value <0.05 
 
 


 
24 
 
Chapter 3 
Physical Activity 
 
Key Points 
• Based on all domains of physical activity (including work-related, transportation-
related and leisure-time), 78.5% of Singapore residents had sufficient total physical 
activity in 2023.  
• More males (80.0%) compared with females (76.9%) were able to meet the 
recommended total physical activity level.  
• Young adults in the 18 to 29 years age group (85.5%) had the highest level of 
sufficient total physical activity while the older adults aged 60 to 74 years had the 
lowest proportion at 74.2%.  
• The largest contributor to total physical activity per week was commuting (45.6%), 
followed by leisure-time physical activity (29.1%) and work-related physical activity 
(25.3%).   
• About one in three (33.7%) Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years reported 
having sufficient muscle-strengthening activities in 2023. 
• This was more common among younger adults aged 18 to 29 years (42.3%) while 
the proportion with sufficient muscle-strengthening activities dropped to around one-
third or less for those aged 30 to 74 years. 
• There was higher proportion of males (40.4%) with sufficient muscle-strengthening 
activities compared with females (27.3%). 
 
Introduction 
Physical activity is important for maintaining good health for all ages. For adults, it has 
been shown to reduce the risk of premature death in general and in particular the risk of 
developing cardiovascular diseases, hypertension and diabetes mellitus. In addition, 
physical activity improves mental and cognitive health, sleep and prevents unhealthy 
weight gain. In older adults aged 65 years and above, those who are physically active are 
less likely to experience falls and falls-related injuries and have better functional capacity 
and mobility to live longer independently (US Department of Health and Human Services 
2018; WHO 2020; WHO 2010).  


 
25 
 
Methodology 
An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used. Respondents were asked about the 
frequency, duration, and intensity of physical activity in the domain of work, transportation 
and leisure6 using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) Analysis Guide 
developed by WHO in 2014. Physical activity participation was assessed and could be 
achieved in one single session or accumulated in bouts of at least 10 minutes throughout 
the day. 
 
Total Physical Activity 
WHO guidelines recognise that participation in physical activity can be achieved across 
three domains: work-related activity (paid or unpaid work including household chores), 
transportation-related activity (e.g. walking or cycling while travelling to and from places) 
and leisure-time physical activity; and recommend that adults should do at least 150 
minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity or at least 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity 
physical activity or an equivalent combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity 
physical activity per week (WHO 2020; WHO 2010). This recommendation is equivalent 
to achieving a minimum of at least 600 MET7 minutes per week (i.e., having sufficient 
total physical activity). 
 
Prevalence of Sufficient Total Physical Activity 
In 2023, 78.5% of Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years had sufficient total physical 
activity (Table 3.1). More males (80.0%) compared with females (76.9%) were able to 
meet the recommended total physical activity level. Physical activity participation was 
observed to decrease with age - young adults in the 18 to 29 years age group (85.5%) 
had the highest level of sufficient total physical activity while the older adults aged 60 to 
74 years had the lowest proportion at 74.2%. A higher proportion of Indians (84.1%) had 
sufficient total physical activity than the Malays (80.1%) and Chinese (77.2%) (Graph 3.1). 
Residents with post-secondary education (80.8%) had higher sufficient total physical 
activity compared with residents with secondary (76.3%) or primary (68.9%) education 
(Table 3.2). The largest contributor to total physical activity per week was commuting 
(45.6%), followed by leisure-time physical activity (29.1%) and work-related physical 
activity (25.3%). 
 
6 Starting from NPHS 2022, the National Population Health Survey will no longer report the participation on 
leisure-time physical activity. For information regarding sports and exercise participation among Singapore 
residents, please refer to the National Sport Participation Survey (NSPS). 
 
7 MET (Metabolic Equivalents) is the ratio of a person’s working metabolic rate relative to the resting 
metabolic rate. 1MET is defined as the energy cost of sitting quietly and is equivalent to a caloric 
consumption of 1kcal/kg/hour. 


 
26 
 
Table 3.1: Age-specific prevalence (%) of sufficient total physical activity among 
Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years by sex, 2023 
Age (years) 
Total 
Males 
Females 
18-29 
85.5 
89.9 
81.0 
30-39 
79.0 
82.5 
75.7 
40-49 
77.4 
78.8 
76.1 
50-59 
77.0 
76.3 
77.8 
60-74 
74.2 
73.6 
74.8 
18-74 
78.5 
80.0 
76.9 
 
Graph 3.1: Crude prevalence (%) of sufficient total physical activity among 
Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years by sex and ethnicity, 2023 
 
 
Trends in Sufficient Total Physical Activity 
The decreasing trend in the proportion of residents with sufficient total physical activity 
was only significant for primary and secondary educated residents between 2007 and 
2023 but not at the overall level or for other subgroups (Table 3.2). Similar declines in 
sufficient total physical activity were observed in all subgroups in the period 2019 to 2023 
but the declines were all not significant. 
 
 
77.2
78.6
75.8
80.1
82.4
77.8
84.1
86.5
81.5
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
Total
Males
Females
Percent of respondents
Chinese
Malays
Indians


 
27 
 
Table 3.2: Prevalence (%) of sufficient total physical activity among Singapore 
residents aged 18 to 74 years by age, sex, education, and  
ethnicity, 2007 to 2023 
 
NHSS 
NHSS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
2007 
2013 
2017 
2019 
2020 
2021 
2022 
2023 
Total 
85.4 
79.5 
84.0 
(82.1, 86.0) 
84.6 
(83.2, 85.9) 
80.6 
(79.4, 81.8)a 
76.0 
(74.8, 77.2)a 
74.9 
(73.8, 76.1) 
78.5  
(77.3, 79.6)a 
ASR 
85.3 
78.9 
83.9 
84.6 
80.5 
76.1 
75.0 
78.5 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
18-29 
87.9 
86.9 
90.4 
(87.5, 93.4) 
88.2 
(85.4, 91.0) 
86.4 
(84.0, 88.8) 
81.9 
(79.1, 84.7) 
80.2  
(77.5, 82.8) 
85.5  
(82.7, 88.3) 
30-39 
83.2 
78.9 
84.6 
(81.0, 88.1) 
82.7 
(79.8, 85.5) 
81.4 
(78.6, 84.1) 
76.6 
(73.8, 79.3) 
75.5  
(73.0, 77.9) 
79.0  
(76.5, 81.4) 
40-49 
85.6 
78.5 
81.6 
(78.1, 85.1) 
86.1 
(83.7, 88.5) 
79.5 
(76.9, 82.2)a 
74.9 
(72.1, 77.7) 
75.7  
(73.4, 78.1) 
77.4  
(75.0, 79.8) 
50-59 
85.7 
78.1 
82.5 
(79.3, 85.7) 
83.2 
(80.1, 86.3) 
81.3 
(78.7, 83.9) 
78.0 
(75.3, 80.6) 
74.3  
(71.6, 77.0) 
77.0  
(74.4, 79.7) 
60-74 
84.6 
73.4 
80.5 
(76.7, 84.4) 
82.7 
(80.0, 85.3) 
74.7 
(71.9, 77.5)a 
69.6 
(67.0, 72.2) 
69.9  
(67.5, 72.2) 
74.2  
(71.9, 76.5) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Males 
85.2 
82.5 
84.6 
(82.1, 87.0) 
85.6 
(83.9, 87.3) 
80.4 
(78.6, 82.2)a 
78.1 
(76.4, 79.7) 
76.7  
(75.2, 78.3) 
80.0  
(78.5, 81.6)a 
Females 
85.7 
76.6 
83.5 
(81.1, 85.9) 
83.6 
(81.8, 85.5) 
80.7 
(79.1, 82.3) 
74.1 
(72.3, 75.9)a 
73.2  
(71.6, 74.8) 
76.9  
(75.3, 78.6)a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Primary  
87.7 
72.9 
83.7 
(79.9, 87.5) 
79.0 
(74.9, 83.1) 
75.1 
(71.8, 78.3) 
67.6 
(63.8, 71.3)a 
63.1  
(59.6, 66.6) 
68.9c  
(65.4, 72.5) 
Secondary 
87.4 
79.8 
82.6 
(79.6, 85.6) 
84.2 
(81.9, 86.5) 
78.5 
(76.2, 80.9)a 
74.5 
(72.1, 76.8) 
74.1  
(72.0, 76.3) 
76.3c  
(74.0, 78.5) 
Post- 
secondary 
83.0 
81.3 
84.9 
(82.7, 87.1) 
86.0 
(84.3, 87.6) 
82.5 
(81.0, 84.1)a 
78.1 
(76.5, 79.7)a 
77.3  
(75.9, 78.6) 
80.8  
(79.4, 82.2)a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Chinese 
84.3 
78.7 
83.4 
(81.2, 85.6) 
83.6 
(81.9, 85.2) 
79.7 
(78.2, 81.1)a 
74.9 
(73.4, 76.4)a 
73.1  
(71.8, 74.4) 
77.2  
(75.8, 78.5)a 
Malays 
87.9 
81.7 
87.1 
(83.6, 90.7) 
84.8 
(81.5, 88.1) 
80.5 
(77.1, 83.9) 
76.2 
(73.0, 79.4) 
79.4  
(76.6, 82.2) 
80.1  
(77.2, 83.0) 
Indians 
89.9 
81.6 
83.6 
(79.3, 88.0) 
91.1 
(88.7, 93.4)a 
86.5 
(83.4, 89.6) 
82.4 
(78.9, 85.9) 
80.9  
(77.6, 84.1) 
84.1  
(80.6, 87.6) 
Notes: (1) Figures in ( ) refer to the 95% confidence intervals. a Indicates that the results for any two consecutive survey years 
are significantly different statistically 5% significance level as the confidence intervals for these two survey years 
did not overlap (e.g. NPHS 2022 and NPHS 2023). 
 
(2) ASR: Age-standardised rate. The reference population used is Singapore Census 2020 resident population. 
 
(3) Analysis based on highest education attained served as a proxy to socio-economic factors. 
 
 
Primary education: No formal qualification/ Primary/ PSLE.  
 
 
Secondary education: Secondary/ GCE ‘O’/ ‘N’ level.  
 
 
Post-secondary education: GCE ‘A’ Level/ Polytechnic & other diploma/ Degree & professional qualification. 
(4) Data for NPHS 2017 for 60 to 74 years age group and residents with secondary education have been revised due to a 
coding error. 
(5) c Indicate statistically significant linear downward trend between 2007 and 2023 with p-value <0.05. 
 
 
 
 
 


 
28 
 
Muscle-Strengthening Activity 
WHO also recommends that adults should do muscle-strengthening activities involving 
the major muscle groups at least two days or more in a week. Muscle-strengthening 
activity refers to an activity or exercise that increases skeletal muscle strength, power, 
endurance and mass (e.g., strength training, resistance training or muscular strength and 
endurance exercises) and may involves the use of weight machines, exercise bands, 
hand-held weights or own body weight (e.g., push-ups or sit-ups) (WHO 2010; Bennie et 
al. 2019). The major muscle groups to work on include the legs, back, abdomen, chest, 
shoulders and arms (WHO 2010). It has been shown that muscle-strengthening exercises 
increase skeletal muscle strength and mass, bone density, ability to perform activities of 
daily living, improve cardiometabolic heath and reduce symptoms of anxiety and 
depression (Bennie et al. 2019).  
 
Methodology 
Information on muscles-strengthening activities were collected since 2020 using an 
interviewer administered questionnaire. Respondents were asked about the number of 
days in a typical week that they do physical activities or exercises to strengthen their 
muscles. Respondents must complete at least one set of exercises involving eight to 12 
repetitions to be counted as having done one day of muscle-strengthening activities. 
Respondents were classified as having sufficient muscle-strengthening activities if the 
frequency of muscle-strengthening activities are at least two days per week.  
 
Prevalence of Sufficient Muscle-Strengthening Activities 
About one in three (33.7%) Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years reported having 
sufficient muscle-strengthening activities in 2023 (Table 3.3). This was more common 
among younger adults aged 18 to 29 years (42.3%) while the proportion with sufficient 
muscle-strengthening activities dropped to around one-third or less for those aged 30 to 
74 years. Males (40.4%) had higher proportion with sufficient muscle-strengthening 
activities compared with females (27.3%). The proportion of males with sufficient muscle-
strengthening activities in the ages 18 to 29 years was almost twice that of females in the 
same age group and this difference narrowed for older age groups.  
 
 


 
29 
 
Table 3.3: Age-specific prevalence (%) of sufficient muscle-strengthening 
activities among Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years by sex, 2023 
Age (years) 
Total 
Males 
Females 
18-29 
42.3 
56.0 
28.2 
30-39 
34.0 
40.8 
27.8 
40-49 
31.7 
36.9 
26.9 
50-59 
31.3 
36.4 
26.4 
60-74 
29.9  
32.7 
27.2 
18-74 
33.7 
40.4 
27.3 
 
Among the ethnic groups, Indians had the highest proportion with sufficient muscle-
strengthening activities (41.9%) and for both sexes (males 45.2%, females 38.3%) 
(Graph 3.2). Similar proportion of Malay (34.0%) and Chinese (32.1%) residents reported 
having sufficient muscle-strengthening activities in 2023. Among the subgroups, Malay 
(26.1%) and Chinese (25.6%) females had the lowest participation in sufficient muscle-
strengthening activities. Residents with post-secondary education (38.0%) had higher 
proportion with sufficient muscle-strengthening activities compared with residents with 
secondary (28.2%) or primary (19.4%) education (Table 3.4). 
 
Graph 3.2: Crude prevalence (%) of sufficient muscle-strengthening activities 
among Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years by sex and ethnicity, 2023 
 
 
 
32.1
38.9
25.6
34.0
41.9
26.1
41.9
45.2
38.3
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
Total
Males
Females
Percent of respondents
Chinese
Malays
Indians


 
30 
 
Trends in Sufficient Muscle-Strengthening Activities 
The proportion of Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years with sufficient muscle-
strengthening activities remained stable from 33.7% to 35.5% between 2020 to 2023 
(Table 3.4).  
 
Table 3.4: Prevalence (%) of sufficient muscles-strengthening activities among 
Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years by age, sex, education  
and ethnicity, 2020 to 2023 
 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
2020 
2021 
2022 
2023 
Total 
33.8  
(32.3, 35.3) 
35.5  
(34.0, 37.0) 
34.5  
(33.3, 35.8) 
33.7 
(32.3, 35.0) 
ASR 
33.8 
35.6 
34.6 
33.7 
 
 
 
 
 
18-29 
44.1  
(40.2, 48.0) 
46.4  
(42.4, 50.5) 
45.8  
(42.4, 49.3) 
42.3 
(38.3, 46.2) 
30-39 
30.9  
(27.4, 34.4) 
37.0  
(33.8, 40.2) 
33.9  
(31.0, 36.7) 
34.0 
(31.0, 37.1) 
40-49 
33.5 
 (30.1, 36.8) 
30.8  
(27.8, 33.9) 
33.5  
(30.9, 36.1) 
31.7 
(29.0, 34.4) 
50-59 
35.5  
(32.0, 39.0) 
32.3  
(29.0, 35.6) 
31.6  
(28.7, 34.5) 
31.3 
(28.4, 34.2) 
60-74 
25.5  
(22.7, 28.3) 
31.3  
(28.8, 33.9)a 
28.8  
(26.4, 31.3) 
29.9 
(27.3, 32.4) 
 
 
 
 
 
Males 
40.1  
(37.8, 42.4) 
40.0  
(37.9, 42.1) 
40.2  
(38.3, 42.0) 
40.4 
(38.3, 42.4) 
Females 
27.8  
(25.8, 29.8) 
31.2  
(29.1, 33.2) 
29.1  
(27.4, 30.9) 
27.3 
(25.5, 29.0) 
 
 
 
 
 
Primary 
19.6  
(16.4, 22.8) 
21.0  
(17.6, 24.3) 
21.7  
(18.6, 24.7) 
19.4 
(16.3, 22.5) 
Secondary 
27.4  
(24.8, 30.0) 
30.5  
(28.0, 33.1) 
29.2  
(26.8, 31.6) 
28.2 
(25.7, 30.7) 
Post-secondary 
39.4  
(37.3, 41.5) 
40.1  
(38.1, 42.0) 
38.9  
(37.2, 40.6) 
38.0 
(36.2, 39.8) 
 
 
 
 
 
Chinese 
32.7  
(31.0, 34.5) 
34.5  
(32.8, 36.2) 
33.3  
(31.8, 34.8) 
32.1 
(30.5, 33.6) 
Malays 
32.7  
(28.5, 36.9) 
33.7  
(29.8, 37.7) 
33.9  
(30.5, 37.4) 
34.0 
(30.2, 37.8) 
Indians 
41.6  
(36.1, 47.1) 
41.7  
(36.8, 46.5) 
44.8  
(40.7, 49.0) 
41.9 
(36.7, 47.0) 
Notes: (1)  Figures in ( ) refer to the 95% confidence intervals. a Indicates that the results for any two consecutive 
survey years are significantly different statistically from the previous survey year at 5% significance level 
as the confidence intervals for these two survey years did not overlap (e.g. NPHS 2022 and NPHS 2023). 
(2) ASR: Age-standardised rate. The reference population used is Singapore Census 2020 resident 
population. 
(3) Analysis based on highest education attained served as a proxy to socio-economic factors. 
Primary education: No formal qualification/ Primary/ PSLE.  
Secondary education: Secondary/ GCE ‘O’/ ‘N’ level.  
Post-secondary education: GCE ‘A’ Level/ Polytechnic & other diploma/ Degree & professional 
qualification. 
 


 
31 
 
Chapter 4 
Self-reported Diabetes Mellitus 
 
Key Points 
• About one in 14 (7.3%) Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years reported that they 
had diabetes mellitus and were currently prescribed medication in 2023.  
• A higher proportion of males (8.1%) reported having diabetes compared to females 
(6.6%).  
• The prevalence of self-reported diabetes mellitus increased with age, from 1.0% in 
young adults aged 30 to 39 years to 22.3% among those aged 70 to 74 years. 
 
Introduction 
Diabetes mellitus represents a group of metabolic disorders characterised by high blood 
sugar (hyperglycemia) resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. 
Diabetes mellitus can lead to death and disability through long-term complications such 
as blindness, kidney failure, coronary heart disease and stroke. Type 2 diabetes is the 
more common form of diabetes, occurring mainly in older adults and is associated with 
obesity (WHO, 2019). 
 
Methodology 
An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to obtain an indication of the 
prevalence of known diabetes mellitus in the community. Respondents were asked 
whether they had ever been told by a western-trained doctor that they had diabetes and 
were currently prescribed medication for diabetes. Respondents who answered “yes” to 
both questions were classified as having “reported diabetes mellitus”. Diabetes mellitus 
prevalence estimates based on reported use of medication for diabetes mellitus are likely 
to be under-estimated as there will be a proportion of undiagnosed diabetics who were 
not aware of their condition at the time of the survey. Among those with self-reported 
diabetes, they were also asked on the frequency of doctor’s visit and place of treatment 
to manage their diabetes. 
  
 


 
32 
 
Prevalence of Self-reported Diabetes Mellitus 
The prevalence of self-reported diabetes among Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years 
was 7.3% (Table 4.1). A higher proportion of males (8.1%) were reported as diabetic 
compared to females (6.6%) and this pattern was also observed in all age groups. Self-
reported diabetes prevalence increased with age; from 1.0% among those aged 30 to 39 
years to 22.3% in those aged 70 to 74 years. Indians (13.5%) had the highest prevalence 
of self-reported diabetes, compared to Malays (10.7%) and Chinese (6.2%) (Graph 4.1). 
Residents with post-secondary (3.7%) education had lower self-reported diabetes 
prevalence compared to residents with secondary (12.1%) or primary education (18.8%) 
(Table 4.2). Residents with self-reported diabetes visited their doctors for the 
management of their diabetes about four times on average in the past 12 months, mainly 
in polyclinics (63.2%), private GP clinics (21.3%) and specialist outpatient clinics in public 
hospitals (12.6%).   
 
Table 4.1: Age-specific prevalence (%) of self-reported diabetes mellitus among 
Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years by sex, 2023 
Age (years) 
Total 
Males 
Females 
18-29 
s 
s 
s 
30-39 
1.0 
s 
s 
40-49 
2.8 
3.9 
2.3 
50-59 
10.5 
10.5 
9.9 
60-69 
19.1 
22.5 
16.5 
70-74 
22.3 
22.8 
20.1 
18-74 
7.3 
8.1 
6.6 
s: Data have been suppressed due to small counts or high sampling variability. 
 
Trends in Prevalence of Self-reported Diabetes Mellitus 
The crude and age-standardised prevalence of self-reported diabetes among 
Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years showed a significant increasing trend 
between 2007 and 2023 (Table 4.2). This significant increase was also observed 
among residents aged 60 to 69 years, and across all sexes, ethnic groups and 
education levels.  
 
On the other hand, for the most recent five year period, there was a significant 
decrease in the prevalence of self-reported diabetes for residents aged 40 to 49 years 
from 2019 (5.0%) to 2023 (2.8%). The  prevalence of self-reported diabetes for overall 
level and other subgroups remained stable during this period. 


 
33 
 
Graph 4.1: Crude prevalence (%) of self-reported diabetes mellitus among 
Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years by sex and ethnicity, 2023 
 
 
Table 4.2: Prevalence (%) of self-reported diabetes mellitus among Singapore 
residents aged 18 to 74 years by age, sex, education, and  
ethnicity, 2007 to 2023 
 
NHSS 
NHS 
NHSS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
2007 
2010 
2013 
2017 
2019 
2020 
2021 
2022 
2023 
Total 
4.9 
5.0 
5.4 
6.7  
(5.7, 7.7) 
6.9  
(6.1, 7.7) 
7.0  
(6.3, 7.8) 
6.9 
(6.2, 7.6) 
6.7 
(6.0, 7.3) 
7.3b 
(6.6, 8.0) 
ASR 
6.4 
6.1 
6.6 
7.1 
7.0 
7.1 
6.8 
6.5 
7.2b 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
18-29 
s 
s 
s 
s 
s 
s 
s 
s 
s 
30-39 
0.7 
s 
s 
s 
s 
1.7  
(0.8, 2.6) 
0.9  
(0.4, 1.3) 
s 
1.0 
(0.4, 1.5) 
40-49 
4.3 
2.6 
4.2 
4.3  
(2.5, 6.2) 
5.0  
(3.0, 7.0) 
4.3  
(3.1, 5.6) 
3.5  
(2.4, 4.6) 
2.8 
(1.9, 3.6) 
2.8e 
(1.9, 3.7) 
50-59 
8.2 
10.0 
8.1 
11.7  
(8.7, 14.6) 
9.8  
(7.7, 12.0) 
7.9  
(6.2, 9.6) 
9.3  
(7.6, 11.1) 
7.7 
(6.1, 9.2) 
10.5 
(8.6, 12.4) 
60-69 
17.1 
14.0 
14.8 
17.3  
(13.6, 21.0) 
17.0  
(14.1, 20.0) 
19.0  
(16.1, 22.0) 
18.3  
(15.7, 20.9) 
19.1 
(16.5, 21.6) 
19.1b 
(16.6, 21.6) 
70-74 
15.7 
16.8 
22.2 
14.8  
(9.9, 19.7) 
21.4  
(16.7, 26.0) 
21.0  
(16.6, 25.5) 
21.7  
(17.5, 26.0) 
19.6 
(16.1, 23.1) 
22.3 
(17.5, 27.1) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Males 
5.3 
5.1 
5.8 
7.7  
(6.1, 9.2) 
8.3  
(7.0, 9.5) 
7.2  
(6.0, 8.3) 
7.6  
(6.6, 8.7) 
7.6 
(6.6, 8.6) 
8.1b 
(7.0, 9.1) 
Females 
4.5 
4.9 
5.1 
5.7  
(4.5, 7.0) 
5.6  
(4.5, 6.6) 
6.9  
(6.0, 7.9) 
6.2  
(5.3, 7.1) 
5.8 
(4.9, 6.6) 
6.6b 
(5.7, 7.6) 
 
 
 
6.2
7.2
5.2
10.7
9.8
11.6
13.5
12.9
14.1
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
Total
Males
Females
Percent of respondents
Chinese
Malays
Indians


 
34 
 
Table 4.2: Prevalence (%) of self-reported diabetes mellitus among Singapore 
residents aged 18 to 74 years by age, sex, education, and  
ethnicity, 2007 to 2023 (continued) 
 
NHSS 
NHS 
NHSS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
2007 
2010 
2013 
2017 
2019 
2020 
2021 
2022 
2023 
Primary  
10.7 
11.4 
14.2 
12.3  
(9.4, 15.1) 
19.5  
(15.7, 23.3)a 
18.9  
(15.9, 22.0) 
19.7  
(16.8, 22.6) 
18.1 
(15.3, 20.8) 
18.8b 
(15.7, 22.0) 
Secondary 
5.6 
6.2 
6.8 
10.3  
(8.1, 12.4) 
10.0  
(8.1, 11.8) 
10.0  
(8.4, 11.6) 
10.6  
(8.9, 12.3) 
10.1 
(8.5, 11.6) 
12.1b 
(10.3, 13.9) 
Post-
secondary 
2.0 
1.9 
2.0 
3.0  
(2.1, 4.0) 
2.7  
(2.1, 3.4) 
3.4  
(2.7, 4.2) 
3.2 
(2.6, 3.8) 
3.4 
(2.8, 4.0) 
3.7b 
(3.0, 4.3) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Chinese 
4.1 
4.1 
4.6 
5.6  
(4.5, 6.7) 
6.2  
(5.3, 7.1) 
6.3  
(5.4, 7.1) 
5.7  
(5.0, 6.5) 
5.4 
(4.7, 6.1) 
6.2b 
(5.4, 6.9) 
Malays 
6.2 
7.5 
8.2 
8.2  
(5.3, 11.1) 
8.8  
(6.5, 11.1) 
8.2  
(6.1, 10.3) 
10.2  
(8.1, 12.4) 
10.7 
(8.3, 13.0) 
10.7b 
(8.6, 12.9) 
Indians 
10.8 
9.7 
9.6 
14.7  
(10.1, 19.3) 
11.5  
(8.8, 14.3) 
12.2  
(9.2, 15.2) 
13.5  
(10.2, 16.8) 
12.6 
(10.0, 15.2) 
13.5b 
(9.8, 17.2) 
Notes: (1) Figures in ( ) refer to the 95% confidence intervals. a Indicates that the results for any two consecutive survey 
years are significantly different statistically at 5% significance level as the confidence intervals for these two survey 
years did not overlap (e.g.  NPHS 2022 and NPHS 2023).  
 
(2) s: Data have been suppressed due to small counts or high sampling variability. 
 
(3) ASR: Age-standardised rate. The reference population used is Singapore Census 2020 resident population. 
 
(4) Analysis based on highest education attained served as a proxy to socio-economic factors. 
 
 
Primary education: No formal qualification/ Primary/ PSLE.  
 
 
Secondary education: Secondary/ GCE ‘O’/ ‘N’ level.  
 
 
Post-secondary education: GCE ‘A’ Level/ Polytechnic & other diploma/ Degree & professional qualification. 
(5) b Indicate statistically significant linear upward trend between 2007 and 2023 with p-value <0.05. 
(6) e Indicate statistically significant linear downward trend between 2019 and 2023 with p-value <0.05. 
 


 
35 
 
Chapter 5 
Self-reported Hypertension 
 
Key Points 
• In 2023, about one in six (15.0%) Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years reported 
that they had hypertension (or high blood pressure) and were currently prescribed 
medication.  
• A higher proportion of males (15.9%) reported having hypertension than females 
(14.2%).  
• The prevalence of self-reported hypertension increased with age, from 2.4% in 
young adults aged 30 to 39 years to 47.7% among those aged 70 to 74 years. 
 
Introduction 
Hypertension or high blood pressure is a condition in which the blood vessels have 
persistently raised pressure. It is often known as a silent killer as it rarely causes 
symptoms and many people go undiagnosed. Hypertension is one of the key risk factors 
for cardiovascular diseases such as heart attack, stroke and heart failure as well as other 
diseases like kidney failure. Dietary and lifestyle changes can improve blood pressure 
control and decrease the risk of associated health complications, although drug treatment 
may be necessary in patients for whom lifestyle changes prove ineffective or insufficient 
(WHO, 2013). 
 
Methodology 
An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to obtain an indication of the 
prevalence of known hypertension in the community. Respondents were asked whether 
they had ever been told by a western-trained doctor that they had high blood pressure 
and were currently prescribed medication for high blood pressure. Respondents who 
answered “yes” to both questions were classified as having “reported hypertension”. 
Hypertension prevalence estimates based on reported use of medication for high blood 
pressure are likely to be under-estimated as there will be a proportion of undiagnosed 
hypertensives who were not aware of their condition at the time of the survey. Among 
those with self-reported hypertension, they were also asked on the frequency of doctor’s 
visit and place of treatment to manage their hypertension. 


 
36 
 
Prevalence of Self-reported Hypertension 
The prevalence of self-reported hypertension among Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 
years was 15.0% (Table 5.1). A higher percentage of males (15.9%) were reported as 
hypertensive compared to females (14.2%) and this trend was observed across most age 
groups except for those aged 70 to 74 years. Self-reported hypertension prevalence was 
also found to increase with age, from 2.4% among younger adults aged 30 to 39 years to 
47.7% among older adults aged 70 to 74 years. Among the ethnic groups, Malays (18.9%) 
had the highest prevalence of self-reported hypertension, followed by Chinese (14.9%) 
and Indians (11.9%) (Graph 5.1). The prevalence of self-reported hypertension was 
higher among Malay and Indian males compared to females while the pattern was reverse 
among the Chinese where males had higher prevalence of self-reported hypertension 
than females.   
 
Residents with post-secondary education had much lower prevalence of self-reported 
hypertension (8.7%) compared to those with secondary (22.1%) or primary education 
(38.0%) (Table 5.2).  Residents with self-reported hypertension visited their doctors for 
the management of their high blood pressure about three times on average in the past 
12 months, mainly in polyclinics (53.7%), private GP clinics (30.8%) and specialist 
outpatient clinics in public hospitals (11.8%). 
 
Table 5.1: Age-specific prevalence (%) of self-reported hypertension among 
Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years by sex, 2023 
Age (years) 
Total 
Males 
Females 
18-29 
s 
s 
s 
30-39 
2.4 
3.0 
1.8 
40-49 
7.7 
8.8 
6.6 
50-59 
19.3 
20.0 
18.5 
60-69 
38.5 
41.3 
35.6 
70-74 
47.7 
45.7 
49.3 
18-74 
15.0 
15.9 
14.2 
s: Data have been suppressed due to small counts or high sampling variability.  
 
 
 


 
37 
 
Trends in Prevalence of Self-reported Hypertension 
There was a significant increase in the crude prevalence of self-reported hypertension 
between 2007 to 2023 but the age-standardised prevalence did not show a significant 
increase over the same period (Table 5.2). This increase was also observed among 
Chinese, in both sexes, and across all education levels.  
 
Between 2019 and 2023, the prevalence of self-reported hypertension at the overall 
level and for the other demographics profiles remained stable except for the 40 to 49 
years age group where the prevalence trended downward significantly. 
 
Graph 5.1: Crude prevalence (%) of self-reported hypertension among Singapore 
residents aged 18 to 74 years by sex and ethnicity, 2023 
 
 
 
 
14.9
16.5
13.3
18.9
15.9
21.8
11.9
11.7
12.1
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
Total
Males
Females
Percent of respondents
Chinese
Malays
Indians


 
38 
 
Table 5.2: Prevalence (%) of self-reported hypertension among Singapore 
residents aged 18 to 74 years by age, sex, education, and ethnicity,  
2007 to 2023 
 
NHSS 
NHS 
NHSS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
2007 
2010 
2013 
2017 
2019 
2020 
2021 
2022 
2023 
Total 
12.7 
14.0 
12.9 
12.7  
(11.4, 14.1) 
15.6  
(14.3, 16.9)a 
15.1  
(14.1, 16.2) 
15.7  
(14.6, 16.7) 
16.0 
(15.0, 16.9) 
15.0b 
(14.1, 16.0) 
ASR 
16.9 
17.2 
15.3 
13.8 
15.9 
15.3 
15.5 
15.6 
14.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
18-29 
s 
s 
s 
s 
s 
s 
s 
s 
s 
30-39 
2.1 
3.7 
2.7 
s 
s 
2.1  
(1.2, 3.1) 
2.0  
(1.1, 2.9) 
2.3 
(1.5, 3.1) 
2.4 
(1.2, 3.5) 
40-49 
8.1 
9.9 
8.4 
9.4  
(6.7, 12.0) 
9.0  
(7.0, 11.0) 
8.8  
(7.0, 10.5) 
8.5  
(6.6, 10.5) 
7.9 
(6.5, 9.2) 
7.7e 
(6.1, 9.2) 
50-59 
22.9 
24.5 
20.2 
20.7  
(17.1, 24.2) 
22.8  
(19.6, 25.9) 
18.8  
(16.1, 21.4) 
22.5  
(19.5, 25.4) 
22.0 
(19.4, 24.6) 
19.3 
(16.9, 21.7) 
60-69 
47.4 
42.4 
34.8 
31.0  
(26.2, 35.8) 
37.2  
(33.6, 40.8) 
39.7  
(36.1, 43.2) 
37.8  
(34.7, 40.9) 
38.8 
(35.8, 41.9) 
38.5 
(35.4, 41.6) 
70-74 
44.2 
45.3 
58.2 
46.8 
(39.0, 54.5) 
55.8  
(49.7, 61.9) 
51.1  
(45.3, 56.9) 
52.7  
(47.4, 58.0) 
53.0 
(48.3, 57.7) 
47.7 
(42.6, 52.8) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Males 
12.9 
14.8 
13.5 
13.8  
(11.8, 15.7) 
16.8  
(14.9, 18.7) 
15.9  
(14.3, 17.5) 
17.2  
(15.7, 18.7) 
17.7 
(16.3, 19.1) 
15.9b 
(14.5, 17.3) 
Females 
12.5 
13.2 
12.3 
11.7  
(10.1, 13.4) 
14.5  
(12.8, 16.1) 
14.4  
(13.0, 15.7) 
14.2  
(12.8, 15.7) 
14.4 
(13.1, 15.6) 
14.2b 
(13.0, 15.5) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Primary  
26.3 
30.1 
29.9 
25.9  
(21.5, 30.3) 
38.4  
(34.2, 42.6) a 
37.5  
(33.8, 41.2) 
39.1  
(35.2, 43.0) 
39.1 
(35.5, 42.6) 
38.0b 
(34.2, 41.8) 
Secondary 
13.9 
15.6 
15.8 
16.6  
(14.1, 19.2) 
21.2  
(18.9, 23.5) 
20.2  
(18.0, 22.3) 
23.0  
(20.6, 25.3) 
22.6 
(20.6, 24.7) 
22.1b 
(20.1, 24.2) 
Post-
secondary 
6.3 
7.2 
6.2 
6.9  
(5.4, 8.3) 
8.1  
(6.8, 9.4) 
8.6  
(7.4, 9.7) 
8.6  
(7.6, 9.7) 
9.4 
(8.4, 10.4) 
8.7b 
(7.7, 9.7) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Chinese 
13.3 
14.4 
13.4 
13.0  
(11.4, 14.6) 
15.8  
(14.3, 17.3) 
15.9  
(14.6, 17.1) 
15.7  
(14.5, 16.9) 
16.6 
(15.5, 17.7) 
14.9b 
(13.8, 16.0) 
Malays 
12.4 
14.3 
11.5 
10.5  
(7.9, 13.1) 
16.7  
(13.5, 20.0) a 
14.9  
(12.1, 17.8) 
15.8  
(13.1, 18.5) 
15.1 
(12.6, 17.6) 
18.9 
(15.9, 21.8) 
Indians 
10.1 
11.7 
11.6 
14.1  
(9.9, 18.3) 
12.6  
(9.6, 15.7) 
11.5  
(8.7, 14.3) 
15.3  
(11.7, 19.0) 
13.2 
(10.6, 15.8) 
11.9 
(9.0, 14.8) 
Notes: (1) Figures in ( ) refer to the 95% confidence intervals. a Indicates that the results for any two consecutive survey years 
are significantly different statistically at 5% significance level as the confidence intervals for these two survey years 
did not overlap (e.g. NPHS 2022 and NPHS 2023). 
 
(2) s: Data have been suppressed due to small counts or high sampling variability. 
 
(3) ASR: Age-standardised rate. The reference population used is Singapore Census 2020 resident population. 
 
(4) Analysis based on highest education attained served as a proxy to socio-economic factors. 
 
 
Primary education: No formal qualification/ Primary/ PSLE.  
 Secondary education: Secondary/ GCE ‘O’/ ‘N’ level.  
 Post-secondary education: GCE ‘A’ Level/ Polytechnic & other diploma/ Degree & professional qualification. 
 
(5) b Indicate statistically significant linear upward trend between 2007 and 2023 with p-value <0.05. 
 
(6) e Indicate statistically significant linear downward trend between 2019 and 2023 with p-value <0.05. 
 
 


 
39 
 
Chapter 6 
Self-reported Hyperlipidaemia 
 
Key Points 
• About one in six (15.3%) Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years reported that 
they had hyperlipidaemia (or high blood cholesterol) and were currently prescribed 
medication in 2023.  
• More males (16.9%) reported having high blood cholesterol than females (13.7%).  
• The prevalence of self-reported high blood cholesterol increased with age, from 
1.7% in young adults aged 30 to 39 years to 50.9% among those aged 70 to 74 
years. 
 
Introduction 
Hyperlipidaemia or high blood cholesterol is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease. 
Elevated blood cholesterol, in particular LDL-cholesterol, causes atherosclerosis and 
increases the risk for coronary heart disease. HDL-cholesterol has been shown to have 
a protective effect against coronary heart disease. Low HDL-cholesterol has been shown 
to be an important independent risk factor for development of coronary heart disease. 
Population-based (public health) approaches through the adoption of healthier lifestyle 
behaviours such as reduced dietary intake of saturated fats and cholesterol, being more 
physically active, and better weight control as well as clinical management of those 
persons at increased risk are important factors in lowering the cholesterol levels in the 
population (JAMA 2001; NIH 2002). 
 
Methodology 
An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to obtain an indication of the 
prevalence of known high blood cholesterol in the community. Respondents were asked 
whether they had ever been told by a western-trained doctor that they had high blood 
cholesterol and were currently prescribed medication for high blood cholesterol. 
Respondents who answered “yes” to both questions were classified as having “reported 
high blood cholesterol”. High blood cholesterol prevalence estimates based on reported 
use of medication for high blood cholesterol are likely to be under-estimated as there will 
be a proportion of residents with undiagnosed high blood cholesterol who were aware of 
their condition at the time of the survey. Among those with self-reported high blood 
cholesterol, they were also asked on the frequency of doctor’s visit and place of treatment 
to manage their high blood cholesterol. 


 
40 
 
Prevalence of Self-reported Hyperlipidaemia 
The prevalence of self-reported high blood cholesterol among Singapore residents aged 
18 to 74 years was 15.3% (Table 6.1). Overall, a higher proportion of males (16.9%) 
reported having hyperlipidaemia compared to females (13.7%). This was observed 
across all age groups and ethnicities except for older adults aged 70 to 74 years, where 
a higher proportion of females (54.2%) reported having high blood cholesterol compared 
to males (47.1%). The prevalence of self-reported high blood cholesterol was also found 
to increase with age, from 1.7% among younger adults aged 30 to 39 years to 50.9% 
among those aged 70 to 74 years.  
 
Malays (16.4%) had slightly higher prevalence of self-reported high blood cholesterol 
among the ethnic groups compared to Indians (15.5%) and Chinese (15.2%) (Graph 6.1). 
Close to two in five (37.5%) residents with primary education reported having high blood 
cholesterol, which was higher than those with secondary (22.2%) or post-secondary 
education (9.1%). Residents with self-reported hyperlipidaemia visited their doctors for 
the management of their high blood cholesterol about three times on average in the past 
12 months, mainly in polyclinics (56.2%), private GP clinics (26.7%) and specialist 
outpatient clinics in public hospitals (11.5%).   
 
Table 6.1: Age-specific prevalence (%) of self-reported hyperlipidaemia among 
Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years by sex, 2023 
Age (years) 
Total 
Males 
Females 
18-29 
s 
s 
s 
30-39 
1.7 
2.6 
s 
40-49 
7.2 
10.7 
3.9 
50-59 
19.3 
22.6 
16.1 
60-69 
39.4 
42.1 
36.7 
70-74 
50.9 
47.1 
54.2 
18-74 
15.3 
16.9 
13.7 
s: Data have been suppressed due to small counts or high sampling variability. 
 
 
 


 
41 
 
Trends in Prevalence of Self-reported Hyperlipidaemia 
The crude prevalence of self-reported hyperlipidaemia increased significantly from 
2007 to 2023 (Table 6.2) while the age-standardised prevalence did not show similar 
trend over the same period. There were significant increases observed among older 
adults aged 70 to 74 years, in both sexes, across all education levels, and among 
Chinese and Indians over the same period.  
 
Between 2019 and 2023, significant increases were also seen among females and 
older adults aged 60 to 74 years while the prevalence for other subgroups remained 
stable.  
 
Graph 6.1: Crude prevalence (%) of self-reported hyperlipidaemia among 
Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years by sex and ethnicity, 2023 
 
 
 
 
15.2
17.0
13.5
16.4
17.2
15.7
15.5
16.0
15.0
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
Total
Males
Females
Percent of respondents
Chinese
Malays
Indians


 
42 
 
Table 6.2: Prevalence (%) of self-reported hyperlipidaemia among Singapore 
residents aged 18 to 74 years by age, sex, education, and 
ethnicity, 2007 to 2023 
 
NHSS 
NHS 
NHSS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
2007 
2010 
2013 
2017 
2019 
2020 
2021 
2022 
2023 
Total 
8.2 
12.3 
10.4 
11.0  
(9.7, 12.3) 
13.6  
(12.5, 14.6)a 
13.1  
(12.1, 14.1) 
13.9  
(12.9, 14.9) 
14.1  
(13.2, 15.0) 
15.3b 
(14.3, 16.2) 
ASR 
10.8 
15.6 
12.4 
11.8 
13.8 
13.3 
13.7 
13.8 
15.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
18-29 
s 
s 
s 
s 
s 
s 
s 
s 
s 
30-39 
2.1 
2.4 
1.3 
1.7  
(0.7, 2.7) 
1.6  
(0.7, 2.5) 
s 
1.1  
(0.5, 1.8) 
1.7  
(1.0, 2.4) 
1.7  
(1.0, 2.5) 
40-49 
5.0 
7.2 
6.7 
6.4  
(4.3, 8.6) 
7.6  
(6.0, 9.1) 
7.1  
(5.5, 8.8) 
6.6  
(5.1, 8.2) 
5.1  
(4.0, 6.2) 
7.2  
(5.7, 8.6) 
50-59 
15.9 
22.9 
17.9 
19.9  
(16.2, 23.6) 
22.1  
(19.1, 25.1) 
18.5  
(15.7, 21.2) 
20.9  
(17.6, 24.1) 
20.2  
(17.6, 22.8) 
19.3  
(16.8, 21.8) 
60-69 
29.0 
37.7 
28.7 
26.3  
(22.0, 30.7) 
33.5  
(30.0, 36.9) 
34.3  
(30.8, 37.8) 
35.8  
(32.6, 38.9) 
35.9  
(32.9, 38.9) 
39.4d  
(36.3, 42.5) 
70-74 
25.3 
46.8 
40.7 
36.5  
(29.4, 43.6) 
42.4  
(35.9, 48.8) 
43.4  
(37.7, 49.2) 
43.4  
(38.2, 48.7) 
49.1  
(44.4, 53.8) 
50.9b,d  
(45.8, 56.1) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Males 
8.6 
12.4 
10.7 
12.4  
(10.6, 14.2) 
15.3  
(13.6, 16.9) 
13.9  
(12.4, 15.5) 
15.2  
(13.7, 16.8) 
15.0  
(13.7, 16.3) 
16.9b  
(15.5, 18.4) 
Females 
7.9 
12.1 
10.1 
9.6  
(8.2, 11.1) 
12.0  
(10.6, 13.3) 
12.3  
(11.0, 13.6) 
12.6  
(11.2, 14.0) 
13.3  
(12.1, 14.5) 
13.7b,d 
(12.4, 15.0) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Primary  
17.6 
26.0 
23.1 
22.6  
(18.7, 26.5) 
34.8  
(31.1, 38.5)a 
33.2  
(29.7, 36.8) 
29.5  
(26.3, 32.8) 
37.1  
(33.6, 40.7)a 
37.5b  
(33.8, 41.3) 
Secondary 
8.1 
13.4 
13.3 
14.6  
(12.0, 17.1) 
18.5  
(16.3, 20.6) 
17.0  
(14.9, 19.0) 
23.5  
(21.0, 25.9)a 
20.8  
(18.7, 22.8) 
22.2b  
(20.0, 24.4) 
Post-
secondary 
4.6 
6.7 
4.8 
5.8  
(4.6, 7.0) 
6.7  
(5.7, 7.8) 
7.7  
(6.5, 8.8) 
7.2  
(6.2, 8.3) 
7.6  
(6.8, 8.5) 
9.1b  
(8.1, 10.1) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Chinese 
8.5 
12.1 
10.3 
11.1  
(9.7, 12.6) 
13.9  
(12.6, 15.1) 
13.5  
(12.3, 14.7) 
14.0  
(12.8, 15.2) 
14.5  
(13.4, 15.5) 
15.2b  
(14.1, 16.3) 
Malays 
8.0 
12.8 
10.4 
8.3  
(5.2, 11.4) 
13.4  
(10.6, 16.2) 
11.5  
(9.0, 13.9) 
13.1  
(10.8, 15.5) 
13.4  
(10.9, 15.8) 
16.4  
(13.8, 19.1) 
Indians 
7.7 
15.0 
11.5 
14.3  
(9.8, 18.7) 
12.5  
(9.6, 15.4) 
15.2  
(11.8, 18.7) 
15.8  
(11.9, 19.6) 
14.7  
(11.9, 17.5) 
15.5b  
(11.7, 19.4) 
Notes: (1) Figures in ( ) refer to the 95% confidence intervals. a Indicates that the results for any two consecutive survey 
years are significantly different statistically at 5% significance level as the confidence intervals for these two survey 
years did not overlap (e.g. NPHS 2022 and NPHS 2023). 
 
(2) s: Data have been suppressed due to small counts or high sampling variability. 
 
(3) ASR: Age-standardised rate. The reference population used is Singapore Census 2020 resident population. 
 
(4) Analysis based on highest education attained served as a proxy to socio-economic factors. 
 
 
Primary education: No formal qualification/ Primary/ PSLE.  
 
 Secondary education: Secondary/ GCE ‘O’/ ‘N’ level.  
 
 Post-secondary education: GCE ‘A’ Level/ Polytechnic & other diploma/ Degree & professional qualification. 
(5) b Indicate statistically significant linear upward trend between 2007 and 2023 with p-value <0.05. 
(6) d Indicate statistically significant linear upward trend between 2019 and 2023 with p-value <0.05. 
 
 
 
 


 
43 
 
Chapter 7 
Chronic Disease Screening 
 
Key Points 
• Among Singapore residents aged 40 to 74 years with no previous diagnosis of 
diabetes, high blood pressure, and high blood cholesterol (“DHL”), (i.e. not told by 
a doctor that they have these diseases), about three-fifths (62.6%) were screened 
for all three health conditions within the recommended screening guidelines in 2023. 
• Among Singapore residents aged 40 to 74 years without known diabetes, 76.7% 
had their blood glucose tested within the past three years. 
• Among Singapore residents aged 40 to 74 years without known high blood 
pressure, 82.7% did their blood pressure check in the past two years.  
• Among Singapore residents aged 40 to 74 years without known high blood 
cholesterol, 74.7% were screened within the past three years. 
 
Introduction 
Health screening is an effective strategy for disease prevention in the population. It is 
important to go for appropriate and regular health screening as it helps to detect risk 
factors or diseases early even when there are no symptoms. Early detection of diabetes 
mellitus, high blood pressure and high blood cholesterol could result in better treatment, 
fewer complications and increased chances of better outcomes (HPB, 2019). 
 
Methodology 
An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used. Respondents were asked whether 
they were ever told by a doctor that they had diabetes, high blood pressure or high blood 
cholesterol. Respondents who reported that they were not told by a doctor that they have 
diabetes or high blood cholesterol were asked on the last time they had a blood test to 
check for these health conditions. Those who were not told by a doctor to have high blood 
pressure were asked on the last time they had checked their blood pressure. 
Respondents were also asked where they last had their screening for these chronic 
diseases. The national “Screen for Life” (SFL) screening programme which takes 
reference 
from 
the 
Screening 
Test 
Review 
Committee’s 
recommendations, 
recommended that Singapore residents aged 40 years and above to go for diabetes and 
hyperlipidaemia screening once every three years and hypertension screening once 
every two years.   


 
44 
 
Practice of Health Screening 
Health screening practice was relatively common among Singapore residents aged 40 to 
74 years who were not told by a doctor to have any chronic diseases (diabetes, high blood 
pressure and high blood cholesterol (DHL)). 62.6% of them were screened for all three 
health conditions within the recommended screening guidelines in 2023 (Table 7.1). The 
majority of them with no known DHL were screened at the private GP clinics at 39.7%, 
followed by polyclinics (17.1%), specialist outpatient clinics in public hospitals (11.8%) 
and specialist outpatient clinics in private hospitals (10.3%) 
 
Health screening practice was found to be more prevalent among older adults aged 70 to 
74 years, with two-thirds of them (66.0%) having screened for all three health conditions 
within the recommended screening guidelines. Among the ethnic groups, Indians (78.4%) 
had a higher screening prevalence for all three chronic diseases, followed by Chinese 
(61.4%) and Malays (52.6%). Singapore residents with post-education (67.6%) were 
more likely to have gone for chronic disease screening compared to those with lower 
education level (primary education: 51.6%, secondary education: 55.6%). 
 
Looking at individual chronic disease alone regardless of the co-morbidity with the other 
two chronic diseases, 76.7% of adults aged 40 to 74 years without known diabetes were 
screened for diabetes within the past three years, 82.7% of those without known high 
blood pressure had their blood pressure checked within the past two years, and 74.7% of 
them with no previous diagnosis of high blood cholesterol were screened for this health 
condition within the past three years (Tables 7.3 to 7.5).   
 
Trends in Health Screening 
Looking at the trend data over the period from 2007 to 2023, significant increases in the 
screening participation for residents with no previous diagnosis of DHL were observed 
among those aged 40 to 49 years and those with post-secondary education (Table 7.2). 
The overall and age-standardised chronic disease screening participation did not show 
significant upward trend between 2007 and 2023. 
 
For the individual chronic disease, the crude proportion of residents who had diabetes 
and hypertension screening increased significantly from 2007 to 2023 while the 
proportion screening for hyperlipidaemia did not show significant upward trend over the 
same period (Tables 7.3 to 7.5).  For diabetes, the screening participation improved in 
the age groups of 40 to 49 years and 70 to 74 years; in both sexes, among Chinese and 
Indians, and those with post-secondary education. For hypertension, the significant 
improvements were observed for both sexes and those aged 40 to 49 years.  


 
45 
 
Between 2019 and 2023, the screening participation for residents without known DHL 
and for the individual chronic disease fell, though the decrease was not significant. 
Significant decreases in diabetes screening participation were observed among 
Singapore residents in the age group of 40 to 49 years and among males, Chinese and 
Indians during this period.  
 
Table 7.1: Health screening practice (%) among Singapore residents who did not 
have any of the corresponding self-reported chronic diseases aged  
40 to 74 years by socio-demographic characteristics, 2023 
Characteristic 
Screened for 
all 3 diseases 
within the 
recommended 
intervals 
Diabetes 
screening 
at least 
once in 
the past 3 
years 
Hypertension 
screening at 
least once in 
the past 2 
years 
High blood 
cholesterol  
screening at 
least once in 
the past 3 
years 
Total 
62.6 
76.7 
82.7 
74.7 
 
 
 
 
 
Age (years) 
 
 
 
 
40-49 
62.8 
72.8 
82.3 
72.4 
50-59 
63.3 
75.9 
82.4 
74.4 
60-69 
60.2 
79.8 
82.8 
76.8 
70-74 
66.0 
86.4 
86.8 
83.1 
 
 
 
 
 
Sex 
 
 
 
 
Males 
61.9 
77.2 
81.7 
74.9 
Females 
63.3 
76.3 
83.6 
74.6 
 
 
 
 
 
Highest Education 
Attained 
 
 
 
 
Primary 
51.6 
71.4 
77.9 
68.8 
Secondary 
55.6 
73.7 
80.8 
70.5 
Post-secondary 
67.6 
79.5 
84.6 
78.0 
 
 
 
 
 
Ethnic group 
 
 
 
 
Chinese 
61.4 
76.5 
81.2 
74.3 
Malays 
52.6 
71.1 
80.8 
68.3 
Indians 
78.4 
83.0 
94.0 
83.9 
Note: Analysis based on highest education attained served as a proxy to socio-economic factors. 
 
 Primary education: No formal qualification/ Primary/ PSLE.  
 
 Secondary education: Secondary/ GCE ‘O’/ ‘N’ level.  
 
 Post-secondary education: GCE ‘A’ Level/ Polytechnic & other diploma/ Degree & professional qualification. 
 


 
46 
 
Table 7.2: Chronic disease screening participation (%) among Singapore 
residents who did not have any of the self-reported chronic diseases aged  
40 to 74 years by age, sex, education, and ethnicity, 2007 to 2023 
 
NHSS 
NHS 
NHSS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
2007 
2010 
2013 
2017 
2019 
2020 
2021 
2022 
2023 
Total 
58.1 
45.2 
56.0 
66.4  
(63.1, 69.6) 
66.3  
(63.7, 68.9) 
63.0  
(60.4, 65.6) 
59.2  
(56.7, 61.8) 
60.3  
(58.1, 62.4) 
62.6  
(60.5, 64.8) 
ASR 
62.0 
45.2 
56.9 
68.3 
68.2 
63.3 
59.4 
60.8 
62.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
40-49 
54.5 
44.7 
55.0 
60.7  
(56.2, 65.1) 
62.6  
(58.6, 66.6) 
62.5  
(58.5, 66.6) 
60.8  
(56.8, 64.7) 
59.5  
(56.4, 62.6) 
62.8b  
(59.5, 66.1) 
50-59 
60.4 
47.9 
54.8 
69.1  
(63.6, 74.5) 
66.2  
(61.5, 70.9) 
63.1  
(58.6, 67.6) 
55.3  
(50.5, 60.1) 
58.3  
(54.3, 62.4) 
63.3  
(59.4, 67.2) 
60-69 
68.6 
37.4 
61.8 
71.1  
(64.6, 77.5) 
72.1  
(67.3, 77.0) 
62.9  
(57.2, 68.5) 
58.6  
(53.5, 63.6) 
64.6  
(59.5, 69.7) 
60.2  
(55.0, 65.5) 
70-74 
68.9 
53.3 
56.9 
85.2  
(77.2, 93.2) 
79.0  
(71.6, 86.3) 
66.7  
(54.3, 79.0) 
72.6  
(64.8, 80.4) 
63.2  
(53.8, 72.6) 
66.0  
(57.7, 74.3) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Males 
59.9 
47.8 
55.0 
65.9  
(61.3, 70.5) 
67.5  
(63.5, 71.5) 
63.9  
(60.2, 67.7) 
61.3  
(57.9, 64.6) 
59.2  
(56.0, 62.5) 
61.9  
(58.6, 65.1) 
Females 
56.4 
42.8 
56.9 
66.8  
(62.6, 71.0) 
65.2  
(61.7, 68.8) 
62.2  
(58.7, 65.8) 
57.5  
(53.7, 61.3) 
61.1  
(58.2, 64.0) 
63.3  
(60.3, 66.2) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Primary 
57.8 
32.7 
43.7 
60.9  
(53.3, 68.6) 
57.2  
(50.7, 63.8) 
50.4  
(44.3, 56.6) 
56.4  
(49.9, 62.9) 
54.6  
(48.7, 60.6) 
51.6  
(45.1, 58.1) 
Secondary 
57.6 
45.4 
53.7 
64.4  
(59.0, 69.7) 
61.1  
(56.7, 65.6) 
55.9  
(51.2, 60.7) 
50.1  
(45.2, 54.9) 
54.1  
(49.9, 58.3) 
55.6  
(51.4, 59.8) 
Post-
secondary 
59.0 
54.1 
64.5 
71.0  
(66.7, 75.4) 
71.4  
(67.8, 75.1) 
69.8  
(66.3, 73.3) 
64.1  
(60.8, 67.4) 
64.1 
(61.3, 66.9) 
67.6b 
(64.9, 70.4) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Chinese 
57.2 
44.6 
55.7 
65.8  
(62.1, 69.5) 
64.9  
(61.8, 67.9) 
63.5  
(60.6, 66.5) 
59.7  
(56.7, 62.7) 
58.7  
(56.2, 61.2) 
61.4  
(58.9, 63.9) 
Malays 
57.2 
40.0 
48.2 
62.2  
(53.4, 71.1) 
64.4  
(56.4, 72.3) 
48.4  
(39.7, 57.0) 
48.3  
(40.5, 56.0) 
59.0  
(52.5, 65.5) 
52.6  
(45.5, 59.7) 
Indians 
70.1 
59.3 
68.9 
80.0  
(71.9, 88.1) 
78.7  
(71.7, 85.7) 
75.4  
(68.3, 82.5) 
65.7  
(58.7, 72.7) 
71.9  
(66.0, 77.8) 
78.4  
(72.9, 83.9) 
 
 
 


 
47 
 
Table 7.3: Diabetes screening participation (%) among Singapore residents who 
did not have self-reported diabetes aged 40 to 74 years by age, sex,  
education, and ethnicity, 2007 to 2023 
 
NHSS 
NHS 
NHSS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
2007 
2010 
2013 
2017 
2019 
2020 
2021 
2022 
2023 
Total 
72.4 
63.9 
70.3 
77.8  
(75.6, 80.0) 
81.0  
(79.3, 82.8) 
78.5  
(76.8, 80.3) 
76.6  
(74.9, 78.2) 
77.4  
(75.9, 78.8) 
76.7b  
(75.2, 78.2) 
ASR 
74.5 
66.4 
71.8 
78.7 
81.5 
78.8 
76.7 
77.6 
77.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
40-49 
67.3 
58.3 
65.9 
71.4  
(67.7, 75.1) 
75.4  
(72.0, 78.8) 
75.2  
(72.0, 78.5) 
74.2  
(71.4, 77.0) 
74.1  
(71.7, 76.5) 
72.8b,e  
(70.2, 75.4) 
50-59 
74.8 
64.4 
68.9 
80.0  
(76.2, 83.7) 
81.4  
(78.3, 84.5) 
79.0  
(75.9, 82.1) 
73.8  
(70.5, 77.1) 
75.3  
(72.4, 78.1) 
75.9  
(73.1, 78.6) 
60-69 
80.0 
73.9 
78.1 
81.7  
(77.3, 86.2) 
85.7  
(83.1, 88.3) 
79.8  
(76.4, 83.2) 
79.2  
(76.3, 82.1) 
81.8  
(79.0, 84.6) 
79.8  
(77.0, 82.7) 
70-74 
79.9 
71.8 
84.2 
92.1  
(87.7, 96.6) 
91.2  
(87.9, 94.5) 
87.8  
(83.1, 92.6) 
90.0  
(87.1, 93.0) 
85.8  
(82.1, 89.5) 
86.4b  
(83.1, 89.7) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Males 
73.1 
64.7 
70.2 
78.9  
(75.8, 82.0) 
82.6  
(80.2, 84.9) 
80.8  
(78.4, 83.1) 
78.6  
(76.5, 80.7) 
78.0 
(75.9, 80.1) 
77.2b,e  
(75.0, 79.3) 
Females 
71.8 
63.0 
70.5 
76.9  
(73.8, 80.0) 
79.7  
(77.1, 82.3) 
76.4  
(73.8, 79.1) 
74.7  
(72.2, 77.1) 
76.8  
(74.8, 78.9) 
76.3b  
(74.2, 78.3) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Primary 
70.7 
58.4 
63.9 
75.4  
(70.6,80.3) 
77.8  
(74.4, 81.2) 
73.8  
(69.8, 77.8) 
75.2  
(71.3, 79.0) 
76.3 
(72.7, 79.9) 
71.4  
(67.3, 75.6) 
Secondary 
72.2 
61.7 
69.0 
75.8  
(72.0, 79.6) 
79.7  
(77.1, 82.3) 
74.6  
(71.2, 78.0) 
72.7  
(69.5, 75.9) 
74.3  
(71.6, 77.0) 
73.7  
(71.0, 76.5) 
Post- 
secondary 
74.4 
71.0 
76.0 
81.3  
(78.1, 84.5) 
83.0  
(80.4, 85.7) 
82.2  
(79.8, 84.7) 
79.2  
(77.1, 81.3) 
79.3 
(77.3, 81.3) 
79.5b  
(77.6, 81.4) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Chinese 
72.7 
64.4 
70.0 
76.9  
(74.4, 79.5) 
80.5  
(78.5, 82.5) 
78.9  
(76.9, 80.8) 
76.6  
(74.7, 78.5) 
76.8  
(75.1, 78.5) 
76.5b,e  
(74.8, 78.2) 
Malays 
68.4 
54.5 
65.7 
76.5  
(69.6, 83.3) 
77.7  
(71.9, 83.4) 
69.8  
(63.2, 76.4) 
69.1  
(63.8, 74.3) 
72.8  
(67.8, 77.7) 
71.1  
(66.4, 75.9) 
Indians 
79.2 
74.2 
79.9 
88.1  
(82.3, 94.0) 
89.3  
(84.8, 93.8) 
88.0  
(83.0, 93.0) 
85.1  
(81.0, 89.2) 
86.0  
(82.3, 89.7) 
83.0b,e  
(78.8, 87.2) 
 
 
 


 
48 
 
Table 7.4: Hypertension screening participation (%) among Singapore residents 
who did not have self-reported hypertension aged 40 to 74 years by age,  
sex, education, and ethnicity, 2007 to 2023 
 
NHSS 
NHS 
NHSS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
2007 
2010 
2013 
2017 
2019 
2020 
2021 
2022 
2023 
Total 
77.7 
79.9 
77.8 
82.9  
(80.8, 85.0) 
86.0  
(84.4, 87.6) 
83.3  
(81.4, 85.1) 
82.4  
(80.7, 84.1) 
80.7  
(79.2, 82.2) 
82.7b  
(81.2, 84.2) 
ASR 
79.6 
80.1 
78.8 
84.0 
86.6 
83.6 
82.6 
81.1 
82.9 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
40-49 
75.8 
78.3 
76.4 
79.9  
(76.1, 83.6) 
84.6  
(81.6, 87.6) 
82.7  
(79.6, 85.8) 
81.9  
(79.2, 84.6) 
78.5  
(76.0, 80.9) 
82.3b  
(79.9, 84.7) 
50-59 
77.5 
82.9 
76.2 
81.6  
(78.1, 85.2) 
85.7  
(82.9, 88.5) 
83.0  
(79.8, 86.1) 
79.7  
(76.3, 83.1) 
79.9  
(77.0, 82.8) 
82.4  
(79.7, 85.0) 
60-69 
85.0 
78.5 
84.4 
88.3  
(84.6, 92.1) 
88.1  
(85.2, 91.1) 
84.8  
(81.4, 88.3) 
85.3  
(82.5, 88.2) 
85.0  
(82.2, 87.8) 
82.8  
(79.4, 86.2) 
70-74 
82.2 
79.5 
79.3 
 94.1  
(89.9, 98.3) 
90.8  
(86.3, 95.2) 
83.6  
(75.0, 92.1) 
89.7  
(85.6, 93.8) 
83.2  
(77.4, 89.0) 
86.8  
(81.8, 91.8) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Males 
77.1 
80.5 
77.0 
81.3  
(77.8, 84.8) 
85.5  
(83.1, 88.0) 
83.2  
(80.6, 85.8) 
81.8  
(79.4, 84.2) 
81.0  
(78.8, 83.2) 
81.7b  
(79.4, 83.9) 
Females 
78.2 
79.4 
78.5 
84.4  
(81.7, 87.0) 
86.5  
(84.3, 88.6) 
83.4  
(80.8, 86.0) 
82.9  
(80.5, 85.3) 
80.4  
(78.3, 82.5) 
83.6b  
(81.6, 85.7) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Primary 
76.5 
72.9 
68.7 
80.1  
(75.0, 85.2) 
78.4  
(74.2, 82.6) 
78.4  
(74.2, 82.6) 
80.4  
(76.3, 84.6) 
78.7  
(74.8, 82.6) 
77.9  
(73.3, 82.6) 
Secondary 
79.9 
80.5 
76.7 
82.3  
(78.7, 86.0) 
85.4  
(82.9, 87.8) 
79.2  
(75.6, 82.8)a 
81.7  
(78.4, 85.1) 
79.9  
(76.9, 82.8) 
80.8  
(77.9, 83.6) 
Post-
secondary 
75.6 
84.6 
84.2 
85.2  
(82.1, 88.4) 
88.7  
(86.5, 91.0) 
86.8  
(84.3, 89.2) 
83.2  
(81.0, 85.3) 
81.6  
(79.6, 83.6) 
84.6  
(82.7, 86.5) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Chinese 
76.7 
79.9 
76.9 
82.2  
(79.8, 84.6) 
85.8  
(84.0, 87.7) 
83.1  
(81.0, 85.2) 
81.6  
(79.6, 83.6) 
79.1  
(77.3, 80.9) 
81.2  
(79.4, 83.0) 
Malays 
79.3 
76.6 
76.4 
82.6  
(76.3, 88.8) 
81.4  
(76.0, 86.8) 
74.7  
(67.3, 82.0) 
83.8  
(79.5, 88.0) 
83.1  
(78.6, 87.6) 
80.8  
(76.2, 85.4) 
Indians 
87.6 
86.7 
86.7 
92.8  
(88.4, 97.3) 
92.5  
(88.5, 96.5) 
92.4  
(89.0, 95.9) 
87.2  
(82.9, 91.5) 
88.9  
(85.4, 92.3) 
94.0  
(91.5, 96.5) 
 
 
 
 


 
49 
 
Table 7.5: Hyperlipidaemia screening participation (%) among Singapore 
residents who did not have self-reported hyperlipidaemia aged 40 to 74 years  
by age, sex, education, and ethnicity, 2007 to 2023 
 
NHSS 
NHS 
NHSS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
2007 
2010 
2013 
2017 
2019 
2020 
2021 
2022 
2023 
Total 
78.1 
61.1 
73.0 
78.2  
(75.9, 80.5) 
77.9  
(76.0, 79.9) 
76.5  
(74.5, 78.6) 
72.5  
(70.5, 74.5) 
75.0  
(73.3, 76.7) 
74.7  
(73.0, 76.4) 
ASR 
80.8 
62.7 
74.5 
79.4 
78.9 
77.0 
72.8 
75.6 
75.2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
40-49 
74.8 
59.3 
70.8 
73.0  
(69.2, 76.7) 
73.3  
(69.7, 76.8) 
74.5  
(71.1, 78.0) 
71.6  
(68.3, 74.8) 
71.8  
(69.2, 74.5) 
72.4  
(69.6, 75.2) 
50-59 
79.9 
62.9 
70.7 
78.7  
(74.6, 82.9) 
76.9  
(73.3, 80.5) 
75.3  
(71.7, 79.0) 
68.7  
(64.7, 72.7) 
74.4  
(71.2, 77.5) 
74.4  
(71.3, 77.4) 
60-69 
86.2 
63.1 
79.4 
84.1  
(80.0, 88.2) 
84.0  
(80.9, 87.1) 
79.0  
(75.2, 82.8) 
74.4  
(70.6, 78.1) 
78.6  
(75.1, 82.2) 
76.8  
(73.1, 80.5) 
70-74 
77.9 
61.5 
84.8 
90.3  
(85.0, 95.7) 
89.8  
(85.2, 94.4) 
85.7  
(79.3, 92.1) 
88.2  
(84.2, 92.2) 
84.3  
(79.2, 89.4) 
83.1  
(77.8, 88.4) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Males 
77.9 
62.8 
71.8 
78.6  
(75.2, 82.0) 
79.0  
(76.0, 82.0) 
77.5  
(74.7, 80.3) 
74.2  
(71.7, 76.7) 
75.3  
(72.8, 77.7) 
74.9  
(72.3, 77.4) 
Females 
78.3 
59.5 
74.1 
77.8  
(74.8, 80.9) 
77.0  
(74.5, 79.6) 
75.7  
(72.8, 78.6) 
71.0  
(67.9, 74.0) 
74.7  
(72.4, 77.0) 
74.6  
(72.2, 76.9) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Primary 
73.8 
53.7 
66.2 
74.9  
(69.4, 80.4) 
74.2  
(69.4, 79.0) 
68.1  
(63.1, 73.1) 
75.7  
(71.4, 80.0) 
70.6  
(66.1, 75.1) 
68.8  
(63.7, 74.0) 
Secondary 
77.7 
61.1 
72.1 
76.4  
(72.2, 80.6) 
75.1  
(71.9, 78.4) 
72.3  
(68.5, 76.1) 
64.0  
(60.0, 68.1)a 
70.7  
(67.6, 73.9) 
70.5  
(67.3, 73.7) 
Post- 
secondary 
82.4 
67.1 
78.3 
81.7  
(78.5, 84.9) 
80.9  
(77.9, 83.9) 
81.3  
(78.7, 84.0) 
76.0  
(73.5, 78.5)a 
78.2  
(76.0, 80.4) 
78.0  
(75.8, 80.2) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Chinese 
78.1 
61.8 
72.5 
77.7  
(75.1, 80.3) 
77.9  
(75.6, 80.2) 
77.3  
(75.1, 79.5) 
72.9  
(70.6, 75.2) 
74.1  
(72.1, 76.0) 
74.3  
(72.3, 76.4) 
Malays 
74.0 
53.8 
69.6 
77.7  
(70.8, 84.6) 
75.1  
(68.9, 81.4) 
63.0  
(55.5, 70.6) 
62.2  
(55.3, 69.0) 
71.1  
(65.9, 76.3) 
68.3  
(62.8, 73.7) 
Indians 
83.1 
67.6 
82.2 
86.3  
(80.7, 91.9) 
83.6  
(77.7, 89.4) 
84.8  
(79.4, 90.2) 
79.8  
(74.9, 84.7) 
85.9  
(82.1, 89.7) 
83.9  
(79.7, 88.2) 
 
 
Notes applicable to Table 7.2 to 7.5: 
(1) 
Figures in ( ) refer to the 95% confidence intervals. a Indicates that the results for any two consecutive survey years are 
significantly different statistically at 5% significance level as the confidence intervals for these two survey years did not 
overlap (e.g. NPHS 2022 and NPHS 2023). 
(2) 
ASR: Age- standardised rate. The reference population used is Singapore Census 2020 resident population. 
(3) 
Analysis based on highest education attained served as a proxy to socio-economic factors. 
 
Primary education: No formal qualification/ Primary/ PSLE.  
 
Secondary education: Secondary/ GCE ‘O’/ ‘N’ level.  
 
Post-secondary education: GCE ‘A’ Level/ Polytechnic & other diploma/ Degree & professional qualification. 
(4) 
b Indicate statistically significant linear upward trend between 2007 and 2023 with p-value <0.05. 
(5) 
e Indicate statistically significant linear downward trend between 2019 and 2023 with p-value <0.05 
 
 
 
 


 
50 
 
Chapter 8 
Breast Cancer Screening 
 
Key Points 
• 
In 2023, slightly more than one-third (34.7%) of Singapore women in the 50 to 69 
years age group reported that they had gone for mammography in the last two 
years. 
 
Introduction 
Breast cancer remained the most common cancer among Singapore women in the past 
50 years (NRDO 2024). For the latest five-year period from 2018-2022, it accounted for 
24.4% (about 1 in 4) cancer diagnoses in females, and the age-standardised incidence 
rate of breast cancer was 76.2 per 100,000 women. It was the leading cause of cancer 
death among females in 2018-2022, accounting for 17.1% of cancer deaths among 
females.  
 
Breast cancer has been linked to a number of risk factors including age, family history of 
breast cancer, smoking, high-fat diet and obesity. The earlier breast cancer is diagnosed, 
the better the chances for successful treatment. As early breast cancer usually does not 
present with any symptoms, screening is therefore important. Mammography for women 
over 50 years old is widely accepted as appropriate and beneficial. The national “Screen 
for Life” (SFL) screening programme which takes reference from the Screening Test 
Review Committee’s recommendations, recommended that women aged 50 to 69 years 
to go for mammography once every two years. 
 
Methodology 
An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used. Female respondents were asked 
on their practice of mammography as well as where they took their mammography.   
 
 


 
51 
 
Practice of Mammography  
In 2023, slightly more than one-third (34.7%) of Singapore women in the 50 to 69 years 
age group reported that they had gone for a mammography within the last two years, in 
accordance with the recommended frequency of mammography in this age group (Table 
8.1). Ever-married women (35.6%) were more likely to have a mammography within the 
last two years than never married women (28.4%). A higher proportion of Indian (40.4%) 
and Chinese (36.6%) women had undergone mammography compared to their Malay 
counterparts (16.9%) (Table 8.2). Women with post-secondary education (44.6%) were 
more likely to go for screening than women with secondary education (31.5%) or primary 
education (20.8%). More than two-fifths (45.3%) of the women had their mammogram 
taken in the polyclinics, followed by public hospitals (24.0%), private hospitals (14.4%) 
and private X-ray centres (10.7%).   
 
Table 8.1: Practice of mammography (%) among Singapore female residents  
aged 50 to 69 years by marital status, 2023 
Characteristic 
Had a mammography 
within the last 2 years 
Total 
34.7 
 
 
Marital status 
 
Never married 
28.4 
Ever-married 
35.6 
 
Trends in Breast Cancer Screening 
Between 2007 and 2023, the decrease in screening participation for breast cancer was 
only significant for females with secondary and post-secondary education while the 
downward trends for overall and other groups were not significant (Table 8.2).  
 
Comparing 2023 with the pre-COVID-19 period in 2019, there was no significant change 
in the breast cancer screening participation at the overall or any of the subgroup levels.  
 
 


 
52 
 
Table 8.2: Breast cancer screening participation (%) among Singapore female 
residents aged 50 to 69 years by age, education, and ethnicity, 2007 to 2023 
 
NHSS 
NHS 
NHSS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
2007 
2010 
2013 
2017 
2019 
2020 
2021 
2022 
2023 
Total 
41.0 
39.6 
42.7 
30.9  
(26.9, 34.9) 
38.7  
(34.8, 42.6) 
37.9  
(34.7, 41.2) 
31.1  
(28.0, 34.1)a 
37.6  
(34.5, 40.6)a 
34.7  
(31.7, 37.8) 
ASR 
40.2 
39.3 
41.3 
30.7 
39.0 
37.9 
31.5 
37.7 
34.7 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
50-59 
43.6 
40.5 
44.3 
32.7  
(27.3, 38.2) 
40.2  
(34.7, 45.7) 
40.9  
(36.1, 45.8) 
31.6  
(27.3, 36.0)a 
41.1  
(36.6, 45.5)a 
38.4  
(34.1, 42.8) 
60-69 
35.8 
37.9 
39.9 
28.4  
(23.0, 33.9) 
36.9  
(31.4, 42.4) 
34.3  
(29.7, 38.8) 
30.4  
(26.1, 34.8) 
33.6  
(29.3, 37.8) 
30.6  
(26.5, 34.7) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Primary 
29.9 
29.3 
25.5 
24.3  
(17.4, 31.2) 
28.4  
(22.2, 34.6) 
22.6  
(17.3, 27.8) 
24.6  
(18.3, 31.0) 
27.7  
(22.0, 33.4) 
20.8  
(15.4, 26.2) 
Secondary 
48.4 
40.8 
46.2 
28.6  
(22.8, 34.4) 
37.0  
(32.3, 41.7) 
32.9  
(28.0, 37.9) 
26.0  
(21.6, 30.4) 
34.5  
(29.5, 39.4) 
31.5c  
(27.0, 36.0) 
Post- 
secondary 
54.8 
60.7 
66.0 
45.6  
(35.7, 55.5) 
49.6  
(41.2, 58.0) 
54.3  
(48.0, 60.6) 
42.4  
(37.0, 47.9)a 
46.5  
(41.3, 51.7) 
44.6c  
(39.3, 49.9) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Chinese 
41.9 
41.7 
44.4 
32.2  
(27.6, 36.8) 
40.1  
(35.7, 44.6) 
41.3  
(37.6, 45.0) 
31.7  
(28.2, 35.2)a 
39.5  
(35.9, 43.0)a 
36.6  
(33.0, 40.1) 
Malays 
35.0 
23.5 
28.1 
10.4  
(4.3, 16.5) 
28.9  
(20.5, 37.3)a 
17.6  
(10.7, 24.4) 
18.7  
(11.7, 25.8) 
21.5  
(14.7, 28.3) 
16.9  
(11.0, 22.8) 
Indians 
38.2 
41.9 
44.8 
46.3  
(30.2, 62.3) 
41.0  
(28.5, 53.5) 
43.2  
(31.3, 55.1) 
37.7  
(27.0, 48.4) 
43.9  
(32.9, 54.9) 
40.4  
(28.2, 52.5) 
Notes: (1) Figures in ( ) refer to the 95% confidence intervals. a Indicates that the results for any two consecutive survey years 
are significantly different statistically at 5% significance level as the confidence intervals for these two survey years 
did not overlap (e.g. NPHS 2022 and NPHS 2023). 
 
(2) ASR: Age-standardised rate. The reference population used is Singapore Census 2020 female resident population. 
 
(3) Analysis based on highest education attained served as a proxy to socio-economic factors. 
 
 
Primary education: No formal qualification/ Primary/ PSLE.  
 
 
Secondary education: Secondary/ GCE ‘O’/ ‘N’ level.  
 
 
Post-secondary education: GCE ‘A’ Level/ Polytechnic & other diploma/ Degree & professional qualification. 
(4) c Indicate statistically significant linear downward trend between 2007 and 2023 with p-value <0.05. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


 
53 
 
Chapter 9 
Cervical Cancer Screening 
 
Key Points 
• 
In 2023, more than two in five (45.4%) Singapore female residents aged 25 to 74 
years reported that they had gone for cervical cancer screening (had done Pap test 
in the past three years or HPV test in the past five years). 
• 
Women aged 30 to 59 years (more than 50%) were most likely to have undergone 
cervical cancer screening. 
 
Introduction 
Cervical cancer was the 10th most common cancer among women in Singapore for the 
latest five-year period from 2018-2022, accounting for 2.5% of cancer diagnoses in 
females (NRDO 2024). During this period, the age-standardised incidence rate of cervical 
cancer was 6.8 per 100,000 women and it accounted for 2.4% of all cancer deaths among 
females.  
 
Major risk factors for cervical cancer include having sexual intercourse at an early age, 
having multiple sexual partners and infection with Human Papillomavirus (HPV) (the 
cause of genital warts). Long term consumption of combined oral contraceptive pills and 
cigarette smoking are also the risk factors8.  
 
Based on the latest recommendations on cervical cancer screening in 20199, women 
aged 25 to 29 years are recommended to undergo a Pap test at a three yearly interval 
while women aged 30 years and above are recommended to take a HPV test at a five-
yearly interval.   
 
 
8 American Cancer Society. “Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer”. 
https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/cervical-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html (accessed 
on 2 July 2024) 
  
9 Based on Ministry of Health Circular No. 08/2019 dated 6 March 2019 on “Release of New Screening 
Test Review Committee Guidelines, Including Changes to Diabetes Mellitus, Lipid Disorders, And Cervical 
Cancer Screening”.  


 
54 
 
Methodology 
An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used. Female respondents were asked 
on their practice of cervical cancer screening as well as where they took the test; and 
which test (Pap test/ HPV test) was taken.      
 
Practice of Cervical Cancer Screening  
In 2023, among women aged 25 to 74 years, more than two in five (45.4%) Singapore 
women aged 25 to 74 years had undergone cervical cancer screening (had done a Pap 
test in the past three years or HPV test in the past five years) (Table 9.1). The proportion 
of women who had undergone cervical cancer screening was higher among ever-married 
women (52.9%) than women who were never married (20.2%). Chinese (46.9%) and 
Indian (46.2%) women were more likely to have undergone cervical cancer screening 
compared to Malays (31.4%) women (Table 9.2). Women aged 30 to 59 years were the 
most likely to have undergone cervical cancer screening. Women with post-secondary 
education (52.7%) were more likely to have undergone cervical cancer screening 
compared to those with secondary (34.5%) or primary education (26.7%). The majority of 
the women had their last cervical cancer screening in private GP clinics (25.1%), followed 
by specialist outpatient clinics in the public hospitals (23.0%), polyclinics (19.6%) or 
specialist outpatient clinics in the private hospitals (18.6%).    
 
Table 9.1: Practice of cervical cancer screening (%) among Singapore  
women aged 25 to 74 years by marital status, 2023 
Characteristic 
Had a cervical 
cancer screening  
Total 
45.4 
 
 
Marital status 
 
Never married 
20.2 
Ever-married 
52.9 
 
 
 


 
55 
 
Trends in Cervical Cancer Screening 
The crude and age-standardised screening participation for cervical cancer decreased 
significantly from 2007 to 2023 (Table 9.2). Significant decreases were also seen in some 
age groups (25 to 29 years, 30 to 39 years and 70 to 74 years), across all education 
levels and among Chinese and Malay women.  
 
Between 2019 and 2023, similar decreasing trends in screening participation were also 
observed at the overall and subgroup levels though most decreases were not significant 
except in the 70 to 74 years age group.   
 
Table 9.2: Cervical cancer screening participation (%) among Singapore  
female residents aged 25 to 74 years by age, education, and ethnicity,  
2007 to 2023 
 
NHSS 
NHS 
NHSS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
2007 
2010 
2013 
2017 
2019 
2020 
2021 
2022 
2023 
Total 
57.9 
46.8 
48.9 
46.3  
(43.5, 49.1) 
48.2  
(45.8, 50.7) 
45.4  
(43.1, 47.6) 
41.0 
(38.7, 43.3) 
43.1  
(41.2, 45.1) 
45.4c  
(43.3, 47.4) 
ASR 
54.1 
44.3 
47.6 
45.0 
47.8 
44.7 
41.1 
42.9 
44.9c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
25-29 
49.5 
32.3 
29.4 
21.5  
(14.2, 28.9) 
21.0  
(15.1, 26.9) 
18.8  
(12.8, 24.7) 
21.4  
(15.2, 27.5) 
17.6  
(12.5, 22.6) 
20.3c  
(13.4, 27.3) 
30-39 
69.5 
59.5 
53.9 
57.5  
(51.5, 63.4) 
55.9  
(51.0, 60.7) 
52.2  
(47.6, 56.9) 
43.6  
(39.1, 48.2) 
47.1  
(43.1, 51.1) 
54.6c  
(50.3, 59.0) 
40-49 
64.6 
57.1 
54.6 
56.8  
(51.1, 62.6) 
58.8  
(54.1, 63.5) 
57.6  
(52.8, 62.4) 
56.1  
(50.8, 61.5) 
58.2 
(54.3, 62.0) 
57.8  
(53.8, 61.9) 
50-59 
59.8 
43.8 
48.4 
48.8  
(42.6, 54.9) 
56.5  
(51.5, 61.5) 
52.8  
(47.7, 57.9) 
44.9  
(40.0, 49.8) 
49.3  
(44.7, 53.9) 
50.5  
(45.9, 55.0) 
60-69 
33.3 
29.0 
44.2 
33.9 
(28.2, 39.5) 
37.0  
(31.2, 42.8) 
33.9  
(29.2, 38.6) 
32.5  
(27.9, 37.0) 
34.6  
(30.3, 38.9) 
34.3  
(29.7, 38.9) 
70-74 
s 
s 
47.5 
18.0  
(10.0, 26.1)  
25.1  
(17.8, 32.4) 
20.6  
(14.0, 27.3) 
20.9  
(12.8, 29.1) 
15.4  
(10.1, 20.6) 
17.0c,e  
(11.2, 22.8) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Primary 
38.2 
31.2 
36.3 
27.9  
(22.5, 33.2) 
28.9  
(23.7, 34.1) 
28.3  
(23.4, 33.2) 
29.4  
(23.5, 35.4) 
23.9  
(19.4, 28.5) 
26.7c  
(21.5, 31.8) 
Secondary 
62.5 
51.0 
50.7 
42.4  
(37.3, 47.5) 
49.8  
(45.8, 53.9) 
40.5  
(36.3, 44.6)a 
35.2  
(31.2, 39.2) 
37.4  
(33.6, 41.2) 
34.5c  
(30.7, 38.3) 
Post- 
secondary 
66.4 
52.5 
53.4 
55.5  
(51.3, 59.8) 
52.8  
(49.3, 56.4) 
51.7  
(48.6, 54.8) 
45.9  
(42.8, 49.0) 
49.0  
(46.4, 51.6) 
52.7c  
(50.0, 55.3) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Chinese 
59.4 
47.6 
50.8 
48.5  
(45.3, 51.7) 
49.9  
(46.8, 52.9) 
47.2  
(44.6, 49.8) 
42.2  
(39.5, 44.9) 
45.3  
(43.0, 47.6) 
46.9c  
(44.5, 49.3) 
Malays 
48.9 
38.5 
38.6 
29.1  
(22.2, 36.0) 
34.8  
(28.8, 40.8) 
29.8  
(23.5, 36.0) 
29.2  
(23.0, 35.5) 
30.3  
(25.5, 35.1) 
31.4c  
(26.5, 36.4) 
Indians 
51.8 
47.0 
42.8 
47.4  
(39.6, 55.2) 
46.1  
(39.4, 52.8) 
46.3  
(38.8, 53.7) 
44.4  
(38.1, 50.8) 
38.6  
(32.4, 44.8) 
46.2  
(38.2, 54.3) 
Notes: (1) 
Figures in ( ) refer to the 95% confidence intervals. a Indicates that the results for any two consecutive survey years 
are significantly different statistically at 5% significance level as the confidence intervals for these two survey years 
did not overlap (e.g. NPHS 2022 and NPHS 2023). 
 
(2) 
s: Data have been suppressed due to small counts or high sampling variability. 
 
(3) 
ASR: Age-standardised rate. The reference population used is Singapore Census 2020 female resident population. 
 
(4) 
Analysis based on highest education attained served as a proxy to socio-economic factors. 
 
 
Primary education: No formal qualification/ Primary/ PSLE.  
 
 
Secondary education: Secondary/ GCE ‘O’/ ‘N’ level.  
 
 
Post-secondary education: GCE ‘A’ Level/ Polytechnic & other diploma/ Degree & professional qualification. 
(5) 
c Indicate statistically significant linear downward trend between 2007 and 2023 with p-value <0.05. 
(6) 
e Indicate statistically significant linear downward trend between 2019 and 2023 with p-value <0.05  


 
56 
 
Chapter 10 
Colorectal Cancer Screening 
 
Key Points 
• In 2023, 41.7% of Singapore residents aged 50 to 74 years had undergone 
colorectal screening within the recommended screening frequency.  
• Approximately one in four of these residents aged 50 to 74 years reported having 
undergone a Faecal Immunochemical Test (FIT) at least once in the past one year 
(24.1%) or  had undergone colonoscopy in the past 10 years (27.7%). 
• The practice of taking a FIT or a colonoscopy was more prevalent among males 
(43.8%) than females (39.6%). 
 
Introduction 
Colorectal cancer was the most common and second most common cancer among 
Singapore men and women respectively for the latest five-year period from 2018-2022, 
accounting for 16.2% of cancer diagnoses in males and 12.9% of cancer diagnoses in 
females (NRDO 2024). During this period, the age-standardised incidence rate of 
colorectal cancer was 37.9 per 100,000 men and 27.0 per 100,000 women respectively 
and it accounted for 14.3% of cancer deaths in males and 15.6% of cancer deaths in 
females. 
 
Factors that have been associated with higher risk of colorectal cancer include specific 
hereditary conditions, older age, inflammatory bowel diseases, regular high saturated 
fat/low fiber diet, excessive alcohol intake and sedentary lifestyle10.  
 
Faecal Immunochemical Test (FIT) and colonoscopy are able to detect colorectal cancer 
at an early stage. The Screening Test Review Committee recommends annual screening 
for colorectal cancer using FIT for people aged 50 years and older who are at average 
risk for colorectal cancer. For a person who is tested positive for FIT, colonoscopy is the 
confirmatory diagnostic investigations.  
 
10 CDC. “Colorectal Cancer Risk Factors”. https://www.cdc.gov/colorectal-cancer/risk-factors/index.html 
(accessed on 2 July 2024).  


 
57 
 
Methodology 
An interviewer administered questionnaire was used. Respondents were asked whether 
they had ever done a FIT or colonoscopy, and where they took the FIT. 
 
Practice of FIT 
Based on the survey, 24.1% of Singapore residents aged 50 to 74 years reported to have 
a FIT in the last one year (Table 10.1). Higher proportion of males (26.0%) than females 
(22.2%) had undergone a FIT in the last one year. Chinese (25.7%) were more likely to 
take a FIT compared to Malays (10.5%) and Indians (14.6%). Higher proportion of 
residents with post-secondary (32.9%) had done a FIT in the last one year compared to 
residents with secondary (19.0%) or primary (15.3%) education. The majority of 
Singapore residents had their last FIT in private GP clinics (29.4%), followed by 
polyclinics (16.4%) and specialist outpatient clinics in the public hospitals (14.9%). More 
than one in five (22.3%) residents tested using the FIT kit that they had collected from 
pharmacies, clinics or Singapore Cancer Society. 
 
Practice of Colonoscopy  
27.7% of Singapore residents aged 50 to 74 years reported to have undergone a 
colonoscopy in the last 10 years (Table 10.1). Similar to the practice of FIT, the practice 
of colonoscopy was more prevalent among males (28.6%) than females (26.8%). 
Chinese (30.0%) were more likely to have undergone a colonoscopy compared to Malays 
(17.2%) and Indians (16.6%). By education attainment, more than one-third (34.9%) of 
residents with post-secondary had a colonoscopy in the last 10 years compared to 
residents with secondary (26.4%) or primary (15.8%) education. 
 
 
 


 
58 
 
Table 10.1: Practice of FIT or colonoscopy (%) among Singapore residents aged 
50 to 74 years by socio-demographic characteristics, 2023 
Characteristic 
Had a FIT in 
last 1 year 
Had a 
colonoscopy in 
last 10 years 
Total 
24.1 
27.7 
 
 
 
Age (years) 
 
 
50-59 
27.3 
25.4 
60-69 
22.0 
29.0 
70-74 
19.2 
31.3 
 
 
 
Sex 
 
 
Males 
26.0 
28.6 
Females 
22.2 
26.8 
 
 
 
Highest education attained 
 
 
Primary 
15.3 
15.8 
Secondary 
19.0 
26.4 
Post-secondary 
32.9 
34.9 
 
 
 
Ethnic group 
 
 
Chinese 
25.7 
30.0 
Malays 
10.5 
17.2 
Indians 
14.6 
16.6 
Note: 
Analysis based on highest education attained served as a proxy to socio-economic factors. 
Primary education: No formal qualification/ Primary/ PSLE.  
Secondary education: Secondary/ GCE ‘O’/ ‘N’ level.  
Post-secondary education: GCE ‘A’ Level/ Polytechnic & other diploma/ Degree & professional 
qualification. 
 
Trends in Colorectal Cancer Screening 
Any residents who took a FIT in the last one year or had undergone a colonoscopy in the 
last 10 years are considered as having been screened for colorectal cancer. In 2023, 
41.7% of Singapore residents aged 50 to 74 years had undergone colorectal screening 
within the recommended screening frequency (Table 10.2). Females (39.6%) had lower 
screening participation compared to males (43.8%). Malay residents (23.7%) had lower 
screening participation compared to Chinese (44.6%) and Indian (35.0%) residents. In 
general, residents with higher education levels were more likely to have screened for 
colorectal cancer, where more than one in two (52.9%) residents with post-secondary 
education had done the screening compared to almost two in five (37.9%) residents with 
secondary education and about one in four (26.0%) residents with primary education. 
 


 
59 
 
The crude and age-standardised screening rate for colorectal cancer rose significantly 
from 2007 to 2023 (Table 10.2). The increase was seen across all ages, sex, education 
and ethnic groups over this period.  
 
The overall colorectal cancer screening participation in 2023 (41.7%) was similar to that 
of 2019 (42.0%). No significant changes were observed across all subgroups between 
the period of 2019 to 2023. 
 
Table 10.2: Colorectal cancer screening participation (%) among Singapore 
residents aged 50 to 74 years by age, sex, education, and ethnicity,  
2007 to 2023 
 
NHSS 
NHS 
NHSS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
2007 
2010 
2013 
2017 
2019 
2020 
2021 
2022 
2023 
Total 
14.6 
19.4 
21.2 
33.5  
(30.5, 36.6) 
42.0 
(39.1, 44.8)a 
41.1  
(38.9, 43.3) 
36.6 
(34.4, 38.8)a 
38.1  
(36.2, 40.1) 
41.7b  
(39.7, 43.7) 
ASR 
15.0 
19.4 
22.1 
33.5 
42.0 
41.2 
36.5 
38.0 
41.7b 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
50-59 
13.7 
18.6 
19.1 
32.5 
(28.6, 36.4) 
39.7  
(35.9, 43.5) 
39.8  
(36.4, 43.2) 
33.9  
(30.3, 37.4) 
36.2  
(33.1, 39.2) 
41.5b  
(38.4, 44.6) 
60-69 
16.6 
21.3 
21.9 
35.4 
(30.7, 40.2) 
44.3  
(39.8, 48.7) 
43.6  
(40.0, 47.2) 
38.8  
(35.7, 41.9) 
39.7  
(36.6, 42.8) 
42.2b  
(39.1, 45.4) 
70-74 
13.8 
18.5 
30.4 
31.5 
(24.7, 38.4) 
43.7  
(37.0, 50.3) 
38.3  
(32.7, 43.9) 
39.5  
(34.2, 44.7) 
39.9  
(35.3, 44.5) 
40.5b  
(35.6, 45.5) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Males 
17.2 
21.7 
22.2 
36.2  
(31.7, 40.7) 
45.4  
(41.5, 49.2)a 
44.6  
(41.2, 47.9) 
39.1  
(36.0, 42.2) 
40.0  
(37.2, 42.8) 
43.8b  
(40.9, 46.7) 
Females 
12.1 
17.2 
20.3 
30.9  
(27.1, 34.8) 
38.7  
(35.5, 41.9)a 
37.7  
(34.6, 40.8) 
34.2  
(31.1, 37.3) 
36.3  
(33.6, 39.0) 
39.6b  
(36.8, 42.4) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Primary 
11.4 
12.3 
14.7 
25.9  
(21.4, 30.3) 
31.9  
(28.1, 35.7) 
27.9  
(24.2, 31.6) 
24.0  
(20.5, 27.4) 
27.4  
(24.0, 30.8) 
26.0b  
(22.5, 29.6) 
Secondary 
16.5 
19.0 
21.6 
33.2  
(28.5, 37.8) 
38.9  
(34.9, 42.9) 
35.8  
(32.3, 39.2) 
34.9  
(31.3, 38.5) 
34.3  
(31.2, 37.4) 
37.9b  
(34.8, 41.1) 
Post- 
secondary 
16.8 
32.5 
29.5 
44.0  
(37.8, 50.3) 
53.5  
(48.4, 58.6) 
54.9  
(50.8, 59.0) 
46.7  
(42.9, 50.4)a 
48.0  
(44.5, 51.4) 
52.9b  
(49.5, 56.2) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Chinese 
15.2 
21.3 
22.3 
34.6 
(31.1, 38.0) 
43.6  
(40.4, 46.8)a 
44.7  
(42.2, 47.3) 
38.6  
(36.1, 41.1)a 
41.7  
(39.4, 43.9) 
44.6b  
(42.3, 46.9) 
Malays 
10.0 
6.9 
12.4 
20.4 
(13.3, 27.5) 
31.9  
(24.7, 39.2) 
17.5  
(12.8, 22.1)a 
25.5  
(19.3, 31.8) 
19.0  
(14.6, 23.5) 
23.7b  
(18.8, 28.6) 
Indians 
14.8 
18.7 
22.1 
36.9 
(26.8, 47.0) 
37.5  
(29.3, 45.7) 
40.3  
(32.4, 48.1) 
29.6  
(23.2, 36.0) 
28.5  
(22.4, 34.7) 
35.0b  
(27.8, 42.3) 
Notes: (1) 
Figures in ( ) refer to the 95% confidence intervals. a Indicates that the results for any two consecutive survey 
years are significantly different statistically at 5% significance level as the confidence intervals for these two 
survey years did not overlap (e.g. NPHS 2022 and NPHS 2023). 
 
(2) 
ASR: Age-standardised rate. The reference population used is Singapore Census 2020 resident population. 
 
(3) 
Analysis based on highest education attained served as a proxy to socio-economic factors. 
 
 
Primary education: No formal qualification/ Primary/ PSLE.  
 
 
Secondary education: Secondary/ GCE ‘O’/ ‘N’ level.  
 
 
Post-secondary education: GCE ‘A’ Level/ Polytechnic & other diploma/ Degree & professional qualification. 
(4) 
b Indicate statistically significant linear upward trend between 2007 and 2023 with p-value <0.05. 
 
 
 
 


 
60 
 
Chapter 11 
Self-reported Vaccination Uptake 
 
Key Points 
• In 2023, approximately one in five (21.7%) Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years 
reported that they had received influenza vaccination in the past 12 months. 
• The self-reported influenza vaccination uptake among males (22.1%) was similar 
than females (21.4%). 
• All the ethnic groups had similar self-reported influenza vaccination uptake  (Malays: 
23.1%, Indians: 22.3% and Chinese: 21.4%). 
• The proportion of elderly aged 65 to 74 years who reported ever having received 
pneumococcal vaccination was 35.0% in 2023. 
 
Introduction 
Seasonal influenza, which is commonly called flu, is a respiratory illness caused by 
influenza viruses which is highly contagious. For healthy individuals, influenza is usually 
self-limiting. However, it can sometimes lead to complications and even death. Those 
who are at risk of serious flu complications such as older persons, young children, adults 
and children with certain medical conditions and pregnant women should get vaccinated11. 
Annual influenza vaccination is recommended under the National Childhood 
Immunisation Schedule (NCIS) and National Adult Immunisation Schedule (NAIS) for 
these groups of persons12. 
 
 
 
 
11  Healthhub. “Influenza”. https://www.healthhub.sg/a-z/diseases-and-conditions/103/topics_influenza 
(accessed on 31 March 2023).  
 
12  Ministry of Health. “Nationally Recommended Vaccines”. https://www.moh.gov.sg/resources-
statistics/nationally-recommended-vaccines (accessed on 31 March 2023).  
 


 
61 
 
Pneumococcal vaccine helps to prevent pneumococcal disease caused by the bacteria 
Streptococcus pneumonia. It can cause a wide spectrum of illnesses and disease burden 
is greater at the extremes of ages, that is, those less than five years old and those older 
than 65 years old, as well as those with certain medical conditions. These include 
infection of the lungs (pneumonia), ear (otitis media), brain (meningitis) and blood 
(bacteremia)13. The NAIS and NCIS recommends all persons aged 65 years or older to 
be vaccinated against pneumococcal disease, as well as other groups of persons at 
higher risk of complications from pneumococcal infection12. 
 
Methodology 
An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to measure the uptake of both 
vaccinations. Respondents were asked “In the past 12 months, have you had an injection 
to protect you from getting flu?” and “Have you ever had pneumococcal vaccination?”  
 
Self-reported Influenza Vaccination 
The self-reported influenza vaccination among Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years 
was 21.7% in 2023, with the proportion being similar among males (22.1%) and females 
(21.4%). Singapore residents aged 65 to 74 years had the highest self-reported influenza 
vaccination at 40.6% and more than double the proportion of residents vaccinated in the 
other age groups (Table 11.1). All the ethnic groups had similar self-reported influenza 
vaccination uptake with Malays at 23.1%, Indians at 22.3%, and Chinese at 21.4% (Graph 
11.1).  
 
Table 11.1: Age-specific (%) of self-reported influenza vaccination uptake among  
Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years by sex, 2023 
Age (years) 
Total 
Males 
Females 
18-29 
19.6 
23.9 
15.2 
30-39 
20.9 
17.7 
23.8 
40-49 
15.5 
18.2 
13.0 
50-64 
18.7 
18.0 
19.5 
65-74 
40.6 
40.8 
40.4 
18-74 
21.7 
22.1 
21.4 
 
 
 
 
13
 Healthhub. 
“Pneumococcal 
Disease”. 
https://www.healthhub.sg/a-z/diseases-and-
conditions/121/topic_pneumococcal_disease (accessed on 21 March 2022).  


 
62 
 
Graph 11.1: Self-reported influenza vaccination uptake (%) among Singapore  
residents aged 18 to 74 years by sex and ethnicity, 2023 
 
 
Trends in Self-reported Influenza Vaccination Uptake 
Among Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years, the crude and age-standardised self-
reported influenza vaccination uptake showed a significant increasing trend between 
2017 and 2023 (Table 11.2). Similar increases were observed among some age groups 
(30 to 39 years, and 65 to 74 years), in both sexes, among Chinese and residents with 
primary and secondary education during this period. 
 
Between 2019 and 2023 there was a significant improvement in influenza vaccination 
uptake reported among residents aged 30 to 39 years, among males, and those with 
primary education. 
 
Self-reported Pneumococcal Vaccination Uptake Among Elderly 
The proportion of elderly aged 65 to 74 years who reported ever having received 
pneumococcal vaccination was 35.0% in 2023, with similar proportion reported among 
males (35.0%) and females (34.9%) (Table 11.3). Among the ethnic groups, Chinese 
(36.7%) had higher self-reported pneumococcal vaccination uptake than Malays (29.2%) 
and Indians (27.8%). In 2023, pneumococcal vaccination uptake increased with 
education attainment at 28.4%, 33.4%, and 46.4% for residents with primary education, 
secondary education, and post-secondary education, respectively. 
21.4
22.0
20.9
23.1
24.1
22.2
22.3
20.1
24.5
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
Total
Males
Females
Percent of respondents
Chinese
Malays
Indians


 
63 
 
There was a significant upward trend in the pneumococcal vaccination uptake among 
Singapore residents aged 65 to 74 years from 2017 to 2023. Significant improvement in 
the pneumococcal vaccination uptake was reported among males and females, across 
all education levels, and among Chinese over the same period (Table 11.3).   
 
Table 11.2: Self-reported influenza vaccination uptake (%) among Singapore 
residents aged 18 to 74 years by age, gender, sex, and ethnicity, 2017 to 2023 
 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
2017 
2019 
2020 
2021 
2022 
2023 
Total 
13.1  
(11.7, 14.5) 
17.4  
(16.0,18.7)a 
17.0  
(15.8,18.2) 
18.7  
(17.6, 19.9) 
18.0 
(16.9, 19.0) 
21.7b  
(20.6, 22.9)a 
ASR 
13.0 
17.4 
17.0 
18.6 
17.8 
21.5b 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
18-29 
17.8  
(13.8, 21.8) 
21.2  
(17.7, 24.7) 
19.8  
(16.5, 23.0) 
21.3  
(17.8, 24.8) 
17.9  
(15.2, 20.6) 
19.6  
(16.5, 22.6) 
30-39 
14.2  
(11.0, 17.3) 
16.0  
(13.2, 18.8) 
17.4  
(14.4, 20.4) 
16.9  
(14.6, 19.1) 
19.5  
(17.1, 21.9) 
20.9b,d  
(18.3, 23.5) 
40-49 
9.6  
(7.0, 12.2) 
12.1  
(9.9, 14.3) 
12.6  
(10.3, 14.9) 
14.0  
(12.0, 16.0) 
11.6  
(9.9, 13.3) 
15.5  
(13.4, 17.6)a 
50-64 
11.3  
(9.0, 13.6) 
16.2  
(13.7, 18.6)a 
15.4  
(13.3, 17.6) 
14.7  
(12.8, 16.6) 
15.4  
(13.6, 17.2) 
18.7  
(16.7, 20.7) 
65-74 
13.5  
(9.8, 17.3) 
24.2  
(20.2, 28.2)a 
22.5  
(19.4, 25.5) 
32.4  
(29.0, 35.8)a 
29.7 
 (26.7, 32.7) 
40.6b  
(37.2, 43.9)a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Males 
14.2  
(12.1, 16.4) 
16.0  
(14.3, 17.7) 
18.0  
(16.0, 19.9) 
18.4  
(16.7, 20.0) 
18.5  
(17.0, 20.0) 
22.1b,d  
(20.4, 23.8)a 
Females 
12.0  
(10.2, 13.8) 
18.7  
(16.6, 20.7)a 
16.1  
(14.6, 17.6) 
19.1  
(17.5, 20.7) 
17.5  
(16.1, 18.8) 
21.4b  
(19.8, 23.0)a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Primary 
8.4  
(6.1, 10.8) 
16.4  
(12.9, 19.9)a 
15.3  
(12.6, 18.1) 
18.3  
(15.1, 21.5) 
22.6 
 (19.6, 25.7) 
24.6b,d  
(21.3, 27.9) 
Secondary 
11.6  
(9.2, 14.0) 
15.3  
(13.3, 17.3) 
14.1  
(12.3, 16.0) 
18.9  
(16.8, 21.0)a 
16.9  
(15.1, 18.8) 
22.6b  
(20.4, 24.8)a 
Post-
secondary 
15.1  
(13.2, 17.1) 
18.5  
(16.7, 20.3) 
18.7  
(16.9, 20.4) 
18.8  
(17.2, 20.3) 
17.6  
(16.3, 18.9) 
20.9  
(19.5, 22.4)a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Chinese 
12.0  
(10.4, 13.6) 
16.7  
(15.0, 18.3)a 
17.2  
(15.8, 18.6) 
18.5  
(17.1, 19.8) 
17.8 
 (16.6, 19.0) 
21.4b  
(20.1, 22.7)a 
Malays 
18.2  
(13.8, 22.6) 
19.9  
(16.4, 23.4) 
15.8  
(12.9, 18.7) 
20.1  
(17.0, 23.3) 
20.4  
(17.5, 23.3) 
23.1  
(20.0, 26.3) 
Indians 
14.5  
(10.6, 18.4) 
19.8  
(15.4, 24.3) 
17.4  
(12.3, 22.6) 
19.4  
(14.8, 24.0) 
15.8  
(12.8, 18.8) 
22.3  
(18.1, 26.5) 
Notes: (1) Figures in ( ) refer to the 95% confidence intervals. a Indicates that the results for any two consecutive 
survey years are significantly different statistically at 5% significance level as the confidence intervals for 
these two survey years did not overlap (e.g. NPHS 2022 and NPHS 2023). 
 
(2) ASR: Age-standardised rate. The reference population used is Singapore Census 2020 resident 
population. 
 
(3) Analysis based on highest education attained served as a proxy to socio-economic factors. 
 
 
Primary education: No formal qualification/ Primary/ PSLE.  
 
 
Secondary education: Secondary/ GCE ‘O’/ ‘N’ level.  
 
 
Post-secondary education: GCE ‘A’ Level/ Polytechnic & other diploma/ Degree & professional 
qualification. 
(4) b Indicate statistically significant linear upward trend between 2017 and 2023 with p-value <0.05. 
(5) d Indicate statistically significant linear upward trend between 2019 and 2023 with p-value <0.05 


 
64 
 
Table 11.3: Self-reported pneumococcal vaccination uptake (%) among Singapore 
residents aged 65 to 74 years by sex, education, and ethnicity,  
2017 to 2023 
 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
2017 
2019 
2020 
2021 
2022 
2023 
Total 
11.9  
(7.4, 16.4) 
10.3  
(7.9, 12.7) 
14.4  
(11.8, 17.0) 
22.4  
(19.3, 25.5)a 
26.5  
(23.5, 29.4) 
35.0b,d  
(31.8, 38.2)a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Males 
s 
10.4  
(7.2, 13.7) 
13.8  
(10.0, 17.7) 
21.9  
(17.9, 25.9)a 
26.9  
(22.4, 31.3) 
35.0b,d  
(30.3, 39.7) 
Females 
12.7  
(8.0, 17.3) 
10.2  
(6.8, 13.6) 
15.0  
(11.5, 18.4) 
22.8  
(18.1, 27.5) 
26.1  
(22.3, 30.0) 
34.9b,d  
(30.6, 39.2)a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Primary 
9.6  
(4.2, 15.0) 
6.5  
(4.2, 8.9)  
14.4  
(10.5,18.2)a 
20.5  
(14.4, 26.7) 
24.2 
(19.9, 28.6) 
28.4b,d  
(23.7, 33.1) 
Secondary 
13.3  
(6.8, 19.9) 
11.4  
(7.2, 15.6)  
13.8  
(9.9,17.6) 
22.2  
(18.0, 26.5)a 
28.7  
(24.0, 33.4) 
33.4b,d  
(28.7, 38.2) 
Post-
secondary 
s 
16.2  
(8.9, 23.5)  
15.7  
(9.1, 22.2) 
25.5  
(19.1, 32.0) 
26.3  
(19.6, 33.0) 
46.4b,d 
 (39.0, 53.9)a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Chinese 
9.8  
(6.0, 13.6) 
9.9  
(7.4, 12.3) 
15.1  
(12.2, 18.0) 
21.6  
(18.2, 25.0)a 
27.2  
(23.9, 30.4) 
36.7b,d  
(33.1, 40.2)a 
Malays 
s 
s 
s 
23.3  
(13.8, 32.8) 
24.5  
(14.8, 34.3) 
29.2  
(20.6, 37.7) 
Indians 
s 
s 
s 
32.2  
(17.5, 47.0) 
22.3  
(12.4, 32.2) 
27.8  
(14.7, 40.8) 
Notes: (1) Figures in ( ) refer to the 95% confidence intervals. a Indicates that the results for any two consecutive 
survey years are significantly different statistically at 5% significance level as the confidence intervals for 
these two survey years did not overlap (e.g. NPHS 2022 and NPHS 2023). 
 
(2) s: Data have been suppressed due to small counts or high sampling variability. 
 
(3) Analysis based on highest education attained served as a proxy to socio-economic factors. 
 
 
Primary education: No formal qualification/ Primary/ PSLE.  
 
 
Secondary education: Secondary/ GCE ‘O’/ ‘N’ level.  
 
 
Post-secondary education: GCE ‘A’ Level/ Polytechnic & other diploma/ Degree & professional 
qualification. 
(4) b Indicate statistically significant linear upward trend between 2017 and 2023 with p-value <0.05. 
(5) d Indicate statistically significant linear upward trend between 2019 and 2023 with p-value <0.05 
 
 
 
 
 


 
65 
 
Chapter 12 
Mental Health 
 
Key Points 
• The prevalence of poor mental health, as measured by the 12-item General Health 
Questionnaire (GHQ-12), among Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years was 
15.0% in 2023. 
• More females (17.6%) reported poor mental health compared to males (12.2%) in 
2023.  
• Younger adults aged 18 to 29 years had the highest proportion (26.0%) with poor 
mental health while the prevalence for other age groups were much lower, ranging 
from 8.2% for the 60 to 74 years age group to 17.2% for the 30 to 39 years age 
group. 
• In 2023, Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years indicated that they were more 
willing to seek help informally from their support network (78.4%) than formally from 
healthcare professionals (62.8%) if they were constantly unable to cope with stress. 
• In 2023, females were more willing to seek help from healthcare professionals and 
informal support networks compared to males (females: 63.3% and 81.6% 
respectively; males: 62.3% and 75.1% respectively). 
• Among the age groups, Singapore residents in the oldest age band (60 to 74 years) 
(51.2%) were least willing to seek help from healthcare professionals while those 
aged 30 to 39 years (71.9%) were the most willing to do so in 2023. 
• Similarly, the proportion of Singapore residents who were willing to seek help from 
informal support networks decreased with age -- it was the highest among younger 
adults aged 18 to 39 years (85.4% for both 18 to 29 years and 30 to 39 years age 
groups) and lowest among older adults aged 60 to 74 years (65.6%). 
 
Introduction 
The WHO defines mental health as more than the absence of mental disorders. It is also 
a state of well-being in which the individual realises his or her own abilities, is able to cope 
with the normal stresses of life, work productively and fruitfully, and contribute to his or 
her community. A person’s mental health may be affected by multiple interrelated social, 
psychological and biological factors (WHO 2007). 


 
66 
 
Methodology 
The 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) was administered by interviewers 
and used to measure mental health. Cut-off for poor mental health (having a score of 3 
or more) was based on an earlier internal validation study conducted in 2003.  
 
Prevalence of Poor Mental Health 
The prevalence of poor mental health as measured by GHQ-12, among Singapore 
residents aged 18 to 74 years was 15.0% in 2023 (Table 12.1). More females (17.6%) 
reported poor mental health compared to males (12.2%). Younger adults aged 18 to 29 
years (26.0%) had the highest proportion with poor mental health while the prevalence 
for other age groups were much lower, ranging from 8.2% in the 60 to 74 years age group 
to 17.2% in the 30 to 39 years age group. Among the ethnic groups, Malays (16.1%) and 
Indians (16.1%) had higher proportion with poor mental health compared to Chinese 
(14.7%) (Graph 12.1). The proportion of Indian females (21.1%) with poor mental health 
was almost doubled that of Indian males (11.3%) while the difference in proportion 
between males and females among the Chinese and Malays were much narrower. 
Residents with post-secondary education (16.4%) had higher prevalence of poor mental 
health compared to residents with primary (9.5%) or secondary education (13.4%) (Table 
12.2). 
 
Table 12.1: Age-specific prevalence (%) of poor mental health among Singapore 
residents aged 18 to 74 years by sex, 2023 
Age (years) 
Total 
Males 
Females 
18-29 
26.0 
20.4 
31.7 
30-39 
17.2 
14.0 
20.2 
40-49 
13.4 
10.5 
16.1 
50-59 
11.2 
8.8 
13.5 
60-74 
8.2 
7.8 
8.7 
18-74 
15.0 
12.2 
17.6 
 
 
 
 
 


 
67 
 
Graph 12.1: Crude prevalence (%) of poor mental health among Singapore 
residents aged 18 to 74 years by sex and ethnicity, 2023 
 
 
Trends in Prevalence of Poor Mental Health 
The crude and age-standardised prevalence of poor mental health among Singapore 
residents aged 18 to 74 years increased between 2017 and 2023, though these increases 
were not significant (Table 12.2). The only significant increase in the prevalence of poor 
mental health was observed among younger residents aged 18 to 29 years between 2017 
(16.5%) and 2023 (26.0%). 
 
 
 
 
 
14.7
12.2
17.0
16.1
13.2
19.0
16.1
11.3
21.1
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
Total
Males
Females
Percent of respondents
Chinese
Malays
Indians


 
68 
 
Table 12.2: Prevalence (%) of poor mental health among Singapore residents 
aged 18 to 74 years by age, sex, education, and ethnicity,  
2017 to 2023 
Notes: (1) 
Figures in ( ) refer to the 95% confidence intervals. a Indicates that the results for any two consecutive 
survey periods (where data are available) are significantly different statistically at 5% significance level 
as the confidence intervals for these two survey periods did not overlap (e.g. NPHS 2022 and NPHS 
2023). 
 
(2) 
ASR: Age-standardised rate. The reference population used is Singapore Census 2020 resident 
population. 
 
(3) 
Analysis based on highest education attained, which served as a proxy for socio-economic factors. 
 
 
Primary education: No formal qualification/ Primary/ PSLE.  
 
 
Secondary education: Secondary/ GCE 'O'/ 'N' level.  
 
 
Post-secondary education: GCE ‘A' Level/ Polytechnic & other diploma/ Degree & professional 
qualification. 
 
(4) 
b Indicate statistically significant linear upward trend between 2017 and 2023 with p-value <0.05. 
 
 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
2017 
2020 
2022 
2023 
Total 
12.5  
(10.9, 14.0) 
13.4  
(12.4, 14.5) 
17.0  
(15.9, 18.0)a 
15.0  
(13.9, 16.0) 
ASR 
12.4 
13.3 
17.0 
15.0 
 
 
 
 
 
18-29 
16.5  
(12.7, 20.3) 
21.5  
(18.4, 24.6) 
25.3  
(22.4, 28.2) 
26.0b  
(22.6, 29.4) 
30-39 
12.8  
(9.8, 15.7) 
12.6  
(10.5, 14.8) 
19.4  
(17.0, 21.8)a 
17.2  
(14.9, 19.6) 
40-49 
10.9  
(8.1, 13.6) 
12.4  
(10.2, 14.6) 
15.7  
(13.7, 17.7) 
13.4  
(11.4, 15.4) 
50-59 
10.6  
(7.8, 13.5) 
11.4  
(9.2, 13.7) 
15.0  
(12.8, 17.2) 
11.2  
(9.3, 13.1) 
60-74 
11.4  
(8.8, 13.9) 
9.4  
(7.8, 11.1) 
10.5  
(8.7, 12.2) 
8.2  
(6.9, 9.5) 
 
 
 
 
 
Males 
11.4  
(9.3, 13.4) 
12.0  
(10.5, 13.5) 
15.2  
(13.8, 16.6)a 
12.2  
(10.9, 13.5)
a 
Females 
13.5  
(11.4, 15.7) 
14.8  
(13.3, 16.2) 
18.6  
(17.2, 20.1)a 
17.6  
(16.1, 19.1) 
 
 
 
 
 
Primary 
12.6  
(9.6, 15.6) 
12.6  
(10.0, 15.1) 
12.2  
(9.8, 14.6) 
9.5  
(7.4, 11.6) 
Secondary 
13.5  
(10.7, 16.2) 
15.4  
(13.4, 17.5) 
15.7  
(13.7, 17.6) 
13.4  
(11.5, 15.3) 
Post-secondary 
11.8  
(9.8, 13.8) 
12.7  
(11.3, 14.1) 
18.2  
(16.9, 19.6)a 
16.4  
(15.1, 17.8) 
 
 
 
 
 
Chinese 
11.7  
(10.1, 13.3) 
12.6  
(11.4, 13.8) 
16.4  
(15.3, 17.6)a 
14.7  
(13.5, 15.8) 
Malays 
16.9  
(13.2, 20.6) 
16.3  
(13.2, 19.5) 
19.5  
(16.6, 22.3) 
16.1  
(13.2, 19.0) 
Indians 
12.4  
(8.1, 16.7) 
15.9  
(12.2, 19.6) 
15.7  
(12.6, 18.8) 
16.1  
(12.7, 19.5) 


 
69 
 
Definition of Help-seeking Attitudes 
Respondents were asked on their willingness to seek help from healthcare professionals 
or informal support networks if they were constantly unable to cope with stress through 
the interviewer-administered questionnaire. Healthcare professionals include counsellors, 
doctors, psychologists or psychiatrists. Informal support networks refer to friends, 
relatives, colleagues, religious leaders and teachers in school. 
 
Help-seeking Attitudes 
In 2023, Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years were more willing to seek help from 
informal support networks (78.4%) than from healthcare professionals (62.8%) if they 
were constantly unable to cope with stress (Tables 12.3 and 12.4). Females were more 
willing to seek help from healthcare professionals and informal support networks 
compared to males. Older adults aged 60 to 74 years (51.2%) were the least willing to 
seek help from healthcare professionals while those aged 30 to 39 years (71.9%) were 
the most willing to seek help from healthcare professionals. Similarly, the willingness to 
seek help from informal support decreased with age, it was highest among younger adults 
aged 18 to 39 years (85.4% for both 18 to 29 years and 30 to 39 years age groups) and 
the lowest among older adults aged 60 to 74 years (65.6%). Those with higher levels of 
educational attainment were more willing to seek help from healthcare professionals and 
informal support networks, it was highest among those with post-secondary education 
and the lowest among those with primary education. 
 
Trends in Help-seeking Attitudes 
There was no trend in the overall proportion of residents who were willing to seek help 
from healthcare professionals between 2019 and 2023 (Table 12.3). Nonetheless, there 
was a significant improvement among residents aged 30 to 49 years, among males and 
females, in Chinese and those with post-secondary education who were more willing to 
seek professional help in 2023 compared to the previous year in 2022. 
 
Likewise, there was no trend in the overall proportion of residents who were willing to 
seek help from informal support networks over the years (2019 to 2023) (Table 12.4). But 
the proportion of Indians who were willing to seek help from informal support networks 
did increase significantly in the last five years.  
 
 


 
70 
 
Table 12.3: Proportion of Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years who were 
willing to seek help from healthcare professionals by age, sex, 
education, and ethnicity, 2019 to 2023 
 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
2019 
2020 
2021 
2022 
2023 
Total 
47.8  
(46.0, 49.6) 
60.4  
(58.9, 61.8)a 
58.3  
(56.8, 59.8) 
56.6  
(55.3, 57.9) 
62.8  
(61.5, 64.2)a 
ASR 
47.8 
60.4 
58.3 
56.8 
63.0 
 
 
 
 
 
 
18-29 
54.6  
(50.3, 58.8) 
63.3  
(59.6, 67.0)a 
62.2  
(58.4, 66.0) 
60.1  
(56.7, 63.4) 
64.5  
(60.8, 68.3) 
30-39 
53.5  
(49.6, 57.4) 
69.4  
(66.3, 72.5)a 
67.7  
(64.8, 70.6) 
62.0  
(59.2, 64.9) 
71.9  
(69.2, 74.6)a 
40-49 
47.0  
(43.2, 50.8) 
63.8  
(60.6, 67.0)a 
65.4  
(62.2, 68.5) 
59.2  
(56.5, 61.9)a 
67.4  
(64.8, 70.1)a 
50-59 
42.9  
(38.9, 46.8) 
58.9  
(55.5, 62.2)a 
51.9  
(48.5, 55.4)a 
55.2  
(52.1, 58.3) 
61.0  
(58.0, 64.0) 
60-74 
41.2  
(37.6, 44.8) 
47.8  
(44.7, 50.9) 
45.8  
(43.1, 48.5) 
48.1  
(45.5, 50.8) 
51.2  
(48.5, 53.9) 
 
  
  
 
  
  
Males 
45.4  
(43.1, 47.7) 
59.0  
(56.8, 61.2)a 
56.8  
(54.7, 58.8) 
56.3  
(54.4, 58.1) 
62.3  
(60.3, 64.3)a 
Females 
50.1  
(47.7, 52.4) 
61.6  
(59.6, 63.7)a 
59.8  
(57.7, 61.9) 
57.0  
(55.2, 58.8) 
63.3  
(61.5, 65.2)a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Primary 
29.6  
(25.8, 33.5) 
34.1  
(30.5, 37.8) 
34.9  
(31.0, 38.7) 
33.7  
(30.3, 37.1) 
37.4  
(33.6, 41.1) 
Secondary 
44.0  
(41.3, 46.6) 
52.5  
(49.7, 55.3)a 
45.8  
(43.0, 48.6)a 
48.0  
(45.4, 50.6) 
52.9  
(50.2, 55.6) 
Post-
secondary 
53.5  
(51.1, 55.8) 
68.9  
(67.0, 70.8)a 
67.6  
(65.8, 69.3) 
64.0  
(62.4, 65.6)a 
70.7  
(69.0, 72.3)a 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Chinese 
48.2  
(46.2, 50.2) 
61.5  
(59.8, 63.2)a 
58.6  
(56.9, 60.3) 
56.4  
(54.9, 57.9) 
62.4  
(60.9, 64.0)a 
Malays 
48.5  
(44.6, 52.4) 
54.0  
(49.6, 58.3) 
55.2  
(51.2, 59.3) 
53.7  
(50.1, 57.3) 
61.0  
(57.2, 64.8) 
Indians 
44.4  
(39.2, 49.7) 
59.3  
(54.2, 64.3)a 
57.1  
(52.3, 61.9) 
60.1  
(56.1, 64.2) 
65.6  
(60.9, 70.3) 
Notes: (1)  Figures in ( ) refer to the 95% confidence intervals. a Indicates that the results for any two 
consecutive survey years are significantly different statistically at 5% significance level as the 
confidence intervals for these two survey years did not overlap (e.g. NPHS 2022 and NPHS 2023). 
 
(2) ASR: Age-standardised rate. The reference population used is Singapore Census 2020 resident 
population. 
 
(3) Analysis based on highest education attained served as a proxy to socio-economic factors. 
 
 
Primary education: No formal qualification/ Primary/ PSLE.  
 
 
Secondary education: Secondary/ GCE 'O'/ 'N' level.  
 
 
Post-secondary education: GCE ‘A' Level/ Polytechnic & other diploma/ Degree & professional 
qualification. 
 


 
71 
 
Table 12.4: Proportion of Singapore residents aged 18 to 74 years who were 
willing to seek help from informal support networks by age, sex,  
education, and ethnicity, 2019 to 2023  
 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
NPHS 
2019 
2020 
2021 
2022 
2023 
Total 
74.5  
(73.0, 76.0) 
79.2  
(78.0, 80.4)a 
69.1  
(67.7, 70.6)a 
79.7  
(78.6, 80.7)a 
78.4  
(77.3, 79.5) 
ASR 
74.4 
79.1 
69.2 
79.8 
78.6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
18-29 
86.0  
(83.1, 88.9) 
88.1  
(85.9, 90.4) 
84.3  
(81.2, 87.4) 
88.1  
(86.0, 90.3) 
85.4  
(82.9, 87.9) 
30-39 
82.8  
(80.3, 85.4) 
86.3  
(84.0, 88.6) 
78.6  
(75.8, 81.4)a 
85.5  
(83.4, 87.7)a 
85.4  
(83.4, 87.5) 
40-49 
76.1  
(72.9, 79.3) 
81.7  
(79.3, 84.1) 
73.7  
(70.0, 77.4)a 
80.8  
(78.6, 83.0)a 
82.5  
(80.4, 84.6) 
50-59 
69.0  
(65.2, 72.8) 
78.4  
(75.7, 81.0)a 
61.0  
(57.6, 64.4)a 
77.3  
(74.8, 79.9)a 
75.5  
(72.8, 78.2) 
60-74 
59.3  
(55.9, 62.6) 
63.1  
(60.2, 66.1) 
50.3  
(47.6, 53.0)a 
68.4  
(66.1, 70.8)a 
65.6  
(63.0, 68.1) 
 
  
  
 
  
 
Males 
69.3  
(67.1, 71.5) 
75.1  
(73.3, 77.0)a 
64.3  
(62.3, 66.3)a 
75.7  
(74.2, 77.3)a 
75.1  
(73.4, 76.7) 
Females 
79.5  
(77.7, 81.4) 
83.1  
(81.6, 84.6)a 
73.7  
(71.6, 75.8)a 
83.5  
(82.1, 84.8)a 
81.6  
(80.1, 83.0) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Primary 
56.4  
(52.2, 60.7) 
61.2  
(57.6, 64.9) 
49.8  
(45.9, 53.7)a 
64.8  
(61.3, 68.2)a 
64.0  
(60.3, 67.7) 
Secondary 
73.1  
(70.6, 75.6) 
74.3  
(72.0, 76.7) 
60.3  
(57.5, 63.1)a 
74.6  
(72.4, 76.8)a 
71.7  
(69.3, 74.0) 
Post-secondary 
79.1  
(77.1, 81.2) 
84.8  
(83.4, 86.2)a 
76.2  
(74.3, 78.0)a 
84.3  
(83.0, 85.5)a 
83.3  
(82.0, 84.6) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Chinese 
74.4  
(72.7, 76.1) 
79.9  
(78.5, 81.2)a 
67.9  
(66.2, 69.6)a 
79.2  
(78.0, 80.4)a 
77.9  
(76.6, 79.2) 
Malays 
78.3  
(74.8, 81.8) 
79.2  
(75.9, 82.5) 
72.2  
(68.4, 76.0) 
81.8  
(79.1, 84.4)a 
80.2  
(77.2, 83.2) 
Indians 
68.8  
(63.5, 74.0) 
74.0  
(69.7, 78.2) 
72.9  
(68.9, 77.0) 
79.8  
(76.5, 83.0) 
78.5d  
(74.8, 82.2) 
Notes: (1)  Figures in ( ) refer to the 95% confidence intervals. a Indicates that the results for any two 
consecutive survey years are significantly different statistically at 5% significance level as the 
confidence intervals for these two survey years did not overlap (e.g. NPHS 2022 and NPHS 2023). 
 
(2) ASR: Age-standardised rate. The reference population used is Singapore Census 2020 resident 
population. 
 
(3) Analysis based on highest education attained served as a proxy to socio-economic factors. 
 
 
Primary education: No formal qualification/ Primary/ PSLE.  
 
 
Secondary education: Secondary/ GCE 'O'/ 'N' level.  
 
 
Post-secondary education: GCE ‘A' Level/ Polytechnic & other diploma/ Degree & professional 
qualification. 
(4) d Indicate statistically significant linear upward trend between 2019 and 2023 with p-value <0.05. 
 
 
 
 
 


 
72 
 
Chapter 13 Survey Methodology 
 
Study Design and Objectives 
The NPHS is a cross-sectional population health survey series jointly managed by the 
Ministry of Health and Health Promotion Board to track the health and risk factors of the 
Singapore residents. The main objectives of the survey are to monitor the health of 
Singapore residents and track progress towards national targets in the areas of: 
(i) 
risk factors such as alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking and physical 
inactivity; 
(ii) 
diseases such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia; and 
(iii) preventive health behaviours such as chronic disease screening; cervical, breast 
and colorectal cancer screening; and vaccinations.  
 
The survey results were presented for the 18 to 74 years age group for most chapters 
except chronic disease screening, cancer screening and vaccinations. For these few 
chapters, the analyses were confined to relevant age groups recommended for screening 
and immunisation. Data for the “Others” ethnic group were included in the compilation of 
the survey results shown under “Total”, but suppressed in ethnic-specific data of all 
statistical tables due to small counts or high sampling variability.   
 
Ethics Approval 
The NPHS methodology, protocol and procedures were approved by National Healthcare 
Group (NHG) Domain Specific Review Board (Domain F). 
 
Sample Design 
A representative sample of residential addresses was obtained from the Singapore 
Department of Statistics (DOS) who maintains a sampling frame of residential addresses 
for the selection of samples for household surveys. The sample selection was based on 
a two-stage design where the primary sampling units comprised of geographical areas 
and the secondary sampling units were the residential dwelling units.  
 
 
 


 
73 
 
The NPHS design comprised two components – (1) Household Interview (HI) and (2) 
Health Examination (HE). In the first component, a household member aged 18 to 79 
years old (also known as “reference person”) was identified using KISH tables within each 
selected address to participate in the household for a face-to-face questionnaire interview 
(i.e. NPHS HI). Only Singapore citizens and permanent residents were recruited for the 
survey. All reference persons who completed NPHS HI would be invited to undergo a 
health examination (i.e. NPHS HE) at a designated clinic. Physical measurements e.g. 
height, weight, hip and waist circumference, blood pressure levels and bio-specimens 
such as blood and urine samples of survey respondents were collected. The blood and 
urine samples were sent to a medical laboratory to test for blood sugar, cholesterol, 
proteins in urine and other conditions. A full report on the respondent’s health status was 
mailed to him/ her six to eight weeks after the completion of the health examination.  
 
Questionnaire 
An electronic structured questionnaire administrated on a tablet was used in the survey 
to collect information on the demographic, socio-economic, lifestyle practices relating to 
the major non-communicable diseases and risk factors, health conditions, knowledge, 
attitude and practices on health screening as well as the help-seeking attitudes of the 
respondents. The questionnaire was adopted from that of the National Population Health 
Survey 2017 and National Health Surveillance Survey 2013; and included elements of 
the instruments used in the WHO STEP-wise approach to Surveillance of Non-
Communicable Diseases (STEPS) Instrument for Non-Communicable Disease Risk 
Factors and WHO’s Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ).    
 
Invitation Letter and Publicity 
An invitation letter, in four official languages, was mailed to the selected household 
addresses one week prior to visitation by the assigned interviewers. The invitation letter 
provided information on the survey purpose, what the survey comprised and expected 
survey duration. It also informed that an interviewer from a research company 
commissioned by the Ministry of Health and Health Promotion Board would be visiting 
the household to enumerate, select and interview an eligible household member to take 
part in the survey, and assured the household on the confidentiality of all collected 
information. A dedicated NPHS webpage was set-up to provide detailed information on 
the conduct of the NPHS.   
 
 


 
74 
 
Training 
All survey interviewers were given an overview of the survey background and briefed 
extensively on the fieldwork procedures such as procurement of appointments, 
enumeration of household members, selection of eligible household members using KISH 
tables and consent taking for survey participation. They were given training slides on 
survey protocols and questionnaire administration as well as training in administrating the 
electronic questionnaire on a tablet. Fieldworkers carrying out the health examination 
were given training on consent taking and the standard operation procedures for the 
conduct of health examination. These trainings helped to ensure compliance to standards 
and protocols of the survey, and consistency in data collection for the household interview 
and health examination.  
 
Household Interview Fieldwork 
The survey fieldwork was conducted between 01 July 2022 and 30 June 2023. Survey 
interviewers from the appointed research company (National University of Singapore 
(IPS-Social Lab)), commissioned by the Ministry of Health and Health Promotion Board 
visited all the selected household addresses. The interviewers made a minimum of five 
visit attempts, at different times of the day and on different days of a week to establish 
contact with the reference person or household member to conduct the survey or obtain 
a survey appointment if the reference person was unavailable at the point of visit. 
Informed written consent was obtained from the reference person before the interviewer 
administered the questionnaire face-to-face. A token of appreciation was given to the 
reference person who completed the survey interview. All reference persons who 
completed the household interview were invited to go for a health examination and given 
a letter of invitation by the interviewer.  
 
 


 
75 
 
Health Examination Fieldwork 
The health examination fieldwork for NPHS 2023 was carried out between 18 July 2022 
and 28 August 2023 by a healthcare service provider (Healthway Medical Group) 
appointed by the Ministry of Health and Health Promotion Board. Appointment setting 
officers from the service provider provided a reminder call to reference persons two to 
three days prior to their appointments and managed any requests for changes to the 
appointments. At the appointed clinic, informed written consent was obtained by a 
fieldworker before the conduct of the health examination and a token of appreciation was 
given to the reference person after the completion of the health examination.   
 
Data Quality Control 
Informed consent forms validation 
All the informed consent forms from the household interview and health examination were 
checked for completeness and accuracy of information captured. This included checks 
for missing information, consistency of information and any data-entry errors in the 
datasets.  
 
Interview validation 
Data quality control was conducted by a separate team of staff who were not involved in 
the survey interview fieldwork. For each interviewer, 40% of their survey interviews were 
randomly selected and subjected to quality control checks via telephone validation or 
audio audit. At least 30% of all quality control checks were conducted through telephone 
validation where respondents were asked to verify their residential address and 
responses to nine specific fields with the respondents concerned. The remaining 10% of 
the checks were audio audits where a quality control staff listened to segments of the 
interview and checked if the interviewer complied with the stipulated survey protocols in 
administering the questions.   
 
 
 


 
76 
 
Data verification and consistency check 
The electronic survey questionnaire had built-in features that prompt data entry for fields 
that required a response or prompt data re-entry if data entered was outside the logical 
or valid field range. Built-in checks for relational fields were also incorporated to ensure 
that responses for those fields across different sections of the questionnaire were 
consistent. The built-in features and checks ensured that missing values, data-entry 
errors and inconsistent responses were eradicated or kept to the minimum where possible. 
The database on the questionnaire records with the complete survey responses was 
subjected to a series of computer-programmed checks for missing values, valid field 
range and cross-field relational consistency. Missing values were obtained from 
respondents and data anomalies were clarified through direct verification with the 
respondents whenever necessary.  
 
The database on the physical measurements and laboratory results were also checked 
for missing value, valid field range and cross-field relational consistency. Missing values 
and data anomalies were clarified with fieldworkers and corrected where possible.   
 
Data Confidentiality 
Throughout all stages of the survey, strict confidentiality on individual respondent 
information was maintained. All information, including audio recordings, questionnaire 
answers, health examination records collected for this survey, would be kept strictly 
confidential, and stored in a secure, password-protected environment. Any reporting of 
findings would be done on a grouped basis such that no individual survey respondents 
can be identified. The identity of the respondents would remain confidential in publications 
(e.g. in national reports). 
 
Age-Standardisation 
Age-standardisation of prevalence rates take into account the changing age distribution 
of the population over the years and allows for more meaningful trend comparison, 
especially with an ageing population. Age-standardisation of prevalence was calculated 
by the direct method, using the 2020 Census Singapore resident population as the 
standard (reference) population.  
 
 
 


 
77 
 
Response Rate 
From a sample of 10,623 eligible households, 7,624 reference persons aged 18 to 79 
years participated in the household interview, forming a response rate of 71.8% in NPHS 
2023. 5,832 reference persons (76.5% of all reference persons) initially agreed to 
participate in the follow-on health examination. However, only 4,498 (77.1%) of those who 
agreed eventually attended the health examination.     
 
Comparison of Demographic Profile between Survey Respondents and Resident 
Population 
The demographic profiles of survey respondents from household interview were shown 
in Table 13.1. The survey sample was weighted to the age, ethnic group and sex 
distribution of the 2022 Singapore resident population to yield a similar population 
structure as the resident population. This was to ensure that the survey results apply to 
the general population.  
 
Sample Weights 
The sample weights for household interview were the composite of sample weights for 
the households and the selected household members. For each household, the sample 
weight (WHH) comprised weight for non-response and unequal probability of selection 
stratified by planning regions and housing type and benchmarked to the total number of 
resident households. For each household member, the sample weight (WHH_Mem) 
comprised weight for unequal probability of selection and weight for post-stratification 
stratified by age, sex and ethnic groups. The overall sample weight for household 
interview was the product of WHH and WHH_Mem. 
 
 
 


 
78 
 
Table 13.1: Percentage distribution (%) of the survey sample (unweighted) for 
household interview and 2022 Singapore resident population  
by demographic characteristics 
  
Household Interview Survey 
Sample (Unweighted) 
Singapore Resident 2022 
   Total 
100.0 
100.0 
  
  
  
   18-29  
11.8 
18.4 
   30-39  
17.9 
18.8 
   40-49  
20.2 
18.7 
   50-59  
18.7 
18.3 
   60-69  
18.8 
16.6 
   70-79  
12.6 
9.1 
  
 
 
   Males 
47.2 
48.8 
   Females 
52.8 
51.2 
  
 
 
   Chinese 
75.1 
75.1 
   Malays 
12.3 
12.9 
   Indians 
9.1 
8.8 
   Others 
3.4 
3.2 
 
 
 
 
 


 
79 
 
REFERENCES 
 
Chapter 1: Alcohol Consumption 
Anderson B, Berdzuli N, Ilbawi A, Kestel D, Kluge HP, Krech R, Mikkelsen B, Neufeld M, Poznyak 
V, Rekve D, Slama S, Tello J, Ferreira-Borges C, Health and cancer risks associated with low 
levels of alcohol consumption. The Lancet Public Health. 2023; 8(1). doi: 10.1016/S2468-
2667(22)00317-6. 
 
WHO. Global Status Report on Alcohol and Health 2018. Geneva: World Health Organization, 
2018. 
 
Zhao J, Stockwell T, Naimi T, Churchill S, Clay J, Sherk A. Association Between Daily 
Alcohol Intake and Risk of All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-
analyses. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(3):e236185. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.6185. 
 
Chapter 2: Cigarette Smoking 
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking – 50 
Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and 
Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic 
Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health; 2014. 
 
Chapter 3: Physical Activity 
Bennie JA, De Cocker K, Teychenne MJ, Brown WJ, Biddle SJH. The epidemiology of aerobic 
physical activity and muscle-strengthening activity guideline adherence among 383,928 U.S. 
adults. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2019; 16:34.  
 
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. 2nd 
edition ed. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2018. 
 
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Introducing the Physical Activity Guidelines for 
Americans. 2nd edition ed. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 
2018. 
 
WHO. Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ), Analysis Guide, (Downloaded in 2014) 
 
WHO. Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health. Geneva: World Health 
Organization; 2010.  
 
WHO. Physical Activity. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022.  
 
 
 


 
80 
 
Chapter 4: Self-reported Diabetes Mellitus 
WHO. Classification of diabetes mellitus. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2019. 
 
Chapter 5: Self-reported Hypertension 
WHO. A Global Brief on Hypertension. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2013. 
 
WHO. Arterial Hypertension. Report of a WHO Expert Committee. No. 628 WHO Technical 
Report Series. Geneva: World Health Organization; 1978. 
 
Chapter 6: Self-reported Hyperlipidaemia 
Expert Panel on the Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. 
Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) 
Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult 
Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001; 285:2486–2497. 
 
National Institutes of Health. National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel. Executive 
summary of the (NCEP) on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in 
Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program 
(NCEP) in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. 
National Institutes of Health. NHI Publication No. 02-5215. September 2002.   
 
Chapter 7: Chronic Disease Screening 
Health Promotion Board, Singapore. Screen for Life Booklet, October 2019. 
 
Chapter 8: Breast Cancer Screening, Chapter 9: Cervical Cancer Screening and Chapter 10: 
Colorectal Cancer Screening 
National Registry of Diseases Office, Health Promotion Board, Singapore. Singapore Cancer 
Registry Annual Report 2022. Health Promotion Board, Singapore 2024. 
 
Chapter 11: Vaccination 
Ministry of Health, Singapore. National Adult Immunisation Schedule. Ministry of Health, 
Singapore 2017.  
 
Chapter 12: Mental Health 
WHO. Mental Health: Fact sheet. June 2020.  Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. 
 
Chapter 13: Survey Methodology 
Singapore Department of Statistics, Ministry of Trade & Industry, Singapore. Resident Population 
by 5-Year Age Group, Sex and Ethnicity, 2022. 
 
 
 
 


 
81 
 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 
 
The National Population Health Survey 2023 Project Team would like to gratefully 
acknowledge Associate Professor Chua Tin Chiu, Department of Statistics and Applied 
Probability, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore and Dr Loh Tze Ping for 
their technical advice.  
 
The Team would also like to thank colleagues in the Ministry of Health and the Health 
Promotion Board who have given inputs to the design of the survey questionnaire, 
planning of the fieldwork processes, management of administrative matters and the 
drafting of this report.  
 
Last but not least, the Team would like to thank all Singapore residents who have 
participated in this survey.  
 
 


 
82 
 
Annex A 
Survey Questionnaire 
 
 
 


 
83 
 
 
NATIONAL POPULATION HEALTH SURVEY 2022/23 
QUESTIONNAIRE A [FOR PERSONS AGED 18 YEARS & ABOVE]  
全国人口健康调查2022/23 问卷 A [供18 岁或以上的人]  
 
Serialhi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Date of Interview 
D 
D 
M 
M 
Y 
Y 
Y 
Y 
 
Interviewer’s 
Full Name 
 
KISH Table Used 
 
Household Information 
Number of eligible PERSONS (Singapore citizens/PRs aged 18 to 79 years) in household: ________ 
住户中合格的人士（18 至79 岁以下的新加坡公民/永久居民）人数 
Number of eligible SENIORS (Singapore citizens/PRs aged 65 years & above) in household: ______ 
住户中合格的乐龄人士（65 岁或以上的新加坡公民/永久居民）人数 
 
1. REGISTRATION 
 
Interviewer: I would like to inform that your individual information collected for the survey will be kept 
strictly confidential. Any reporting would be done on a collective basis such that no participants in the 
survey will be identifiable. 
我想告诉您，本调查所收集的个人信息会严格保密。所有调查都会基于整体数据，因此不会泄
漏您的任何个人信息。 
 
1000.     Year of birth:  
出生年份 
 
Age:  
年龄 
 
1001.     Record gender of participant [SA] 
请注明受访者的性别 
 
 
 
 
 
Y 
Y 
Y 
Y 
 
 
 
1 
Male 
男性 
2 
Female 
女性 


 
84 
 
1002.     Ethnic group (as listed in NRIC) [SA] 
种族（以身份证（NRIC）为准） 
READ ONLY IF NECESSARY 
1 
Chinese 
华族 
2 
Malay 
马来族 
3 
Indian 
印度族 
DO NOT READ 
4 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
[Go to Q1003] 
 
 
1003.     Are you a Singapore Citizen? [SA]  
您是新加坡公民吗？ 
READ  
1 
Yes, I am a Singapore Citizen 
是，我是新加坡公民 
2 
No, I am a Permanent Resident 
否，我是永久居民 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
[Go to Q1004] 
 
 
1004.     May I know your height in metres, centimetres, or feet and inches? [SA] 
请问您的身高是多少公尺、公分或英尺英寸？ 
 
Height in cm, OR  
(nearest whole number) 
公分，或 
（最近的整数) 
 
Height in metres, OR 
(nearest two decimal places) 
公尺，或 
（最接近的两位小数） 
 
Feet (nearest whole number) AND 
英尺（最近的整数)与 
 
Inches (nearest whole number) 
英寸（最近的整数) 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q1005] 
 
 
 


 
85 
 
1005.     May I know your weight in kilograms or pounds? [SA] 
请问您的体重是多少公斤或磅？ 
 
Weight in kg, OR   
(nearest one decimal place) 
公斤，或 
（最接近的一位小数) 
 
Weight in lbs 
(nearest whole number) 
磅 
（最近的整数) 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
END OF SECTION 1. GO TO SECTION 2. 
 
 
 


 
86 
 
2. DEMOGRAPHICS 
 
 
2000. 
What is your current marital status? [SA] 
请问您目前的婚姻状况是？ 
USE SHOWCARD  
1 
Never married 
从未结婚 
2 
Married 
已婚 
3 
Divorced 
离婚 
4 
Separated 
分居 
5 
Widowed 
丧偶 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
[Go to Q2001] 
 
 
2001. 
Do you have any children, including adopted and step-children? Please do not include 
foster children. [SA] 
请问您是否有孩子,这包括领养的孩子、继子和继女？ 请不要包括寄养的儿童。 
USE SHOWCARD  
1 
Yes 
有 
[Go to Q2002] 
2 
No 
没有 
[Go to Q2003] 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
 
 
2002. 
Are any of your children within the following age range, including adopted and step-
children? Please do not include foster children. [SA] 
您是否有属于以下年龄段的孩子，这包括领养的孩子、继子和继女？请不要包括寄养的
儿童。 
READ 
a) Aged 6 years and below 
6 岁或以下 
1) Yes 
是 
2) No 
否 
777) Refused 
拒绝回答 
b) Aged 7 to 12 years 
7 岁至12 岁 
1) Yes 
是 
2) No 
否 
777) Refused 
拒绝回答 
c) Older than 12 years 
12 岁以上 
1) Yes 
是 
2) No 
否 
777) Refused 
拒绝回答 
[Go to Q2003] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


 
87 
 
2003. 
What is the highest level of education* that you have attained? [SA] 
请问您的最高教育程度
*是什么？ 
USE SHOWCARD AND DO NOT READ 
1 
No formal education / Primary 
未接受正规教育/小学 
2 
PSLE or equivalent 
小六离校毕业证书或同等学历 
3 
Secondary  
中学 
4 
’O’ / ‘N’ level or NTC3 cert or its 
equivalent  
‘O’/‘N’水准或全国技工证书第3 级
(NTC 3)或同等学历 
5 
‘A’ level / International Baccalaureate 
(IB)/ NTC 1-2 or Cert in office/ business 
skills or its equivalent, WSQ certificates 
‘A’水准或/国际高中文凭(IB)/全国技
工证书第1-2 级(NTC 1-2)或办公室/商
业技能证书或同等学历,WSQ 证书 
6 
Polytechnic Diploma 
理工学院文凭 
7 
Other diploma & professional 
qualification 
其它文凭或专职业资格证书 
8 
University and above 
大学及以上学历 
9 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q2004] 
* Refers to the highest level or standard which a person had passed or attained and was awarded 
a certificate, either through attendance at an institution of learning, through correspondence or 
self-study.  
最高教育程度指的是一个人通过在教育机构学习、函授或自修并获得证书的最高教育水平或学位。 
 
 
2004. 
Which of the following best describes your main work status* over the last 12 months? 
[SA] 
下列哪项最符合您在过去12 个月内的主要工作情况*？ 
USE SHOWCARD & READ ONLY IF NECESSARY 
1 
Working       
工作 
[Go to Q2005a] 
2 
Full-time Student 
全职学生 
[Go to Q2006] 
3 
Serving National Service 
在服兵役/国民服役 
4 
Homemaker or housewife 
家庭主妇/夫 
5 
Retired 
退休 
[Go to Q2005a] 
6 
Unemployed 
无工作 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
[Go to Q2006] 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
* Refers to what you spent most of the usual working hours on during the last 12 months. 
主要工作情况指的是在过去12 个月内的平常工作时间，您大部分的时间所做的事。 
 
 
 


 
88 
 
2005a. Which industry do you work in, or used to work in? [SA] 
您目前或以前从事哪一个行业的工作？ 
 
<write response 写回应> 
 
2005b. What is or was your occupation? [SA] 
您目前或以前的职业是什么？ 
 
<write response 写回应> 
 
DO NOT READ (for internal coding only)  
1 
Community, Social and Personal 
Services (e.g. education, nursing, arts, 
entertainment, public administration, 
defence, …) 
社区, 社会及个人服务业 (如教育, 护
理, 艺术, 娱乐, 公共行政, 国防， 等
等) 
2 
Manufacturing 
制造业 
3 
Business Services (e.g. real estate, 
legal, accounting, architectural, R&D, 
travel, employment, …) 
商业服务业 (如房地产, 法律, 会计, 
建筑设计, 科研开发, 旅游, 雇员介
绍，等等) 
4 
Wholesale and Retail Trade 
批发及零售业 
5 
Financial and Insurance Activities 
金融险业 
6 
Information and Communications (e.g. 
publishing, media, telecommunications, 
information technology, …) 
资讯通信业(如出版, 媒体, 电信, 资讯
科技 等等) 
7 
Others 
(e.g. 
transport, 
hotels, 
restaurants, construction) 
其它(如交通, 酒店, 餐馆, 建筑业, 等
等) 
8 
Have never worked 
从来没有工作过 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q2006] 
 
 
 


 
89 
 
2006. 
Over the last 12 months, what is the average earnings (S$) of your household in one 
month, before any deductions? Please include all sources of income such as bonuses, 
rental and investment income, and other sources such as pension and contributions from 
relatives and friends who are not staying in the same household. [SA] 
在过去 12 个月内，您全家每月的平均总收入，在任何扣除前，大概是多少新币？请包括
红利、租金和投资所得到的收入，也包括退休金和非同住在一起的家人或朋友所给的现
金零用钱/资助。 
USE SHOWCARD  
1 
Below 2,000 per month 
每月收入低于 2,000 
2 
2,000 – 3,999 per month 
每月收入在 2,000 – 3,999 之间 
3 
4,000 – 5,999 per month  
每月收入在 4,000 – 5,999 之间 
4 
6,000 – 9,999 per month  
每月收入在 6,000 – 9,999 之间 
5 
10,000 – 14,999 per month 
每月收入在 10,000 – 14,999 之间 
6 
15,000 & above per month 
每月收入 15,000 及以上 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
END OF SECTION 2. GO TO SECTION 3. 
 
 
 


 
90 
 
3. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY 
 
 
Interviewer: The next questions are about the time you spend doing work. Think of work as the things 
that you have to do such as paid or unpaid work, household chores or looking for a job. Activities at 
work, focus on occupational physical activity. For homemakers, this refers to household chores. For 
unemployed, this refers to looking for a job. For students, this refers to classes (including Physical 
Education if relevant). 
接着我要询问您关于工作中的体力活动。工作是指您不得不做的事情，如有偿或无偿工作、家
务活以及找工作。工作中的活动，主要是指与职业相关的体力活动。对于家庭主妇来说，这指
的是家务劳动。对于无业人士来说，这指的是找工作。对于学生来说，这指的是上课（包括相
关的体育课）。 
 
In answering the next few questions, ‘vigorous-intensity activities’ are activities that require hard physical 
effort and cause large increases in breathing or heart rate, ‘moderate-intensity activities’ are activities 
that require moderate physical effort and cause small increases in breathing or heart rate. 
在以下的问题，“剧烈活动” 是指需要大量体力并引起呼吸心跳显著增加的活动，“中等强
度活动” 是指需引起呼吸心跳轻度增加的活动。 
 
 
Activity at work （在工作中的活动） 
3000. 
In a typical week, on how many days do you do vigorous-intensity activities for at least 
10 minutes continuously as part of your work? [SA] 
您在工作中通常每周有多少天会做持续至少10 分钟的剧烈活动？ 
USE SHOWCARD FOR EXAMPLES 
 
Days a week 
每周几天 
[If 0 day, go to Q3001. 
Else go to Q3000a] 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
[Go to Q3001] 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
 
 
3000a. On a typical day on which you do vigorous-intensity activities for at least 10 minutes 
continuously, how much time do you spend doing such activities at work? [SA] 
在您有做持续至少10 分钟剧烈活动的平常一天里，您通常会花多长时间做此类活动？ 
 
Hours 
小时 
 
Minutes 
分钟 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q3001] 
 
 
 


 
91 
 
3001. 
In a typical week, on how many days do you do moderate-intensity activities for at least 
10 minutes continuously as part of your work? [SA] 
您在工作中通常每周有多少天会做持续至少10 分钟的中等强度活动？ 
USE SHOWCARD FOR EXAMPLES 
 
Days a week 
每周几天 
[If 0 day, go to Q3002. 
Else go to Q3001a] 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
[Go to Q3002] 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
 
 
3001a. On a typical day on which you do moderate-intensity activities for at least 10 minutes 
continuously, how much time do you spend doing such activities at work? [SA] 
在您有做持续至少10 分钟中等强度活动的平常一天里，您通常会花多长时间做此类活动？ 
 
Hours 
小时 
 
Minutes 
分钟 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q3002] 
 
 
Interviewer: The next questions exclude the physical activities at work that you have previously 
mentioned. Now, I would like to ask you about the usual way you travel to and from places. For example, 
going to work, shopping, market, or church, temple or mosque or going out for lunch. 
以下的问题不包括上述工作时的体力活动。现在我要询问您通常的交通方式。例如，上班、购
物、去市场、教堂、寺庙或清真寺，或出门用午餐。 
 
 
Travel to and from places （出行时） 
3002. 
In a typical week, on how many days do you walk or cycle (pedal cycle) for at least 10 
minutes continuously to get to and from places? [SA] 
您出行时，通常每周有多少天步行或骑脚踏车，持续至少10 分钟？ 
 
Days a week 
每周几天 
[If 0 day, go to Q3003. 
Else go to Q3002a] 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
[Go to Q3003] 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
 
 
 


 
92 
 
3002a. On a typical day when you walk or cycle (pedal cycle) for at least 10 minutes continuously, 
how much time do you spend walking or cycling? [SA] 
在您有步行或骑脚踏车持续至少10 分钟的一天里，您通常会花多长时间做此类活动？ 
 
Hours 
小时 
 
Minutes 
分钟 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q3003] 
 
 
Recreational activities （娱乐性体力活动） 
3003. 
In a typical week, on how many days do you do vigorous-intensity sports, fitness, 
recreational or leisure activities for at least 10 minutes continuously? [SA] 
您通常每周有多少天会做持续至少10 分钟的剧烈运动、健身或娱乐性体力活动？ 
USE SHOWCARD FOR EXAMPLES 
 
Days a week 
每周几天 
[If 0 day, go to Q3004. 
Else go to Q3003a] 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
[Go to Q3004] 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
 
3003a. On a typical day, how much time do you spend doing vigorous-intensity sports, fitness, 
recreational or leisure activities for at least 10 minutes continuously? [SA] 
在您有做持续至少10 分钟剧烈运动、健身或娱乐性体力活动的平常一天里，您通常会花
多长时间做此类活动？ 
 
Hours 
小时 
 
Minutes 
分钟 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q3004] 
 
3004. 
In a typical week, on how many days do you do moderate-intensity sports, fitness, 
recreational or leisure activities for at least 10 minutes continuously? [SA] 
您通常每周有多少天会做持续至少10 分钟的中等强度运动、健身或娱乐性体力活动？ 
USE SHOWCARD FOR EXAMPLES 
 
Days a week 
每周几天 
[If 0 day, go to Q3006. 
Else go to Q3004a] 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
[Go to Q3006] 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 


 
93 
 
3004a. On a typical day, how much time do you spend doing moderate-intensity sports, fitness, 
recreational or leisure activities for at least 10 minutes continuously? [SA] 
在您有做持续至少10 分钟中等强度运动、健身或娱乐性体力活动的平常一天里，您通常
会花多长时间做此类活动？ 
 
Hours 
小时 
 
Minutes 
分钟 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q3006] 
 
 
3006. 
In a typical week, on how many days do you do physical activities or exercises to 
strengthen your muscles? Examples of these activities include tai-chi, qi-gong, yoga, 
sit-ups, push-ups, the use of weight machines, free weights, or elastic bands. Do not 
include aerobic activities like walking, running, or cycling. [SA] 
您通常每周有多少天会为了增强肌肉而做运动或体育锻炼？这些运动包括太极、气功、
瑜伽、仰卧起坐或伏地挺身，以及那些使用举重器械、自由力量训练设备或弹力带的运
动。请勿包括有氧运动，如健步行走、跑步或骑脚踏车。 
Interviewer note: Record number of days per month if frequency is less than once a 
week. Respondents should complete at least 1 set of strength exercises to register as 1 
day. 
USE SHOWCARD FOR EXAMPLES & DEFINITION OF 1 SET OF EXERCISE 
 
Days per week OR 
每周几天 或 
 
Days per month 
每月几天 
DO NOT READ 
666 
Never do such activity or exercise 
没有做这些运动或体育锻炼 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q3005] 
 
 
 


 
94 
 
Interviewer: The next question is about sitting or reclining at work, at home, getting to and from 
places, or with friends, including time spent sitting at a desk, sitting with friends, travelling in car, bus, 
train, reading, playing cards or watching television but DO NOT include time spent sleeping. 
以下的问题是关于工作中、在家里、出行或与朋友相处时的坐卧情况，包括坐在桌前、与朋友
坐在一起，乘坐汽车、巴士、地铁，阅读、打牌或看电视的时间，但不包括睡眠时间。 
 
 
3005. 
On a typical day, how much time do you usually spend sitting or reclining? [SA] 
您通常每天花多长时间坐着或靠着？ 
 
Hours 
小时 
 
Minutes 
分钟 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
END OF SECTION 3. GO TO SECTION 4. 
 
 
 


 
95 
 
4. TOBACCO USE 
 
Interviewer: The next questions are on cigarette smoking. 
现在，我要问一些有关吸烟的问题。 
 
 
4000. 
Have you ever smoked cigarettes? [SA] 
您曾吸过烟吗？ 
READ  
1 
Yes 
有 
[Go to Q4001] 
2 
No 
没有 
[Go to Q4016 
Other Tobacco 
Products] 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
 
4001. 
How old were you when you first tried or experimented with smoking cigarettes? [SA] 
您第一次尝试吸烟时是几岁？ 
 
Age 
几岁 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q4002] 
 
4002. 
Have you ever smoked at least 100 cigarettes, or about 5 packs in your whole life? [SA] 
您一生中曾经吸过的烟总数是否有至少 100 支（约 5 包）？ 
READ  
1 
Yes 
有 
[Go to Q4003] 
2 
No 
没有 
[Go to Q4016 
Other Tobacco 
Products] 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
 
4003. 
Have you ever smoked cigarettes daily? [SA] 
您曾经每天吸烟吗？ 
READ  
1 
Yes 
有 
[Go to Q4004] 
2 
No 
没有 
[Go to Q4005] 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
 
 


 
96 
 
4004. 
At what age did you start smoking cigarettes daily? [SA] 
您从几岁开始每天吸烟的？ 
 
Age 
几岁 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q4005] 
 
 
4005. 
How often do you smoke cigarettes now, is it….? [SA] 
您目前吸烟的频率, 是…？ 
READ 
1 
Daily* 
每天* 
[Go to Q4006a] 
2 
Occasionally 
偶尔 
3 
Have stopped smoking 
completely 
已经彻底戒烟 
[If Q4003=1, go to Q4011 
Ex-daily Smoker 
If Q4003=2, 777 or 888, go 
to Q4015 Ex-smoker] 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
[Go to Q4016 Other 
Tobacco Products] 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
* Interviewer Note: Please include respondents who have stop smoking daily temporarily 
because of religious fasting or medical reasons. 
请包括受访者因宗教禁食或医疗因素而暂时停止每天吸烟。 
 
 
[If Q4005 = “Daily” or “Occasionally”, ask the following question] 
4006a. Can you show me the pack of cigarettes that you are currently smoking so that we can 
write down the flavour of cigarette? [SA]  
您是否能让我看您所吸的烟的包装以便我记下其烟的口味？ 
Interviewer Note: If respondent does not have a pack or refused to show pack of 
cigarettes, please ask for the flavour. If there are more than 1 flavour smoked, record the 
flavour that was most often smoked.  
DO NOT READ [Record flavour as shown for 4006a] 
1 
Regular  
2 
Menthol  
3 
Mint 
4 
Clove/ Kretek 
5 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q4006] 
 
 


 
97 
 
4006. 
Based on the pack of cigarettes, please code the theme of the graphic health warning. 
[SA] 
DO NOT READ [For internal coding by Interviewers] 
1 
Smoking causes blindness 
2 
Smoking causes cancer 
3 
Smoking causes heart disease 
4 
Smoking causes lung disease 
5 
Smoking increases the risk of miscarriage 
6 
When you’re hooked, your child suffers too 
7 
Smoking can cause stillbirth 
8 
Smoking causes oral cancer 
9 
Smoking causes throat cancer 
10 
Smoking leads to death from lung cancer 
11 
Tobacco smoke harms your baby 
12 
Smoking causes premature ageing 
13 
Others please specify: ____________________________________________ 
666 
No graphic warnings 
777 
Refused to show the pack of cigarette 
Note: No translation of graphic warning theme is required.   
 
 
 
[If Q4005 = “Daily”, go to Q4007. Else, go to Q4016 Other Tobacco Products]  
4007. 
[Daily Smoker] On average, how many cigarettes do you smoke per day? [SA] 
您平均每天吸多少支烟？ 
 
Cigarettes daily 
一天几支烟 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q4008] 
 
 
 


 
98 
 
4008. 
[Daily Smoker] Do you have any intention to quit smoking? [SA]  
您是否有戒烟的打算？ 
READ AND USE SHOWCARD  
1 
Yes, I plan to quit smoking within the next 
month 
有,我打算在下个月内戒烟 
2 
Yes, I plan to quit smoking within the next 6 
months 
有,我打算在未来 6 个月内戒烟 
3 
Yes, I plan to quit smoking within the next 12 
months 
有,我打算在未来 12 个月内戒烟 
4 
Yes, I plan to quit smoking within the next 5 
years 
有,我打算在未来 5 年内戒烟 
5 
Yes, I plan to quit smoking sometime in the 
future 
有,我打算在未来的某个时候戒烟 
6 
No, I do not plan to quit smoking completely, 
but plan to cut down on the number of 
cigarettes smoked 
我没有打算完全戒烟,但有打算减少吸
烟 
7 
No, I do not plan to quit smoking or cut down 
on the number of cigarettes smoked 
我没有打算戒烟或减少吸烟 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q4009] 
 
 
4009. 
[Daily Smoker] In the last 12 months, have you tried to stop smoking for at least 24 
hours? [SA] 
在过去12 个月内，您是否有尝试连续至少 24 小时不吸烟？ 
READ  
1 
Yes 
有 
[Go to Q4010] 
2 
No 
没有 
[Go to Q4016 
Other Tobacco 
Products] 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
 
 
4010. 
[Daily Smoker] How many times did you try to quit smoking during the last 12 months? 
[SA] 
在过去12 个月内，您曾经几次尝试戒烟？ 
 
Number of times in last 12 months 
在过去12个月内有几次 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q4016 Other Tobacco Products] 
 
 
 
 


 
99 
 
[If Q4005 = “Have stopped smoking completely” and Q4003=1, go to Q4011. Else if Q4005 
= “Have stopped smoking completely” and Q4003=2, 777 or 888, go to Q4015.]    
4011. 
[Ex-daily Smoker] How long has it been since you last smoked daily? [SA] 
您已经有多久停止每日吸烟的习惯？ 
 
Number of years, OR 
几年，或 
 
Number of months 
几月 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q4012] 
 
 
4012. 
[Ex-daily Smoker] How long did you smoke daily before you gave up smoking? [SA] 
在戒烟之前，您曾经有多久每天吸烟？ 
 
Number of years, OR 
几年，或 
 
Number of months 
几月 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q4015] 
 
 
4015. 
[Ex-smoker] How many times did you try to quit smoking before you succeeded? [SA] 
在戒烟成功前，您曾经尝试戒烟过几次？ 
 
Number of times 
几次 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q4013] 
 
 
 


 
100 
 
4013. 
[Ex-smoker] What was the main reason which made you stop smoking completely? [SA] 
您彻底戒烟的主要原因是什么？ 
DO NOT READ  
1 
Experienced the ill effects of smoking 
身受吸烟之害 
2 
Pressure to stop from the environment (e.g. 
smoking bans) 
迫于环境（例如禁烟令）的压力而戒
烟 
3 
Concerned about the health of those around 
me (through passive smoking) 
担心周围人群的健康（通过二手烟） 
4 
Concerned about the harmful effects of 
smoking 
关注吸烟的害处 
5 
Pressure/ advice to stop from family/ 
friends/ colleagues 
出于家庭/朋友/同事的压力/建议而
戒烟 
6 
Cigarettes have become too expensive 
香烟价格太贵 
7 
Social stigma associated with smoking 
吸烟不光彩 
8 
Advised to stop smoking by my doctor 
医生建议我戒烟 
9 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q4014] 
 
 
4014. 
[Ex-smoker] How did you quit smoking? [MA] 
请问您是怎样戒烟的？ 
DO NOT READ  
1 
Abstained from smoking on own accord 
自我克制主动戒烟 
2 
Attended smoking cessation 
programme/counselling in public/private hospitals 
参加公立/私人医院的戒烟计划/
辅导 
3 
Attended smoking cessation 
programme/counselling in public (including 
polyclinics) /private GP clinics 
参加公立(包括综合诊疗所)/私
人诊所的戒烟计划/辅导 
4 
Attended smoking cessation 
programme/counselling in the workplace 
参加工作场所的戒烟计划/辅导 
5 
Attended smoking cessation 
programme/counselling through a retail pharmacy  
通过零售药店参加戒烟计划/辅
导 
6 
Through talking to a quit advisor at Quitline 
通过与戒烟热线的戒烟顾问沟通 
11 
Through participating in I Quit programme 
(constitutes SMS and Quitline as an option for 
smokers) 
通过参加全国戒烟运动“ I 
Quit” 
7 
By nicotine replacement therapy (e.g. nicotine 
patch, inhaler) 
通过尼古丁替代治疗（例如尼古
丁贴片、尼古丁吸入剂） 
8 
By herbal remedy 
通过草药疗法 
9 
Used 
medication 
(e.g. 
Bupropion/ 
Zyban, 
Varenicline/Champix) 
药物治疗（例如耐烟盼牌的安非
他酮、戒必适牌的伐尼克兰) 
10 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q4016] 


 
101 
 
4016. 
[Ask All]  Other than cigarettes, which of the following tobacco products do you currently 
smoke? [SA] 
除了香烟，您目前吸的是以下哪种烟草产品？ 
USE SHOWCARD 
List of other tobacco 
products 
其它烟草产品的列表 
1) Yes, 
Daily 
是,每天 
2) Yes, 
Occasionally 
是, 偶尔 
3) No 
否 
777) 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888) Don’t know 
/ Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
4016a.  
Cigar 雪茄 
□ 
□ 
□ 
□ 
□ 
4016b.  
Cigarillos 迷你雪茄 
□ 
□ 
□ 
□ 
□ 
4016c.  
E-cigarette / E-vapouriser 
电子香烟 
□ 
□ 
□ 
□ 
□ 
4016d.  
Heated Tobacco 加热烟草 
□ 
□ 
□ 
□ 
□ 
4016e.  
Beedis 比迪烟 
□ 
□ 
□ 
□ 
□ 
4016f.  
Roll your own tobacco / 
Ang Hoon (loose tobacco) 
卷烟 
□ 
□ 
□ 
□ 
□ 
4016g.  
Pipe Tobacco 烟丝 
□ 
□ 
□ 
□ 
□ 
4016h.  
Others 其它 
[Go to Q4016h(i) for “1” 
or “2”] 
□ 
□ 
□ 
□ 
□ 
[If Q4016a to Q4016h=1 or 2, go to Q4020] 
If Q4016a to Q4016h=3, 777 or 888, go to Section 6] 
 
 
4016h(i) [If respondent selected “1” or “2” for Q4016h, please specify below]: 
其它（请注明）: 
 
 
 
 
 


 
102 
 
[If Q4000 = “Yes” or Q4016a to Q4016h = “Yes, Daily” or “Yes, Occasionally”] 
4020. 
[Ask All Smokers] When you first started smoking, which of the following tobacco 
product did you smoke? [SA] 
在您刚开始吸烟时，您吸的是以下哪种烟草产品？ 
USE SHOWCARD 
1 
Cigarettes 
香烟 
2 
Cigar 
雪茄 
3 
Cigarillo 
迷你雪茄 
4 
E-cigarette / E-vapouriser 
电子香烟 
5 
Heated Tobacco 
加热烟草 
6 
Beedis  
比迪烟 
7 
Roll your own tobacco / Ang Hoon (loose 
tobacco) 
卷烟 
8 
Pipe Tobacco  
烟丝 
9 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q4021] 
 
 
4021. 
[Ask All Smokers] What was the flavour of (tobacco product mentioned in 4020) that 
you smoked when you first started smoking? [SA] 
在您刚开始吸烟时，您吸的______是什么口味？ 
USE SHOWCARD 
1 
Regular  
普通味 
2 
Menthol  
薄荷醇味 
3 
Mint  
薄荷味 
4 
Clove/ Kretek 
丁香味 
5 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
END OF SECTION 4. GO TO SECTION 6. 
 
 
 
 
 


 
103 
 
6. ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION 
 
Interviewer: Now I am going to ask you some questions about alcohol consumption. 
现在，我要问您一些关于饮酒的问题。 
 
6000. 
In the past 12 months, how frequent did you have at least one drink? [SA] 
在过去12 个月内，您喝至少一杯酒的频率是多少？ 
READ AND USE SHOWCARD 
1 
5 or more days a week 
每周5 天或更多 
[Go to Q6003] 
2 
1-4 days per week 
每周1 至4 天 
3 
1-3 days a month 
每月1 至3 天 
4 
Less than once a month 
每月少于一天 
5 
Did not drink alcohol in the 
past 12 months 
在过去12 个月内没有喝酒 
[Go to Section 
7] 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
 
 
6003. 
On the days that you drank alcohol, about how many drinks did you usually have? [SA] 
每当喝酒时，您通常会在一天内喝几杯含有酒精的饮料？ 
USE SHOWCARD & EXPLAIN WHAT CONSTITUTES 1 DRINK 
 
Number of drinks per day 
一天内几杯饮料 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q6002] 
 
 
6002. 
How many times during the past month did you have X [X = 5 for men, X = 4 for women] 
or more drinks in any one drinking session? Please include all types of alcoholic drinks. 
[SA] 
在过去一个月内，您曾经有多少次在一次饮酒过程中喝了X [男性 X = 5，女性 X = 4] 
杯或更多？请包括所有类型的酒精饮品。 
USE SHOWCARD & EXPLAIN WHAT CONSTITUTES 1 DRINK 
 
Times in the past month 
过去一个月内有几次 
[If >0, go to Q6004] 
DO NOT READ 
666 
Did not drink X [X = 5 for 
men, X = 4 for women] or 
more drinks in any one 
drinking session 
没有在一次饮酒过程中喝
超过 X [男性 X = 5，女
性 X = 4] 杯 
[Go to Section 7] 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
 


 
104 
 
6004. 
On those days where you drink X [X = 5 for men, X = 4 for women] or more drinks, 
where do you usually drink? [MA] 
在您喝X [男性 X = 5，女性 X = 4] 杯酒或更多的那些天里, 您通常会在哪里喝？ 
READ (May choose more than one answer) 
1 
At home / relative’s/ friend’s home (e.g. 
during parties, celebratory occasions) 
在家里/亲戚/朋友家里（聚会、庆祝场
合） 
2 
Pubs/ Bars/ Hotels lounges 
酒吧/酒店酒廊 
3 
Discos/ Nightclubs/ KTVs 
歌舞厅/夜店/KTV 练歌房 
4 
Restaurants/ Coffeeshops/ Hawker 
Centres 
餐馆/咖啡店/小贩中心 
5 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
END OF SECTION 6. GO TO SECTION 7. 
 
 
 


 
105 
 
7. DIABETES 
 
Interviewer: Now, I would like to ask you some questions about diabetes. Diabetes occurs when 
there is excess sugar in the blood.  Oral medications and insulin injections may be required if a person 
with diabetes is unable to adequately control his blood sugar levels despite lifestyle changes. 
现在，我要问您一些关于糖尿病的问题。血糖过高会导致糖尿病。若糖尿病患者在改变生活方
式之后仍然无法控制血糖，那他/她就或许需要以服用口服降糖药或胰岛素注射来控制病情。 
 
 
7000. 
Can you tell me who in your immediate family* has diabetes, excluding diabetes that 
happens only during pregnancy? [MA] 
您的直系家庭*中谁患有糖尿病？这不包括只在怀孕期间患上的糖尿病。 
Interviewer note: Diabetes that happens only during pregnancy refer to diabetes that develop 
during pregnancy and usually stop at the end of pregnancy (also known as gestational diabetes). 
READ (May choose more than one answer) 
1 
Parents 
父母 
2 
Siblings 
兄弟姐妹 
3 
Children 
儿女 
4 
No one in my family has diabetes 
没有家人患有糖尿病 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q7013] 
* Exclude spouse and non-blood relatives 
不包括配偶及无血缘关系的亲戚 
 
 
7013. 
Can you tell me how often should a person of your age check for diabetes by a 
doctor/healthcare professional? [SA] 
您认为与您同龄的人应该多久一次由医生/医疗保健专业人员测量血糖？ 
Once every ________________ year(s) 
每几年一次 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q7001] 
 
 


 
106 
 
7001. 
Have you ever been told by a western-trained doctor that you have diabetes? [SA] 
西医是否曾经告诉过您，您患有糖尿病？ 
[If ‘Yes’ and respondent is female, ask “Was this only when you were pregnant?”] 
READ 
1 
Yes    
是 
[Go to Q7001a] 
2 
Yes, but only during 
pregnancy 
是，不过仅在怀孕时 
[Go to Q7004] 
3 
No   
否 
4 
No, pre-diabetes or borderline 
diabetes      
否，糖尿病前期或临界性糖尿
病 
[Go to Q7014] 
DO NOT READ 
[Go to Q7004] 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
 
 
7014.  
What lifestyle or dietary modifications have you made to prevent or delay the progression 
to diabetes? [MA] 
您是通过哪些生活或饮食的改变来预防或延缓糖尿病的进展？ 
DO NOT READ (May record more than one answer) 
1 
Manage / Lose weight 
控制体重/减肥 
2 
Reduce intake of sugar, rice, bread 
减少糖、米饭、面包的摄取量 
3 
Increase intake of wholemeal bread, brown rice, 
vegetables and high fibre food 
增加全麦面包、糙米、蔬菜和高纤
维食物的摄取量 
4 
Reduce fat intake 
减少脂肪摄取量 
5 
Cutting down/ stop smoking 
减少/停止吸烟 
6 
Do more exercise  
多做运动 
7 
Reduce alcohol intake 
减少酒精摄取量 
8 
Avoid sugar-sweetened beverages 
避免饮用含糖饮料 
9 
Go for regular blood sugar test  
定期做血糖测试 
10 
Receive health coaching to improve blood sugar 
control 
接受健康辅导以改善血糖控制 
11 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
555 
Unaware that pre-diabetes can progress to 
diabetes 
不知道糖尿病前期会导致糖尿病 
666 
No lifestyle changes or dietary modifications 
没有改变生活或饮食习惯 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q7002] 
 
 
 
 


 
107 
 
7001a. Does your doctor currently give you treatment for your diabetes such as tablets or 
injections? [SA] 
医生目前是否有给您治疗糖尿病的药物或注射？ 
READ  
1 
Yes 
有 
[Go to Q7001b] 
2 
No 
没有 
[Go to 7002] 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
 
 
7001b. What type of medication are you on? [SA] 
您正在使用哪种治疗方式？ 
READ 
1 
Insulin injections 
胰岛素注射 
2 
Oral medications for diabetes 
口服降糖药 
3 
Both insulin injections & oral 
medications for diabetes 
同时使用胰岛素注射和口服降糖药 
4 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to 7002] 
 
 
7002. 
How many times in the past 12 months have you seen a doctor for your X [X=pre-
diabetes when Q7001=4, X=diabetes when Q7001=1]? [SA] 
在过去12 个月内，您曾经有几次因为X [X=糖尿病前期when Q7001=4,X=糖尿病when 
Q7001=1]而看医生？ 
 
Number of times in the past 12 months 
在过去12 个月内有几次 
DO NOT READ 
666 
Did not see a doctor for X [X=pre-
diabetes when Q7001=4, X=diabetes 
when Q7001=1] 
没有因为X [X=糖尿病前期 when 
Q7001=4, X=糖尿病when Q7001=1]而看
医生 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to 7003] 
 
 
 
 
 


 
108 
 
7003. 
Where do you seek treatment for your X [X=pre-diabetes when Q7001=4, X=diabetes 
(when Q7001=1] most of the time? [SA] 
您大多数是去哪里治疗您的X[X=糖尿病前期when Q7001=4,X=糖尿病when Q7001=1]？ 
DO NOT READ  
1 
Private GP 
家庭医生 
2 
Polyclinic 
综合诊疗所 
3 
Specialist outpatient clinic (public 
hospital) 
专科门诊诊所（公共医院） 
4 
Specialist outpatient clinic  
(private hospital) 
专科门诊诊所（私人医院） 
5 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
666 
None, do not seek treatment for X 
[X=pre-diabetes when Q7001=4, 
X=diabetes when Q7001=1] 
否， 没有为X [X=糖尿病前期when 
Q7001=4,糖尿病when Q7001=1]寻求治疗 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Section 8] 
 
 
[If Q7001 = “Yes, but only during pregnancy”, “No”, “No, pre-diabetes or borderline 
diabetes”, “Refused” or “Don’t know / Not sure”] 
7004. 
Blood tests can be used to check for diabetes. When was the last time you had a blood 
test to check for diabetes? Please exclude checks done by yourself. [SA] 
血糖检验是一种测试糖尿病的方法。您最后一次进行血糖测试是什么时候？请不要包括
自己做的检查。 
Interviewer note: Blood tests can be a fasting plasma glucose test (FPG), random plasma 
glucose test, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) or HbA1c test. 
READ ONLY IF NECESSARY 
1 
1 year ago or less 
过去1 年或少于1 年 
[Go to Q7005] 
2 
More than 1 year to 2 years  
超过1 年但在2 年以内 
3 
More than 2 years to 3 years  
超过2 年但在3 年以内 
4 
More than 3 years to 5 years  
超过3 年但在5 年以内 
5 
More than 5 years ago 
超过5 年前 
6 
Never been checked 
从未检查过 
[Go to Section 
8]  
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
 
 
 


 
109 
 
7005. 
Where did you go for your last blood test for diabetes? [SA] 
您的最后一次血糖测试是在哪里进行的 ？ 
Interviewer note: If respondent answers “Private GP”, probe to check if they are participating in 
the Screen for Life programme where they pay $0, $2 or $5 for the test. 
DO NOT READ  
1 
Private GP (Screen for Life) 
家庭医生（"定期体检， 益您一生" ） 
2 
Private GP (Non-Screen for Life) 
家庭医生（非"定期体检， 益您一生" ） 
3 
Polyclinic 
综合诊疗所 
4 
Specialist outpatient clinic (public 
hospital) 
专科门诊诊所（公共医院） 
5 
Specialist outpatient clinic (private 
hospital) 
专科门诊诊所（私人医院） 
6 
Workplace 
工作场所 
7 
Community venue 
社区场所 
8 
Overseas clinic/ hospital  
国外的诊所或医院 
9 
Army camp 
军队兵营 
10 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
END OF SECTION 7. GO TO SECTION 8. 
 
 
 
 
 


 
110 
 
8. HYPERTENSION 
 
Interviewer: Next, I would like to ask you some questions about hypertension, also commonly 
known as high blood pressure.  
接下来，我要问您一些关于高血压的问题。 
 
 
8000. 
Can you tell me who in your immediate family* has high blood pressure, exclude high 
blood pressure that only happens during pregnancy? [MA] 
您的直系家庭*中谁患有高血压？这不包括只在怀孕期间患上的高血压。 
Interviewer note: High blood pressure that happens only during pregnancy refer to high blood 
pressure that develop during pregnancy and usually stop at the end of pregnancy. 
READ (May choose more than one answer) 
1 
Parents 
父母 
2 
Siblings 
兄弟姐妹 
3 
Children 
儿女 
4 
No one in my family has high blood 
pressure 
没有家人患有高血压 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q8011] 
* Exclude spouse and non-blood relatives 
不包括配偶及无血缘关系的亲戚 
 
 
8011. 
Can you tell me how often should a person of your age check for high blood pressure by 
a doctor/healthcare professional? [SA] 
您认为与您同龄的人应该多久一次由医生/医疗保健专业人员测量血压？ 
Once every ________________ year(s) 
每几年一次 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q8001] 
 
 
 
 


 
111 
 
8001. 
Have you ever been told by a western-trained doctor that you have high blood pressure? 
[SA] 
西医是否曾经告诉过您，您患有高血压？ 
[If ‘Yes’ and respondent is female, ask “Was this only when you were pregnant?”] 
READ 
1 
Yes 
是 
[Go to Q8002] 
2 
Yes, but only during 
pregnancy 
是，不过仅在怀孕时 
[Go to Q8005] 
3 
No 
否 
4 
No, borderline hypertension      否，临界性高血压 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
Interviewer Note: A person with blood pressure 140/90mmHg is defined to have high blood 
pressure or hypertension. 
高血压指血压高于140/90mmHg. 
 
8002. 
Does your doctor currently give you medicine (e.g. tablets) for your high blood pressure? 
[SA] 
医生目前是否有给您治疗高血压的药物？ 
READ  
1 
Yes 
有 
2 
No 
没有 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q8003] 
 
 
8003. 
How many times in the past 12 months have you seen a doctor for your high blood 
pressure? [SA] 
在过去12 个月内，您为了治疗高血压看过几次医生？ 
 
Number of times in the past 12 months 
在过去12个月内有几次 
DO NOT READ 
666 
Did not see a doctor for high blood 
pressure 
没有因为高血压看医生 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q8004] 
 
 
 


 
112 
 
8004. 
Where do you seek treatment for your high blood pressure most of the time? [SA] 
您大多数是去哪里治疗您的高血压？ 
DO NOT READ  
1 
Private GP 
家庭医生 
2 
Polyclinic 
综合诊疗所 
3 
Specialist outpatient clinic (public hospital) 
专科门诊诊所（公共医院） 
4 
Specialist outpatient clinic  
(private hospital) 
专科门诊诊所（私人医院） 
5 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
666 
None, do not seek treatment for high blood 
pressure 
否， 没有为高血压寻求治疗 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Section 9] 
 
 
[If Q8001 = “Yes, but only during pregnancy”, “No”, “No, borderline hypertension”, 
“Refused” or “Don’t know / Not sure”] 
8005. 
When was the last time you had your blood pressure checked? Please exclude checks 
by yourself. [SA] 
您最后一次检查血压是什么时候？请不要包括自己做的检查。 
READ ONLY IF NECESSARY 
1 
1 year ago or less 
过去1 年或少于1 年 
[Go to Q8006] 
2 
More than 1 year to 2 years  
超过1 年但在2 年以内 
3 
More than 2 years to 3 years  
超过2 年但在3 年以内 
4 
More than 3 years to 5 years  
超过3 年但在5 年以内 
5 
More than 5 years ago 
超过5 年前 
6 
Never been checked 
从未检查过 
[Go to Section 
9] 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
 
 
 
 


 
113 
 
8006. 
Where did you go for your last blood pressure check-up? [SA] 
您最后一次检查血压是在哪里进行的？ 
Interviewer note: If respondent answers “Private GP”, probe to check if they are participating in 
the Screen for Life programme where they pay $0, $2 or $5 for the test. 
DO NOT READ  
1 
Private GP (Screen for Life) 
家庭医生（"定期体检， 益您一生" ） 
2 
Private GP (Non-Screen for Life) 
家庭医生（非"定期体检， 益您一生" ） 
3 
Polyclinic 
综合诊疗所 
4 
Specialist outpatient clinic (public 
hospital) 
专科门诊诊所（公共医院） 
5 
Specialist outpatient clinic (private 
hospital) 
专科门诊诊所（私人医院） 
6 
Workplace 
工作场所 
7 
Community venue 
社区场所 
8 
Overseas clinic/ hospital  
国外的诊所或医院 
9 
Army camp 
军队兵营 
10 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
END of SECTION 8. GO TO SECTION 9 
 
 
 


 
114 
 
9. HIGH BLOOD CHOLESTROL 
 
9008. 
Can you tell me who in your immediate family* has high blood cholesterol? [MA] 
您的直系家庭*中谁患有高胆固醇? 
READ (May choose more than one answer) 
1 
Parents 
父母 
2 
Siblings 
兄弟姐妹 
3 
Children 
儿女 
4 
No one in my family has high blood 
cholesterol 
没有家人患有高胆固醇 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q9009] 
* Exclude spouse and non-blood relatives 
不包括配偶及无血缘关系的亲戚 
 
 
9009. 
Can you tell me how often should a person of your age check for high blood cholesterol 
by a doctor/healthcare professional? [SA] 
您认为与您同龄的人应该多久一次由医生/医疗保健专业人员测量胆固醇? 
Once every ________________ year(s) 
每几年一次 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q9000] 
 
 
9000. 
Have you ever been told by a western-trained doctor that you have high blood 
cholesterol? [SA] 
西医是否曾经告诉过您，您患有高胆固醇？ 
READ 
1 
Yes    
是 
[Go to Q9001] 
2 
No   
否 
[Go to Q9004] 
3 
No, borderline high blood 
cholesterol      
否，临界性高胆固醇 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
 
 
 
 
 


 
115 
 
9001. 
How many times in the past 12 months have you seen a doctor for your high blood 
cholesterol? [SA] 
在过去12 个月内，您为了治疗高胆固醇看过几次医生？ 
 
Number of times in the past 12 months 
在过去12个月内有几次 
DO NOT READ 
666 
Did not see a doctor for high blood 
cholesterol  
没有因为高胆固醇看医生 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q9002] 
 
 
 
9002. 
Does your doctor currently give you medicine (e.g. tablets) for your high blood 
cholesterol? [SA] 
医生目前是否有给您治疗高胆固醇的药物？ 
READ  
1 
Yes 
有 
2 
No 
没有 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q9003] 
 
 
9003. 
Where do you seek treatment for your high blood cholesterol most of the time? [SA] 
您大多数是去哪里治疗您的高胆固醇？ 
DO NOT READ  
1 
Private GP 
家庭医生 
2 
Polyclinic 
综合诊疗所 
3 
Specialist outpatient clinic (public 
hospital) 
专科门诊诊所（公共医院） 
4 
Specialist outpatient clinic  
(private hospital) 
专科门诊诊所（私人医院） 
5 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
666 
None, do not seek treatment for high 
blood cholesterol  
否，没有为高胆固醇寻求治疗 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Section 10] 
 
 
 


 
116 
 
[If Q9000 = “No”, “No, borderline high blood cholesterol”, “Refused” or “Don’t know / Not 
sure”] 
9004. 
When was the last time you had your blood cholesterol checked? [SA] 
您最后一次检查胆固醇是什么时候？ 
Interviewer note: Blood tests can be a fasting or non-fasting 
READ ONLY IF NECESSARY 
1 
1 year ago or less 
过去1 年或少于1 年 
[Go to Q9005] 
2 
More than 1 year to 2 years  
超过1 年但在2 年以内 
3 
More than 2 years to 3 years  
超过2 年但在3 年以内 
4 
More than 3 years to 5 years  
超过3 年但在5 年以内 
5 
More than 5 years ago 
超过5 年前 
6 
Never been checked 
从未检查过 
 
[Go to Section 
10] 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
 
 
9005. 
Where did you go for your last blood test to check for cholesterol? [SA] 
您最后一次检查胆固醇是在哪里进行的？ 
 
Interviewer note: If respondent answers “Private GP”, probe to check if they are participating in 
the Screen for Life programme where they pay $0, $2 or $5 for the test. 
DO NOT READ  
1 
Private GP (Screen for Life) 
家庭医生（"定期体检， 益您一生" ） 
2 
Private GP (Non-Screen for Life) 
家庭医生（非"定期体检， 益您一生" ） 
3 
Polyclinic 
综合诊疗所 
4 
Specialist outpatient clinic (public 
hospital) 
专科门诊诊所（公共医院） 
5 
Specialist outpatient clinic (private 
hospital) 
专科门诊诊所（私人医院） 
6 
Workplace 
工作场所 
7 
Community venue 
社区场所 
8 
Overseas clinic/ hospital  
国外的诊所或医院 
9 
Army camp 
军队兵营 
10 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
END OF SECTION 9. GO TO SECTION 10. 
 
 
 


 
117 
 
10. HEALTH CONDITIONS 
 
10040. Have you check your weight at least once in the past 12 months? Please include checks 
done by yourself or a health professional.  [SA]  
在过去的12 个月内，您是否至少检查过一次自己的体重?请包括您自己或健康专业人员
做的检查。 
READ  
1 
Yes 
是 
2 
No 
否 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q10011] 
 
10011. 
Have you been told by a western-trained doctor in the last 12 months that you need to 
lose weight for health reasons? [SA] 
在过去12 个月内，西医是否告诉过您必须为了健康而减轻体重？ 
READ 
1 
Yes    
是 
[Go to Q10041] 
2 
No   
否 
[Go to Q10020] 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
 
10041. Have you try to lose weight after receiving the doctor’s advice about weight loss?  [SA]  
在收到医生关于减肥的建议后，您是否有尝试着减肥? 
READ  
1 
Yes 
是 
2 
No 
否 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q10020] 
 
 
 


 
118 
 
10020. In the past 30 days, have you had low back pain that lasted a whole day or more? [SA] 
在过去30 天内，您是否曾有持续一整天或更长时间的腰背痛？ 
READ 
1 
Yes    
是 
[Go to Q10021] 
2 
No   
否 
[Go to Q10025] 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
 
 
10021. About how many days in the past 30 days did you experience this pain? [SA] 
在过去30 天内，您有几天感受到腰背痛？ 
 
Number of days in the past 30 days 
在过去30天内有几天 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q10022] 
 
 
10022. Were you limited in your usual activities because of low back pain? [SA] 
腰背痛是否限制了您的日常活动？ 
READ  
1 
Yes 
是 
2 
No 
否 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q10023] 
 
 
10023.   Do you feel that the pain was caused by work? [SA] 
您觉得此疼痛是由工作造成的吗？ 
READ 
1 
Yes    
是 
2 
No   
否 
3 
Not applicable      
不适用 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q10024] 
 


 
119 
 
10024.   In the past 12 months, how many days were you on medical leave or not able to go to 
work because of low back pain? [SA] 
在过去12 个月内，您有多少天因为腰痛而拿病假或无法上班？ 
 
Number of days in the past 12 months 
在过去12 个月内有几天 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q10025] 
 
 
10025. In the past 30 days, have you had neck pain that lasted a whole day or more? [SA] 
在过去30 天内，您是否曾有持续一整天或更长时间的颈部疼痛？ 
READ 
1 
Yes    
是 
[Go to Q10026] 
2 
No   
否 
[Go to Q10030] 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
 
 
10026. About how many days in the past 30 days did you experience this pain? [SA] 
在过去30 天内，您有几天感受到颈部疼痛？ 
 
Number of days in the past 30 days 
在过去30天内有几天 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q10027] 
 
 
10027. Were you limited in your usual activities because of neck pain? [SA] 
颈部疼痛是否限制了您的日常活动？ 
READ  
1 
Yes 
是 
2 
No 
否 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q10028] 
 
 
 
 


 
120 
 
10028.  Do you feel that the pain was caused by work? [SA] 
您觉得此疼痛是由工作造成的吗？ 
READ 
1 
Yes    
是 
2 
No   
否 
3 
Not applicable      
不适用 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q10029] 
 
10029. In the past 12 months, how many days were you on medical leave or not able to go to 
work because of neck pain? [SA] 
在过去12 个月内，您有多少天因为颈部疼痛而拿病假或无法上班？ 
 
Number of days in the past 12 months 
在过去12个月内有几天 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q10030] 
 
 
10030. Do you wear glasses or contact lenses? [SA] 
您有戴眼镜或隐形眼镜吗？ 
READ 
1 
Yes    
是 
[Go to Q10031] 
2 
No   
否 
[Go to Q10032] 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
 
 
 


 
121 
 
10031.  Why do you need to wear glasses or contact lenses? [MA] 
您为什么戴眼镜或隐形眼镜？ 
READ  
1 
Short-sighted/ myopia (cannot see far) 
近视（看不清远处） 
2 
Long sighted/ presbyopia (cannot see 
near)    
远视（看不清近处） 
3 
Astigmatism 
散光 
4 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q10032] 
 
 
10032. Have you ever been told by a western-trained doctor that you have … ? 
西医是否曾告诉过您患有…? 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
10033. Do you feel you have hearing loss? [SA] 
您觉得您的听力受损了吗？ 
READ 
1 
Yes    
是 
[Go to Q10034] 
2 
No   
否 
[Go to Q10035] 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
 
 
 
 
READ 
DO NOT READ 
 
Condition 
1      
Yes    
是 
2         
No         
否 
777 
Refused          
拒绝回答 
888                         
Don’t know/ Not 
sure                    
不知道／不肯定 
a. 
Cataract [SA]  
白内障 
 
 
 
 
b. 
Glaucoma [SA] 
青光眼 
 
 
 
 
c. 
Age-related macular degeneration [SA] 
年龄相关的黄斑变性 
 
 
 
 
d. 
Diabetic eye disease [SA] 
糖尿病引起的眼疾 
 
 
 
 
[Go to Q10033] 


 
122 
 
10034. 
Do you feel that the hearing loss was caused by work? [SA] 
您觉得听力受损是由工作造成的吗？ 
READ  
1 
Yes 
是 
2 
No 
否 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q10035] 
 
 
10035. Do you have difficulty following conversations in the presence of background noise? (e.g. 
Noise from a TV or radio; traffic noise in the street; people talking at other tables in a 
crowded restaurant) [SA] 
您觉得在嘈杂的环境下是否难以听清谈话？（如电视或收音机的噪音；街上的交通噪音；
在拥挤的饭店内人们在其他桌交谈产生的噪音） 
READ  
1 
Yes 
是 
2 
No 
否 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q10036] 
 
 
10036. Do you wear a hearing aid? [SA] 
您有戴助听器吗？ 
READ  
1 
Yes 
有 
2 
No 
没有 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
END OF SECTION 10. GO TO SECTION 11. 
 
 


 
123 
 
11. HEALTH SCREENING PROGRAMMES 
 
IF respondent is male & below 50 years of age, go to Q11023. 
IF respondent is male & aged 50 and above, go to Q11016. 
IF respondent is female & below 50 years of age, go to Q11000. 
IF respondent is female & aged 50 and above, go to Q11002. 
 
 
11000. [For women below 50 years of age] To your knowledge, are you pregnant now? [SA] 
据您所知，您目前是否怀孕？ 
READ  
1 
Yes 
是 
2 
No 
否 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q11002] 
 
 
11002. [For all women only] When was the last time you had a test to scrap cells from the 
mouth of the womb to check for cervical cancer? These tests are also known as Pap test 
or HPV test. [SA] 
您最后一次接受子宫口细胞检查子宫颈癌时，是多久以前的事? 这些检查也称为子宫颈
抹片检查人或乳头瘤病毒检查(HPV) 。 
READ ONLY IF NECESSARY 
1 
1 year ago or less 
过去1 年或少于1 年 
[Go to Q11003] 
2 
More than 1 year to 2 years  
超过1 年但在2 年以内 
3 
More than 2 years to 3 years  
超过2 年但在3 年以内 
4 
More than 3 years to 4 years  
超过3 年但在4 年以内 
5 
More than 4 years to 5 years  
超过4 年但在5 年以内 
6 
More than 5 years ago 
超过5 年前 
7 
Never been checked 
从未检查过 
 [Go to Q11010 if 
aged 40 and above.  
 
Go to Q11023 if aged 
below 40] 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
 
 
 


 
124 
 
11003. [For all women only] Where did you go for your last test to check for cervical cancer? 
[SA] 
您最后一次在哪里进行子宫颈癌检查？ 
Interviewer note: If respondent answers “Private GP”, probe to check if they are participating in 
the Screen for Life programme where they pay $0, $2 or $5 for the test. 
DO NOT READ  
1 
Private GP (Screen for Life) 
家庭医生（"定期体检， 益您一生" ） 
2 
Private GP (Non-Screen for Life) 
家庭医生（非"定期体检， 益您一生" ） 
3 
Polyclinic 
综合诊疗所 
4 
Specialist outpatient clinic (public hospital) 
专科门诊诊所（公共医院） 
5 
Specialist outpatient clinic (private hospital) 
专科门诊诊所（私人医院） 
10 
Specialist outpatient clinic (not in hospital) 
专科门诊诊所 (不在医院经营) 
6 
Workplace 
工作场所 
7 
Community venue 
社区场所 
8 
Overseas clinic/ hospital  
国外的诊所或医院 
9 
Others,  please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q11025] 
 
11025. [For all women only] Which of the following test have you taken for your last check for 
cervical cancer? [SA] 
您在最后一次检查子宫颈癌时接受了以下哪一种子宫口细胞检查？ 
USE SHOWCARD 
1 
Pap test 
子宫颈抹片检查 
2 
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) test 
人乳头瘤病毒检查(HPV) 
3 
Pap test and Human Papillomavirus 
(HPV) test on the same visit 
在同一次进行子宫颈抹片检查和人乳头瘤
病毒检查 (HPV) 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[Else, go to Q11010 if aged 40 and above.]  
[Else, go to Q11023 if aged below 40.] 
 
 
 
 
 
 


 
125 
 
11010. [Only for Women aged 40 years and older] A mammogram is an x-ray of each breast 
to look out for breast cancer. When was the last time you had a mammogram? [SA] 
乳房X 光检查是一种利用X 光检查乳癌的方法。您最后一次接受乳房X 光检查是多久以
前的事？ 
READ ONLY IF NECESSARY 
1 
1 year ago or less 
过去1 年或少于1 年 
[Go to Q11013] 
2 
More than 1 year to 2 years  
超过1 年但在2 年以内 
3 
More than 2 years to 3 years  
超过2 年但在3 年以内 
4 
More than 3 years to 4 years  
超过3 年但在4 年以内 
5 
More than 4 years to 5 years  
超过4 年但在5 年以内 
6 
More than 5 years ago 
超过5 年前 
7 
Never been checked 
从未检查过 
[Go to Q11026] 
 
 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
 
 
11013. [Only for Women aged 40 years and older] Where did you go for your last 
mammogram? [SA] 
您最后一次的乳房 X 光检查是在哪里进行的？ 
DO NOT READ  
1 
Polyclinic 
综合诊疗所 
2 
Public hospital 
公共医院 
3 
Private hospital 
私人医院 
4 
Private X-ray centre 
私人 X 光检查中心 
5 
Mammobus 
乳房 X 光检查流动巴士 
6 
Workplace 
工作场所 
7 
Community venue 
社区场所 
8 
Overseas clinic/ hospital  
国外的诊所或医院 
9 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
 [Go to Q11026] 
 
 


 
126 
 
11026. [Only for Women aged 40 years and older] Have your periods stopped because of 
menopause? [SA] 
您的月经是否因为更年期而已停止？ 
READ 
1 
Yes 
是 
[Go to Q11027] 
2 
No 
否 
[Go to Q11016 if aged 50 
and above.  
Go to Q11023 if aged 
below 50] 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
 
 
11027. [Only for Women aged 40 years and older] At what age did your periods stop? [SA] 
 
您的月经在您几岁时停止？ 
 
Age 
几岁 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q11016 if aged 50 and above.  
Go to Q11023 if aged below 50] 
 
 
[For Male & Female respondents aged 50 years and above only] 
11016. A blood stool test is a test to determine whether the stool contains blood, which can be 
caused by conditions such as piles or colorectal cancer. When was the last time you had 
a blood stool test? [SA] 
便血检查能检测粪便中是否含有血液，这可能是由于痔疮或者结直肠癌等病症引起的。
您最后一次进行便血检查是多久以前的事？ 
Interviewer note: A blood stool test can be also known as a faecal occult blood test (FOBT) or 
faecal immunochemical blood test (FIT). 
READ ONLY IF NECESSARY 
1 
1 year ago or less 
过去1 年或少于1 年 
[Go to Q11018] 
2 
More than 1 year to 2 years  
超过1 年但在2 年以内 
3 
More than 2 years to 3 years  
超过2 年但在3 年以内 
4 
More than 3 years to 5 years  
超过3 年但在5 年以内 
5 
More than 5 years ago 
超过5 年前 
6 
Never been checked 
从未检查过 
[Go to Q11020] 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
 
 
 


 
127 
 
11018. Where did you go for your last blood stool test? [SA] 
您最后一次的便血检查是在哪里进行的？ 
 
Interviewer note: If respondent answers “Private GP”, probe to check if they are participating in 
the Screen for Life programme where they pay $0, $2 or $5 for the test. 
DO NOT READ  
1 
Private GP (Screen for Life) 
家庭医生（"定期体检， 益您一生" ） 
2 
Private GP (Non-Screen for Life) 
家庭医生（非"定期体检， 益您一生" ） 
3 
Polyclinic 
综合诊疗所 
4 
Specialist outpatient clinic (public hospital) 
专科门诊诊所（公共医院） 
5 
Specialist outpatient clinic (private hospital) 
专科门诊诊所（私人医院） 
6 
Workplace 
工作场所 
7 
Community venue 
社区场所 
8 
Overseas clinic/ hospital  
国外的诊所或医院 
10 
Collection of Faecal Immunochemical Test 
(FIT) kit (e.g. from pharmacies such as 
Watson, Guardian, Eu Yan Seng, Unity 
Family Medicine Clinic, Singapore Cancer 
Society) 
粪便免疫化学测验器 （例如屈臣氏
（Watson's)，佳宁药房（Guardian）, 
余仁生，仁益家庭医药诊所，新加坡癌症
协会） 
9 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q11020] 
 
 
 
 


 
128 
 
[For Male & Female respondents aged 50 years and above only] 
11020. Colonoscopy is a procedure where a flexible tube is inserted through the rectum and into 
the large intestines. A small camera allows the doctor to examine the intestinal wall for 
abnormalities such as cancer. When was the last time you had a colonoscopy? [SA] 
结肠内窥镜检查是一种将软管插入直肠然后进入大肠的检查方法。软管前端会有一个小
型摄像头，让医生可以检查肠壁是否有异常，例如癌症。您最后一次接受结肠内窥镜检
查是多久以前的事？ 
Interviewer note: Before taking a colonoscopy, patients are required to drink a cleansing liquid 
and be on a clear liquid diet at least one day before the test so that a clear view of their bowel 
can be taken.  
READ ONLY IF NECESSARY 
1 
1 year ago or less 
过去1 年或少于1 年 
2 
More than 1 year to 2 years  
超过1 年但在2 年以内 
3 
More than 2 years to 3 years  
超过2 年但在3 年以内 
4 
More than 3 years to 5 years  
超过3 年但在5 年以内 
5 
More than 5 years to 10 years  
超过5 年但在10 年以内 
6 
More than 10 years ago 
超过10 年前 
7 
Never been checked 
从未检查过 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q11023] 
 
 
[For all Male & Female respondents] 
11023. In the past 12 months, have you had an injection to protect you from getting flu? This 
injection is also known as influenza vaccination. [SA] 
在过去12 个月内,您有没有接受流行性感冒的免疫注射？这也被称为接种流感疫苗注
射。 
READ  
1 
Yes 
有 
2 
No 
没有 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q11024] 
 
 
 
 


 
129 
 
11024. Have you ever had pneumococcal vaccination before? This vaccine protects against a 
bacterial infection that causes pneumonia, blood infection and inflammation of the brain 
(meningitis). [SA] 
您是否曾有接种肺炎球菌疫苗？这种疫苗可预防能引起肺炎、血液感染和脑炎(脑膜炎)
的细菌感染。   
READ  
1 
Yes 
有 
2 
No 
没有 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
END OF SECTION 11. GO TO SECTION 12. 
 
 


 
130 
 
12. PRIMARY CARE 
 
12006. Do you have a regular* family doctor (i.e. a General Practitioner (GP) or Polyclinic) whom 
you consult when you have common illnesses such as diarrhoea or headache?  [SA] 
您在患上腹泻或头痛等普通疾病的时候, 您是否会去看固定*的家庭医生，或者前往同一
间综合诊疗所看病？ 
READ ONLY IF NECESSARY 
1 
Yes, I have a regular family 
doctor in a private General 
Practitioner (GP) clinic whom I 
consult on common illnesses           
有，我有固定的家庭医生看病 
[Go to Q12007] 
2 
Yes, I visit the same Polyclinic to 
consult a doctor on common 
illnesses 
有，我会探访同一所综合诊疗
所看病 
3 
No, I do not have a regular family 
doctor whom I consult on 
common illnesses 
没有，我在患上普通疾病的时
候我没有固定家庭医生 
[Go to Q12008] 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
* A regular family doctor is defined as a primary care physician who you turn to frequently or 
habitually for healthcare advice/consultation. 
 
 
12007. What are the reasons you choose him/ her as your regular family doctor or visit the same 
polyclinic for your common illnesses? [MA] 
您选择他/她作为您固定的家庭医生或者前往同一间综合诊疗所看病的原因是什么？ 
Interviewer note: If respondent answers “convenient location”, probe if it is convenient to home 
or workplace. 
READ ONLY IF NECESSARY 
1 
Professionally competent doctor / good 
doctor 
医生的专业水平/医术高 
2 
Cheaper charges 
医疗费用比较便宜 
3 
Convenient location, nearer to my home 
地点方便，靠近住家 
4 
Convenient location, nearer to my 
workplace 
地点方便，靠近工作地点 
5 
Have been seeing this doctor since 
young / for many years 
从小就看这位医生/看这位医生很多年了 
7 
Part of company’s panel of doctors 
是公司指定的医生团队 
6 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q12008] 
 


 
131 
 
12008. Do you have a regular* family doctor (i.e. a General Practitioner (GP) or Polyclinic) whom 
you will consult on your chronic conditions^ (e.g diabetes, hypertension, high blood 
cholesterol, asthma)? [SA] 
您在患上慢性疾病^（例如:糖尿病、高血压、高胆固醇、哮喘）的时候，您是否会去看
固定*的家庭医生，或者前往同一间综合诊疗所看病？ 
READ ONLY IF NECESSARY 
1 
Yes, I have a regular family doctor in a 
private General Practitioner (GP) clinic 
whom I consult on my chronic conditions      
有，我有固定的家庭医生看病 
[Go to 
Q12009] 
2 
Yes, I visit the same Polyclinic to consult 
a doctor on my chronic conditions 
有，我会探访同一所综合诊疗
所看病 
3 
No, I do not have a regular family doctor 
whom I consult on my chronic conditions 
没有，我在患上慢性疾病的时
候没有固定家庭医生去看病 
[Go to 
Q12002] 
4 
I do not have any chronic conditions 
我没有任何慢性疾病 
[Go to 
Section 
13] 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
* A regular family doctor is defined as a primary care physician who you turn to frequently or 
habitually for healthcare advice/consultation. 
^ Chronic conditions refer to long-term medical conditions that require regular management (e.g. 
diabetes, hypertension, high blood cholesterol, asthma) 
 
 
12009. What are the reasons you choose him/ her as your regular family doctor or visit the same 
polyclinic for your chronic conditions? [MA] 
您选择他/她作为您固定的家庭医生或者前往同一间综合诊疗所看病的原因是什么？ 
Interviewer note: If respondent answers “convenient”, probe if it is convenient to home or 
workplace. 
READ ONLY IF NECESSARY 
1 
Professionally competent doctor / good 
doctor 
医生的专业水平/医术高 
2 
Cheaper charges 
医疗费用比较便宜 
3 
Convenient location, nearer to my home 
地点方便，靠近住家 
4 
Convenient location, nearer to my 
workplace 
地点方便，靠近工作地点 
5 
Have been seeing this doctor since 
young / for many years 
从小就看这位医生/看这位医生很多年了 
7 
Part of company’s panel of doctors 
是公司指定的医生团队 
6 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Section 13] 
 
 
 


 
132 
 
[If Q12006=“No, I do not have a regular family doctor whom I consult on common illnesses” 
or Q12008=“No, I do not have a regular family doctor whom I consult on my chronic 
conditions”] 
12002. What are the reasons that you do not have a regular family doctor? [MA] 
您没有固定的家庭医生或综合诊疗所的原因有哪些？ 
READ ONLY IF NECESSARY 
1 
I visit different clinics depending on 
convenience – whichever clinic near 
wherever I am 
我会为了方便而选择探访不同的诊所– 
哪家诊所靠近就去哪家 
3 
I visit different clinics because I compare 
the cost of visiting the different clinics 
我探访不同的诊所是为了比较医疗费用 
4 
I don’t see the value / need to have a 
regular family doctor 
我不认为有需要看固定的家庭医生 
5 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
END OF SECTION 12. GO TO SECTION 13. 
 
 
 


 
133 
 
13. HEALTH STATE DESCRIPTIONS 
 
Interviewer: Next, I would like to ask you some questions about your sleeping habits. 
接下来我想问关于您的睡眠习惯。 
 
 
13006. How many hours do you usually sleep per day on weekdays? [SA] 
 
您通常在周日有几个小时的睡眠？ 
Interviewer note: Please exclude nap time and record number of hours of sleep to the nearest 
0.5 hours e.g. 8 hours 30 minutes per weekday is 8.5 hours per weekday. 
 
Hours per day on weekdays 
每个周日几小时 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q13007] 
 
 
13007. How many hours do you usually sleep per day on weekends? [SA] 
 
您通常在周末有几个小时的睡眠？ 
Interviewer note: Please exclude nap time and record number of hours of sleep to the nearest 
0.5 hours e.g. 8 hours 30 minutes per weekend is 8.5 hours per weekend. 
 
Hours per day on weekends 
每个周末日几小时 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q13008] 
 
 
13008. What do you usually do 30 minutes before bedtime? [MA] 
 
您通常在睡前30 分钟做什么？ 
DO NOT READ (May record more than one answer) 
1 
Watch TV 
2 
Play video console games 
3 
Use handheld electronic devices (e.g. mobile phone, tablet) for non-school work/ 
office work (e.g. socialising with friends, doing hobby, etc) 
4 
Do school work/ office work 
5 
Read a book/ listen to music 
6 
Spend time with family members/ friends 
7 
Exercise 
8 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q13009] 
 


 
134 
 
13009. Do you think you are getting adequate sleep? [SA] 
您认为您的睡眠充足吗? 
READ  
1 
Yes 
是 
[Go to Q13004] 
2 
No 
否 
[Go to Q13010] 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
 
 
13010. Why do you think you are not getting adequate sleep?  [MA] 
为什么您认为自己睡眠不足? 
DO NOT READ (May record more than one answer) 
1 
Stay up late to study/ do homework/ do office work 
2 
Stay up late to watch TV/ play games 
3 
Stay up late because family members/ friends also sleep late 
4 
Due to shift work 
5 
Eating/ drinking too late 
6 
Due to medical conditions (e.g. asthma)  
7 
Due to sleeping disorders (e.g. insomnia, sleep apnea) 
8 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q13011] 
 
 
13011. How often do you feel sleepy in the day while working/ in school? [SA] 
当您工作/上学的时候，您多经常感到困意? 
 
 
 
 
 
READ 
1 
All the time 
一直都有 
2 
Often 
经常 
3 
Sometimes 
有时 
4 
Rarely  
很少 
5 
Never  
从来没有 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q13004] 


 
135 
 
 
13004. Have you recently (in the past 6 weeks) ...? [SA]  
 
您最近（过去6 周内）是否…？ 
READ AND USE SHOWCARD 
 
1) 
2) 
3) 
4) 
13004a.  
Been able to concentrate on whatever 
you are doing? 
能够集中精神做事？ 
□ 
Better than 
usual 
优于往常 
□ 
Same as 
usual 
与往常一样 
□ 
Less than 
usual 
比往常稍差 
□ 
Much less 
than usual 
比往常差很多 
13004b.  
Lost much sleep over worry? 
因担忧而严重失眠？ 
□ 
Not at all 
根本不 
□ 
No more 
than usual 
与往常一样 
□ 
Rather more 
than usual 
比往常稍差 
□ 
Much more 
than usual 
比往常差很多 
13004c.  
Felt that you are playing a useful part in 
things? 
感觉自己在某些事情中发挥作用？ 
□ 
More than 
usual 
优于往常 
□ 
Same as 
usual 
与往常一样 
□ 
Less useful 
than usual 
比往常稍差 
□ 
Much less 
useful 
比往常差很多 
13004d.  
Felt capable of making decisions about 
things? 
感觉有能力做决定？ 
□ 
More so 
than usual 
优于往常 
□ 
Same as 
usual 
与往常一样 
□ 
Less so than 
usual 
比往常稍差 
□ 
Much less 
capable 
比往常差很多 
13004e.  
Felt constantly under strain? 
经常感觉紧张？ 
□ 
Not at all 
根本不 
□ 
No more 
than usual 
与往常一样 
□ 
Rather more 
than usual 
比往常稍差 
□ 
Much more 
than usual 
比往常差很多 
13004f. 
Felt you couldn’t overcome your 
difficulties? 
感觉自己不能克服困难？ 
□ 
Not at all 
根本不 
□ 
No more 
than usual 
与往常一样 
□ 
Rather more 
than usual 
比往常稍差 
□ 
Much more 
than usual 
比往常差很多 
13004g. 
Been able to enjoy your normal day-to-
day activities? 
能够享受正常的日常活动？ 
□ 
More so 
than usual 
优于往常 
□ 
Same as 
usual 
与往常一样 
□ 
Less so than 
usual 
比往常稍差 
□ 
Much less 
than usual 
比往常差很多 
13004h. 
Been able to face up to your problems? 
能够面对自己的问题？ 
□ 
More so 
than usual 
优于往常 
□ 
Same as 
usual 
与往常一样 
□ 
Less able 
than usual 
比往常稍差 
□ 
Much less 
able 
比往常差很多 
13004i. 
Been feeling unhappy and depressed? 
一直感觉不开心和抑郁？ 
□ 
Not at all 
根本不 
□ 
No more 
than usual 
与往常一样 
□ 
Rather more 
than usual 
比往常稍差 
□ 
Much more 
than usual 
比往常差很多 
Interviewer: Now, I would ask about your health in general over the last 6 weeks. For each question, 
tell me which answer you think best applies to you in the last 6 weeks. Remember that I want to know 
about present and recent complaints, not those you had in the past. All answers will be treated as 
confidential.  
我要问您在过去6 周内的整体健康状况。请您在每一题选择最能够代表您在过去6 周内的状况。
请切记，我想知道您目前以及最近的心理诉状，不包括您以前的诉状。所有答案将完全保密。 


 
136 
 
READ AND USE SHOWCARD 
 
1) 
2) 
3) 
4) 
13004j. 
Been losing confidence in yourself? 
一直没有自信？ 
□ 
Not at all 
根本不 
□ 
No more 
than usual 
与往常一样 
□ 
Rather more 
than usual 
比往常稍差 
□ 
Much more 
than usual 
比往常差很多 
13004k. 
Been thinking of yourself as a worthless 
person? 
一直认为自己没有价值？ 
□ 
Not at all 
根本不 
□ 
No more 
than usual 
与往常一样 
□ 
Rather more 
than usual 
比往常稍差 
□ 
Much more 
than usual 
比往常差很多 
13004l. 
Been feeling reasonably happy, all 
things considered? 
整体上一直感觉比较开心？ 
□ 
More so 
than usual 
优于往常 
□ 
Same as 
usual 
与往常一样 
□ 
Less so than 
usual 
比往常稍差 
□ 
Much less 
than usual 
比往常差很多 
[Go to Q13002] 
 
 
13002. If you feel like you are constantly unable to cope with stress, would you be willing to seek 
help from a…? [SA] 
若您觉得经常无法应付/面对压力时，您是否愿意向以下人士求助？ 
READ 
 
1) Yes 
是 
2) No 
否 
777) Refused 
拒绝回答 
a. Healthcare professional, for example a counsellor, 
doctor, psychologist or psychiatrist? 
医疗专业人士例如辅导员、医生、心理学家、精神病医生？ 
□ 
□ 
□ 
b. Friend, relative, colleague, religious leader or teacher in 
school? 
朋友、亲戚、同事、宗教领袖、学校的老师？ 
□ 
□ 
□ 
[Go to Q13012] 
 
 
13012. 
Have you sought help or advice from the following groups when you were constantly 
unable to cope with stress in the past 6 months? [SA] 
在过去6 个月内，当您经常无法应付压力时，是否曾向以下组织寻求帮助或建议? 
READ 
 
1) Yes 
是 
2) No 
否 
777) Refused 
拒绝回答 
a. Healthcare professional, for example a counsellor, 
doctor, psychologist or psychiatrist? 
医疗专业人士例如辅导员、医生、心理学家、精神病医生？ 
□ 
□ 
□ 
b. Friend, relative, colleague, religious leader or teacher in 
school? 
朋友、亲戚、同事、宗教领袖、学校的老师？ 
□ 
□ 
□ 
[If Q103012a = 1 then go to Q13013. Else, go to Q13014] 
 


 
137 
 
[If Q13012a = “1 Yes”] 
13013. Which of the following channels have you used when seeking help in the past 6 months? 
[MA] 
过去6 个月内，您曾使用过下列哪一种途径寻求帮助? 
READ AND USE SHOWCARD 
1 
In-person services (e.g. face-to-face 
consultation with a counsellor, doctor, 
psychologist or psychiatrist) 
面对面服务(例如与辅导员、医生、心理
学家或精神科医生面对面谘询) 
2 
Mental health support hotlines (e.g. 
National Care Hotline, SOS or IMH 24-
hour helpline) 
心理健康支援热线(如全国关爱热线、
SOS 或心理卫生学院24 小时热线服务) 
3 
Text-based consultation (e.g. via instant 
messaging with SOS Care Text or e-
mails) 
简讯咨询(例如，通过SOS 援人协会关怀
简讯或电子邮件即时通讯) 
4 
Digital or self-help resources (e.g. 
MindSG, Mindline, NCSS Beyond the 
Label Website, Youthtopia, AIC.sg) 
数码或自助资源(如MindSG、Mindline、
国家福利理事会的“跨越成见，退去标
签”网站、Youthtopia、护联中心.sg) 
5 
Online support groups (e.g. social media 
community support groups) 
线上支援小组(如社交媒体社区支援小
组) 
6 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
DO NOT READ 
666 
None of the above 
以上都不是 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q13014] 
 
13014. Which of the following channels would you be willing to use when seeking help? [MA] 
在寻求帮助时，您愿意使用下列哪一种途径? 
READ AND USE SHOWCARD 
1 
In-person services (e.g. face-to-face 
consultation with a counsellor, doctor, 
psychologist or psychiatrist) 
面对面服务(例如与辅导员、医生、心理
学家或精神科医生面对面谘询) 
2 
Mental health support hotlines (e.g. 
National Care Hotline, SOS or IMH 24-
hour helpline) 
心理健康支援热线(如全国关爱热线、
SOS 或心理卫生学院24 小时热线服务) 
3 
Text-based consultation (e.g. via instant 
messaging with SOS Care Text or e-
mails) 
简讯咨询(例如，通过SOS 援人协会关怀
简讯或电子邮件即时通讯) 
4 
Digital or self-help resources (e.g. 
MindSG, Mindline, NCSS Beyond the 
Label Website, Youthtopia, AIC.sg) 
数码或自助资源(如MindSG、Mindline、
国家福利理事会的“跨越成见，退去标
签”网站、Youthtopia、护联中心.sg) 
5 
Online support groups (e.g. social media 
community support groups) 
线上支援小组(如社交媒体社区支援小
组) 
6 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
DO NOT READ 
666 
None of the above 
以上都不是 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q13017] 


 
138 
 
13017. Mental wellbeing relates to our thoughts, feelings and our ability to cope with day-
to-day life so that we can achieve our goals and contribute to the community. In 
the last 2 weeks, did you do anything to improve your mental wellbeing? [SA] 
 
心理健康与我们的思想、感情和处理日常生活的能力息息相关，由此我们才可以实现我
们的目标，为社区做出贡献。在过去两周内，您有做什么来改善您的心理健康吗? 
READ  
1 
Yes 
是 
2 
No 
否 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q13101] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


 
139 
 
Interviewer: Next, I would like to ask how you have been feeling, thinking and behaving over the 
last 2 weeks. 
For each sentence, tell me which number on the scale ranging from 1: Strongly Disagree to 9: Strongly 
Agree best corresponds to how well each sentence describes you over the last 2 weeks. 
接下来，我想问关于您在前两周内的心情、思想及行为。请仔细阅读以下句子。 
请您在每个句子旁的比例表（从1：强烈不同意至9：强烈同意）选择最代表您在前两周内的
心情、思想及行为。 
 
READ AND USE SHOWCARD  
1 
Strongly 
Disagree 
强烈不同意 
 
2 
3 
4 
Mildly 
Disagree 
稍微不同
意 
5 
Neither Agree 
Nor Disagree 
不同意也不反对 
 
6 
Mildly 
Agree 
稍微同意 
 
7 
8 
9 
Strongly 
Agree 
强烈同意 
 
 
 
Score 
[1 to 9] 
13101a. 
I am optimistic about the future.   
我对未来感到乐观。 
 
13101b. 
I am spiritual.  
我的心灵感到满足。 
 
 
13101c. 
I am able to accept myself.  
我能够接受自己。 
 
 
13101d. 
I am able to accept reality.  
我能够接受现实。 
 
13101e. 
I am able to cope with life’s challenges.  
我能够应付生活的挑战。 
 
13101f. 
I am calm.  
我感到镇定。 
 
13101g. 
I am not depressed.  
我不会感到忧郁。 
 
13101h. 
I am able to make friends.  
我能够交朋友。 
 
13101i. 
I have the strong support of my family and friends.  
 
 
我有朋友与家人的支持及鼓励。 
 
13101j. 
I seek for self-development/growth/cultivation.  
我寻求自我提升/成长/修炼。 
 
13101k. 
I am able to offer help to others.  
我能够帮助其他人。 
 
13101l. 
I am appreciative of life.  
我对生活具有欣赏力。 
 
13101m. 
I appreciate my own self-worth.  
我赏识我的自我价值。 
 
13101n. 
I am happy.  
我感到开心。 
 
13101o. 
I am able to think clearly.  
我能够清楚地思考。 
 
13101p. 
I am able to make good decisions.  
我能够做好的决定。 
 
END OF SECTION 13. GO TO SECTION 14. 
 
 


 
140 
 
14. DENTAL HEALTH 
 
Interviewer: Now, I would like to ask you some questions about your dental health. 
现在，我想问您关于口腔健康的问题。 
 
14000. How often do you visit a dentist? [SA] 
您多久看一次牙医？ 
READ ONLY IF NECESSARY 
1 
Once every 6 months 
每6 个月一次 
[Go to Q14001] 
 
2 
Once a year 
一年一次 
3 
Once every 2 years 
每两年一次 
4 
Only if there is pain or when I 
have a dental problem 
只有在有牙疼或有口腔问题的
时侯 
5 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: _____________________ 
DO NOT READ 
666 
Have never been to a dentist 
从未看过牙医 
[Go to Section 
15] 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
 
 
14001. When was the last time you visited a dentist? [SA] 
您最后一次看牙医是什么时候？ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
READ ONLY IF NECESSARY 
1 
Less than 6 months ago 
 
过去6 个月内 
2 
6-12 months ago 
 
6 到12 个月内 
3 
More than a year, but less than 2 years 
ago 
 
超过1 年，但少过2 年内 
4 
2 years or more, but less than 5 years ago  2 年以上，但少过5 年内 
5 
 At least 5 years ago 
至少5 年以前 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
END OF SECTION 14. GO TO SECTION 15. 


 
141 
 
15. ADDITIONAL DIABETES QUESTIONS  
 
15001. To your knowledge, what are some ways to prevent diabetes? [MA] 
据您所识， 有哪些方法可以预防糖尿病呢？ 
 
 
<write response 写回应> 
 
DO NOT READ (for internal coding only)  
1 
Exercise regularly  
经常运动 
2 
Exercise for at least 150 minutes per 
week  
每周运动至少150 分钟 
3 
Go for regular health screening 
定期体检 
4 
Go for blood sugar / blood glucose 
screening / testing 
检查血糖/血糖检验/测试 
5 
Eat a balanced diet  
注意饮食平衡 
6 
Eat more fruits and/or vegetables 
多吃水果和/或蔬菜 
7 
Eat wholegrains / brown rice 
吃全谷物/糙米 
8 
Eat less sweetened food 
少吃甜食 
9 
Eat less carbohydrate rich food (e.g.  
rice/ bread/ noodle) 
少吃碳水化合物（比如米饭/面包/面
条） 
10 
Eat lower calorie meals / foods 
吃低卡路里的食物 
11 
Limit processed foods 
减少工业加工的食品 
12 
Have “siu dai” / lower sugar beverage 
喝少糖的饮品 
13 
Do not smoke / quit smoking 
不吸烟/戒烟 
14 
Control your blood pressure 
控制血压 
15 
Manage / Lose weight 
控制体重/减肥 
16 
Manage stress 
调节压力 
17 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q15004] 
 
 
 
 


 
142 
 
15004. Diabetes can lead to some health conditions. What are some of these conditions? [MA] 
糖尿病能够引起一些其它病症。下面哪些病症可能由糖尿病引发呢？ 
READ (May choose more than one answer) 
1 
Kidney Disease 
肾病 
2 
Stroke 
中风 
3 
Heart Disease / Heart Attack  
心脏病/心脏病发作 
4 
Foot Amputation 
截肢 
5 
Blindness 
眼盲 
6 
Cancer 
癌症 
7 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
END OF SECTION 15. GO TO SECTION 19. 
 
 
 
 


 
143 
 
19 CAREGIVING 
 
Interviewer: Now, I would like to ask you some questions about caregiving (i.e. providing regular 
care or assistance to a friend or family member who has a health problem, long-term illness, or 
disability).  
现在，我要问一些有关看护的问题（即为有健康问题、长期患病或有残疾的朋友或家庭成员提
供经常性的护理或帮助。） 
 
19000. During the past month, did you provide any such care or assistance to a friend or family 
member? [SA] 
在过去一个月内，您曾为朋友或家庭成员提供过此类护理或帮助吗？ 
READ  
1 
Yes 
有 
[Go to Q19001] 
2 
No 
没有 
[Go to Section 
20] 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
 
 
19001. How many people do you provide care to? [SA] 
您看护了多少人？ 
 
Number of people 
人数 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q19004] 
 
 
[IF Q19001 > “1”, please provide the following information based on the person you spend 
most time caring for.] 
19004. Are you the only person providing care for this person? [SA] 
您是此人的唯一看护人吗？ 
READ  
1 
Yes 
是 
[Go to Q19006] 
2 
No 
否 
[Go to Q19005] 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
 
 
 
 


 
144 
 
19005. Who else provides care to this person? [MA] 
此人的其他看护人是什么身份？ 
READ (May choose more than one answer) 
1 
Other family members 
其他家庭成员  
2 
Live-in helper / Migrant Domestic 
Worker (MDW) 
居住在雇主家的女佣 
3 
Nurse / other nursing professional  
护士/其他专业护理人员 
4 
Day-care & other institutions 
日间护理中心和其他机构 
5 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q19006] 
 
 
19006. What is the care recipient’s relationship to you? For example, is he/she your 
(mother/daughter or father/son)? [SA] 
您看护的人与您是什么关系？例如，他/她是您的（母亲/女儿或父亲/儿子）？ 
READ 
1 
Parent 
父母 
2 
Parent-in-law 
岳父母或公婆 
3 
Child 
子女 
4 
Spouse 
配偶 
5 
Sibling 
兄弟姐妹 
6 
Grandparent 
祖父母 
7 
Grandchild 
孙子/孙女 
8 
Other relatives (e.g niece, nephew, 
uncle, aunt) 
其他亲戚关系(例如侄女，侄儿， 叔
叔，阿姨) 
9 
Non-relative (e.g. friend, neighbour) 
无亲戚关系(例如朋友，领居) 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q19007] 
 
 
19007. How old is the person to whom you are giving care? [SA] 
您看护的人年龄有多大？ 
 
Age 
岁 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q19008] 


 
145 
 
19008. Is this person whom you giving care to male or female? [SA] 
您看护的人是男性还是女性？ 
1 
Male 
男性 
2 
Female 
女性 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q19009] 
 
 
19009. How long have you been providing care to this person? [SA] 
您已经为此人提供了多长时间的看护？ 
READ ONLY IF NECESSARY 
1 
1 year or less 
1 年或少于1 年 
2 
More than 1 year to 2 years  
超过1 年但在2 年以内 
3 
More than 2 years to 5 years  
超过2 年但在5 年以内 
4 
More than 5 years to 10 years 
超过5 年但在10 年以内 
5 
More than 10 years 
超过10 年 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q19010] 
 
 
19010. In an average week, what is the total number of hours of care you provide to this person? 
[SA] 
您平均每周为此人提供多少小时的看护？ 
 
Hours per week 
每周几小时 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q19011] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


 
146 
 
19011. What are the health problems, long-term illnesses, or disabilities that the person you care 
for has according to the doctor? [MA] 
根据医生的判断，您所看护的这个人有什么健康问题、长期疾病或残疾？ 
USE SHOWCARD 
1 
Arthritis / Rheumatism/ Joint Pains 
关节炎/风湿/关节疼痛 
2 
Cancer 
癌症 
3 
Diabetes 
糖尿病 
4 
Heart Disease 
心脏病 
5 
Hypertension / High Blood Pressure 
高血压 
6 
Lung Disease / Emphysema / COPD 
肺病/肺气肿 
7 
Osteoporosis 
骨质疏松症 
8 
Parkison’s Disease 
帕金森病 
9 
Stroke 
中风 
10 
Eye / Vision Problem (blindness) 
眼疾/视力问题（失明） 
11 
Hearing Problems (deafness) 
听力问题（失聪） 
12 
Kidney disease / Renal failure 
肾病/肾功能衰竭 
13 
Fracture 
骨折 
14 
Alzheimer’s Disease / Dementia 
阿尔茨海默病或痴呆 
15 
Cerebral Palsy (CP) 
脑性麻痹 (CP) 
16 
Down’s Syndrome 
唐氏综合征 
17 
Anxiety / Depression 
焦虑/忧郁症 
18 
Intellectually Disabled 
智力残障 
19 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q19012] 
 
 
 
 


 
147 
 
19012. In which of the following areas does the person you care for need your help? [MA] 
以下哪些方面是您的被看护人需要您帮助的？ 
USE SHOWCARD 
1 
To move from one place to another, e.g. 
move around within the home or outside 
of home 
从一个地方移动到另一个地方，例如在
家中或户外移动 
2 
To get in and out of bed or onto a chair 
移到床上或床下，或移到椅子上 
3 
To dress and undress themselves 
自己穿衣服或脱衣服 
4 
To shower 
冲凉 
5 
To feed themselves e.g. cutting food  
自己进食，例如将食物切成小块 
6 
To get to and use the toilet 
使用厕所 
7 
To do shopping e.g. buying groceries 
购物，例如买菜 
8 
To prepare meals 
煮饭 
9 
To do house chores e.g. cleaning and 
doing laundry 
做家务，例如打扫房间和洗衣服 
10 
To move around using public transport 
or driving 
搭乘公共交通或驾车出行 
11 
To manage money e.g. paying bills 
管理钱财，例如支付账单 
12 
To communicate with others e.g. 
making a phone call 
与他人交流，例如打电话 
13 
To help with medications needs 
including injections e.g. taking 
medications on time 
协助药物治疗，包括注射，例如按时服
药 
14 
To do simple procedures e.g. using 
feeding tubes, changing of dressings 
进行简单的医疗护理（例如使用喂食
管、更换敷料） 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q19013] 
 
 
 


 
148 
 
Care services for care recipients 
19013. Has the person you care for used or is currently using any of the following services/ 
programmes? [MA] 
您看护的这个人是否用过或者正在使用以下服务/计划？ 
USE SHOWCARD 
1 
Helplines 
求助热线 
3 
Support groups 
互助团体 
4 
Case management & counselling 
个案管理与辅导 
5 
Eldercare Centre Services (i.e. Active 
Ageing Centre / Active Ageing Care Hub) 
(e.g. active ageing programmes, 
befriending or buddying services, 
information and referral to care services) 
乐龄综合中心服务(如，活跃乐龄中心) 
(例如，活跃乐龄活动、友伴服务、护
理咨询与转介援助)” 
6 
Sheltered Workshop 
庇护工作坊 
7 
Residential Homes / Nursing Homes  
老人公寓/疗养院 
8 
Community Rehabilitation Centres 
(e.g.occupational therapy, physical rehab) 
社区康复中心 
（例如职业疗法、物理康复） 
9 
Day Care Centres/ Senior Care Centres 
(e.g. Maintenance Day Care, Dementia Day 
Care) 
日间护理中心/乐龄护理中心 
（例如保健日间护理、失智症日间护
理） 
10 
Home Care services 
(e.g. Home Medical, Home Nursing, Home 
Personal Care services) 
居家护理服务 
（例如居家医疗服务、居家疗养服务、
居家个人护理服务） 
19 
Home, Day and Inpatient Palliative/Hospice 
Care 
(e.g. Medical, nursing and psychosocial 
care for end-of-life patients) 
慈怀居家、日间和住院护理 
（例如为临终病人提供医疗，护理和社
会心理护理） 
11 
Escort and transport services  
(e.g. to medical appointments or centres) 
护送和交通服务  
（例如陪送复诊或送往医疗中心） 
12 
Meal delivery services 
膳食派送服务 
13 
Training programmes 
(e.g. Social skills training, Psychosocial 
skills training, illness management)  
培训课程 
（例如社会技能培训、社会心理技能培
训、疾病管理） 
14 
Employment-related services 
(e.g. skills upgrading, job placement/ 
support) 
就业相关服务 
（例如技能提升、就业安排/支持） 
15 
Assistive Devices 
(e.g. walking stick, hearing aid, wheelchair) 
辅助设备 
（例如拐杖、助听器、轮椅） 
16 
Spiritual / Religious based support 
精神上/宗教上的支持 
17 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
18 
None of the above 
以上都不是 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[If ALL Option 1 to Option 17 and Option 19 are selected, go to Q19015. Else go to  
to Q19014] 
 


 
149 
 
[Show only options not selected in Q19013]  
19014. Is the person you care for interested in using any of the following services/ programmes? 
[MA] 
您看护的这个人是否有兴趣使用以下服务/计划？ 
USE SHOWCARD 
1 
Helplines 
求助热线 
3 
Support groups 
互助团体 
4 
Case management & counselling 
个案管理与辅导 
5 
Eldercare Centre Services (i.e. Active 
Ageing Centre / Active Ageing Care Hub) 
(e.g. active ageing programmes, 
befriending or buddying services, 
information and referral to care services) 
乐龄综合中心服务(如，活跃乐龄中心) 
(例如，活跃乐龄活动、友伴服务、护
理咨询与转介援助)” 
6 
Sheltered Workshop 
庇护工作坊 
7 
Residential Homes / Nursing Homes  
老人公寓/疗养院 
8 
Community Rehabilitation Centres 
(e.g.occupational therapy, physical rehab) 
社区康复中心 
（例如职业疗法、物理康复） 
9 
Day Care Centres/ Senior Care Centres 
(e.g. Maintenance Day Care, Dementia 
Day Care) 
日间护理中心/乐龄护理中心 
（例如保健日间护理、失智症日间护
理） 
10 
Home Care services 
(e.g. Home Medical, Home Nursing, 
Home Personal Care services) 
居家护理服务 
（例如居家医疗服务、居家疗养服务、
居家个人护理服务） 
19 
Home, Day and Inpatient 
Palliative/Hospice Care 
(e.g. Medical, nursing and psychosocial 
care for end-of-life patients) 
慈怀居家、日间和住院护理 
（例如为临终病人提供医疗，护理和社
会心理护理） 
11 
Escort and transport services  
(e.g. to medical appointments or centres) 
护送和交通服务  
（例如陪送复诊或送往医疗中心） 
12 
Meal delivery services 
膳食派送服务 
13 
Training programmes 
(e.g. Social skills training, Psychosocial 
skills training, illness management)  
培训课程 
（例如社会技能培训、社会心理技能培
训、疾病管理） 
14 
Employment-related services 
(e.g. skills upgrading, job placement/ 
support) 
就业相关服务 
（例如技能提升、就业安排/支持） 
15 
Assistive Devices 
(e.g. walking stick, hearing aid, 
wheelchair) 
辅助设备 
（例如拐杖、助听器、轮椅） 
16 
Spiritual / Religious based support 
精神上/宗教上的支持 
17 
None of the above 
以上都不是 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q19015] 
 
 
 


 
150 
 
19015. 
Currently, is there any form of help given to you as the caregiver? [SA] 
您目前有得到作为看护者所需要的帮助吗？ 
READ  
1 
Yes 
是 
2 
No 
否 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q19019] 
 
 
Care services for caregivers 
19019. Have you heard of the following services/ programmes? [MA] 
您是否听说过以下服务/计划？ 
USE SHOWCARD 
1 
Helplines 
求助热线 
2 
Befriending services 
益友服务 
3 
Support groups 
互助团体 
4 
Case management & counselling 
个案管理与辅导 
5 
Respite Care 
(e.g. Eldersitter, Day Care, Child Care) 
短暂看护（例如长者护理计划、日间护
理、儿童托管） 
6 
Government assistance and subsidies 
(e.g. Community Health Assist Scheme 
(CHAS), Seniors’ Mobility and Enabling 
Fund (SMF), Home Caregiving Grant 
(HCG)) 
政府援助及津贴（例如社保援助计划
（CHAS）、乐龄助行基金（SMF）、居
家看护津贴（HCG）） 
7 
Employment-related services 
(e.g. skills upgrading, job placement/ 
support) 
就业相关服务 
（例如技能提升、就业安排/支持） 
8 
Caregiving related training programmes 
(e.g. information sharing sessions, 
caregiving training) 
看护相关培训课程（例如资讯分享活
动、看护培训） 
9 
Spiritual / Religious based support 
精神上/宗教上的支持 
10 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
11 
None of the above 
以上都不是 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[If Option 11 or 777 or 888 is selected, go to Q19017. 
If any Option 1 to Option 10 is selected, go to Q19016. 
If any Option 1 to 10 is not selected, go to Q19017] 
 
 
 
 


 
151 
 
[Show only options not selected in Q19019]  
19016. Which of the following services/ programmes have you used or are currently using? [MA] 
您是否用过或者正在使用以下服务/计划？ 
USE SHOWCARD 
1 
Helplines 
求助热线 
2 
Befriending services 
益友服务 
3 
Support groups 
互助团体 
4 
Case management & counselling 
个案管理与辅导 
5 
Respite Care 
(e.g. Eldersitter, Day Care, Child Care) 
短暂看护（例如长者护理计划、日间护
理、儿童托管） 
6 
Government assistance and subsidies 
(e.g. Community Health Assist Scheme 
(CHAS), Seniors Mobility and Enabling 
Fund (SMF), Home Caregiving Grant 
(HCG)) 
政府援助及津贴（例如社保援助计划
（CHAS）、乐龄助行基金（SMF）、 居
家看护津贴（HCG） 
7 
Employment-related services 
(e.g. skills upgrading, job placement/ 
support) 
就业相关服务 
（例如技能提升、就业安排/支持） 
8 
Caregiving related training programmes 
(e.g. information sharing sessions, 
caregiving training) 
看护相关培训课程（例如资讯分享活
动、看护培训） 
9 
Spiritual / Religious based support 
精神上/宗教上的支持 
10 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
11 
None of the above 
以上都不是 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q19018] 
 
 
 


 
152 
 
[Show only options not selected in Q19019]  
19017. Which of the following services/ programmes are you interested in trying? [MA] 
您有兴趣尝试以下何种服务/计划？ 
USE SHOWCARD 
1 
Helplines 
求助热线 
2 
Befriending services 
益友服务 
3 
Support groups 
互助团体 
4 
Case management & counselling 
个案管理与辅导 
5 
Respite Care 
(e.g. Eldersitter, Day Care, Child Care) 
短暂看护（例如长者护理计划、日间护
理、儿童托管） 
6 
Government assistance and subsidies 
(e.g. Community Health Assist Scheme 
(CHAS), Seniors Mobility and Enabling Fund 
(SMF) , Home Caregiving Grant (HCG)) 
政府援助及津贴（例如社保援助计划
（CHAS）、乐龄助行基金（SMF））、 
居家看护津贴（HCG） 
7 
Employment-related services 
(e.g. skills upgrading, job placement/ support) 
就业相关服务 
（例如技能提升、就业安排/支持） 
8 
Caregiving related training programmes 
(e.g. information sharing sessions, caregiving 
training) 
看护相关培训课程（例如资讯分享活
动、看护培训） 
9 
Spiritual / Religious based support 
精神上/宗教上的支持 
10 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
11 
None of the above 
以上都不是 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q19018] 
 
 
 


 
153 
 
19018. In which of the following areas do you think you (the caregiver) should be given training 
in order to provide care to others? [MA] 
您认为您（看护人）应接受以下哪个领域的培训，以便看护他人？ 
USE SHOWCARD 
1 
Helping care recipient to move from one 
place to another, e.g. move around 
within the home or outside of home 
协助护人从一个地方移动到另一个地
方，例如在家中或户外移动 
2 
Helping care recipient to get in and out 
of bed or onto a chair 
协助护人移到床上或床下，或移到椅子
上 
3 
Helping care recipient to dress or 
undress themselves 
协助护人穿或脱衣服 
4 
Helping care recipient to shower 
协助护人冲凉 
5 
Helping care recipient to feed 
themselves e.g. cutting food  
协助护人进食，例如将食物切成小块 
6 
Helping care recipient to get to and use 
the toilet 
协助护人使用厕所 
7 
Performing simple procedures (e.g. 
using feeding tubes, changing of 
dressings) 
进行简单的医疗护理（例如使用喂食
管、更换敷料） 
8 
Medication management, including 
injections  
协助药物治疗，包括注射，例如按时服
药 
9 
First aid and management of emergency 
e.g. CPR training  
急救和紧急救护培训，例如CPR 培训 
11 
Caring for the emotional or 
psychological needs of care recipient 
照顾护人的情绪或心理需求 
12 
Information and techniques for your own 
self-care, e.g. how to cope with 
caregiver stress 
自我照顾的资讯及技巧，例如，如何应
付看护人的压力 
10 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
END OF SECTION 19. GO TO SECTION 20. 
 
 
 


 
154 
 
20. ELDERLY HEALTH (FOR RESPONDENT AGED 55 AND ABOVE)  
 
IF respondent is below 55 years of age, go to Section 22. 
IF respondent is aged 55 and above, go to Q20000. 
 
Interviewer: Now, I would like to ask you some questions about your functional mobility, personal 
care, eye sight, hearing and communication.  
现在，我想问您关于您行动能力、个人护理、视力、听力及沟通能力的问题。 
 
 
 
 
USE SHOWCARD 
 
(1)  
Only with 
someone 
to help 
需要其他
人帮忙 
(2)  
With 
some 
difficulty 
有些困
难 
(3) 
Without 
difficulty 
完全没
有困难 
(777) 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
(888) 
Don’t 
know / 
Not sure 
不知道／
不肯定 
Locomotion 行动能力 
20000. Can you walk or move from one 
place to another independently, 
including with the use of a 
walking aid or wheelchair?  [SA] 
 
您是否能自己步行（包括使用助
行器）或自立行驶到达不同的场
所（包括使用轮椅）？ 
 
 
 
 
 
Personal care 个人护理 
20001. 
Can you get in and out of bed or 
a chair on your own? [SA] 
您是否能自己上下床或从坐着
的椅子上站起来？ 
 
 
 
 
 
20002. 
Can you dress and undress 
yourself on your own? [SA] 
您是否能自己穿或脱衣服？ 
 
 
 
 
 
20003. 
Can you shower on your own? 
[SA] 
您是否能自己洗燥？ 
 
 
 
 
 
20004. 
Can you feed yourself, including 
cutting up food? [SA] 
您是否能自己用餐，包括切割
食物？ 
 
 
 
 
 
20005. 
Can you get to and use the toilet 
on your own? [SA] 
您是否能自己上洗手间？ 
 
 
 
 
 
[Go to Q20006] 


 
155 
 
Seeing 视力 
20006. Can you see well enough to recognise a friend at a distance of four meters (across a 
road)? If no, can you see well enough to recognize a friend at a distance of one meter 
(at arm’s length)?  [SA] 
您能在四公尺外辨认出您的朋友（如马路对面）吗？ 若不行，那在一公尺外（手臂的长
度）能辨认出您的朋友吗？ 
READ  
1 
Can recognise a friend at four meters 
(across a road) 
在四公尺外（马路对面）能 辨认出朋友 
2 
Can recognise a friend at one meter (at 
arm’s length) but not at four meters 
(across a road) 
能在一公尺外（手臂的长度）辨认出朋友
却不能 
在四公尺外（马路对面 
3 
Cannot recognise a friend at one meter 
(at arm’s length) 
不能在一公尺外（手臂的长度）辨认出朋
友 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q20007] 
 
 
Hearing 听力 
20007. Is your hearing good enough to follow a TV programme at a volume others find 
acceptable? If not, can you follow a TV programme with the volume turned up?  [SA] 
您是否能在其他人能够接受的音量看电视节目？若不能, 您需要调高声量吗? 
READ  
1 
Can follow a TV programme at normal 
volume 
能接受跟常人一样的声量  
2 
Can follow a TV programme with volume 
turned up 
需要调高声量 
3 
Cannot follow a TV programme with 
volume turned up 
调高声量还是听不清楚 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q20008] 
 
 
 


 
156 
 
Eldercare Services 
20008. Which of the following eldercare services have you heard of … ? [MA] 
您听说过以下哪种长者看护服务…？ 
USE SHOWCARD 
11 
Eldercare Centre Services (i.e. Active 
Ageing Centre / Active Ageing Care Hub) 
(E.g. active ageing programmes, 
befriending or buddying services, 
information and referral to care services) 
乐龄综合中心服务(如，活跃乐龄中心) 
(例如，活跃乐龄活动、友伴服务、护理
咨询与转介援助)” 
1 
Home Medical, Home Nursing and/or Home 
Therapy services  
(E.g. minor medical procedures, wound 
dressing, changing of nasogastric tubes 
provided at home) 
居家医疗、居家护理和/或居家治疗服务 
(例如在家中提供的小型医疗程序，伤口
敷料，更换鼻胃管) 
2 
Home Personal Care  
(E.g. assistance with showering, 
housekeeping, medication reminders, mind-
stimulating activities and other personal 
care tasks at home) 
居家个人看护 
(例如协助沐浴，家政，药物提醒，精神
刺激的活动和家中的其他个人护理任务) 
3 
Day Care and/or Dementia Day Care  
(E.g. Custodial day care for seniors)  
日间护理和/或失智症日间看护 
(例如老年人的监护日托) 
4 
Community Rehabilitation 
(E.g. physiotherapy or occupational therapy 
at a centre) 
社区康复 
(例如中心里的物理治疗或职业疗法) 
5 
Medical Escort and Transport 
(E.g. Escort and transportation to medical 
appointments for seniors unable to attend 
on their own) 
医疗护送 
(例如接送需要帮助的老人去医疗复诊) 
6 
Meals-on-Wheels 
(E.g. Daily meal delivery programme for 
homebound elderly who are unable to 
prepare meals) 
送餐服务 
(例如每日为无法准备饭菜而无法出门的
老人送餐) 
7 
Nursing Home Respite Care/Centre-based 
Respite Care 
(E.g. Short-term care of a few hours or 
days at eldercare centres or nursing 
homes) 
疗养院短暂看护/中心短暂看护 
(例如在老人护理中心或疗养院进行短短
几小时或几天的护理) 
8 
Nursing Home  
(E.g. Long term residential care service) 
疗养院 
(例如长期住宿护理服务) 
9 
Home, Day and Inpatient Palliative/Hospice 
Care  
(E.g. Medical, nursing and psychosocial 
care for end-of-life patients) 
慈怀居家、日间和住院护理 
(例如为临终病人提供医疗，护理和社会
心理护理) 
10 
None of the above 
以上都没有 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
[If Option 1 to Option 9 or Option 11 is selected, go to Q20009. Else go to Section 22. 
If Option 10 or 777 or 888 is selected, go to Section 22] 
 
 
 
 
 
 


 
157 
 
For those eldercare services selected in Q20008, go to Q20009. 
20009. Which of the following eldercare services have you used in the past one year? [MA]  
在过去的一年里，您使用过以下哪项长者护理服务？ 
USE SHOWCARD 
11 
Eldercare Centre Services (i.e. Active 
Ageing Centre / Active Ageing Care Hub) 
(E.g. active ageing programmes, 
befriending or buddying services, 
information and referral to care services) 
乐龄综合中心服务(如，活跃乐龄中心) 
(例如，活跃乐龄活动、友伴服务、护理
咨询与转介援助)” 
1 
Home Medical, Home Nursing and/or Home 
Therapy services  
(E.g. minor medical procedures, wound 
dressing, changing of nasogastric tubes 
provided at home) 
居家医疗、居家护理和/或居家治疗服务 
(例如在家中提供的小型医疗程序，伤口
敷料，更换鼻胃管) 
2 
Home Personal Care  
(E.g. assistance with showering, 
housekeeping, medication reminders, mind-
stimulating activities and other personal 
care tasks at home) 
居家个人看护 
(例如协助沐浴，家政，药物提醒，精神
刺激的活动和家中的其他个人护理任务) 
3 
Day Care and/or Dementia Day Care  
(E.g. Custodial day care for seniors)  
日间护理和/或失智症日间看护 
(例如老年人的监护日托) 
4 
Community Rehabilitation 
(E.g. physiotherapy or occupational therapy 
at a centre) 
社区康复 
(例如中心里的物理治疗或职业疗法) 
5 
Medical Escort and Transport 
(E.g. Escort and transportation to medical 
appointments for seniors unable to attend 
on their own) 
医疗护送 
(例如接送需要帮助的老人去医疗复诊) 
6 
Meals-on-Wheels 
(E.g. Daily meal delivery programme for 
homebound elderly who are unable to 
prepare meals) 
送餐服务 
(例如每日为无法准备饭菜而无法出门的
老人送餐) 
7 
Nursing Home Respite Care/Centre-based 
Respite Care 
(E.g. Short-term care of a few hours or 
days at eldercare centres or nursing 
homes) 
疗养院短暂看护/中心短暂看护 
(例如在老人护理中心或疗养院进行短短
几小时或几天的护理) 
8 
Nursing Home  
(E.g. Long term residential care service) 
疗养院 
(例如长期住宿护理服务) 
9 
Home, Day and Inpatient Palliative/Hospice 
Care  
(E.g. Medical, nursing and psychosocial 
care for end-of-life patients) 
慈怀居家、日间和住院护理 
(例如为临终病人提供医疗，护理和社会
心理护理) 
10 
None of the above 
以上都没有 
DO NOT READ 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure  
不知道／不肯定 
END OF SECTION 20. GO TO SECTION 22. 
 
 
 


 
158 
 
22. HYGIENE PRACTICES AND USE OF ANTIBIOTICS  
 
22000. I am now going to read out some practices that will prevent the spread of infectious 
diseases like common cold or influenza that are caused by viruses. For the prevention 
of infectious diseases, do you usually …? [MA] 
我现在将读出一些防止由病毒所引起的传染病，例如预防普通感冒或流感传播的措施。 为了预防
传染病，您通常是否会 …? 
USE SHOWCARD (You may choose more than one answer) 
1 
wash your hands regularly with soap and 
water or use a hand sanitiser  
定期用肥皂和水洗手或使用消毒洗手液 
2 
cover your nose and mouth when coughing 
or sneezing 
在咳嗽或打喷嚏时掩住鼻子和嘴巴 
3 
stay at home if you feel unwell 
在感到不适的时候待在家里 
4 
use a surgical mask when you are unwell  
Interviewer note: Exclude reusable mask 
在身体不适的时候使用手术型口罩 
5 
go see a doctor if you feel unwell 
在感到不适的时候去看医生 
6 
go for yearly flu vaccination  
Interviewer note: Flu vaccination refers to 
an injection to protect you from getting the 
flu 
接受年度流感疫苗接种 
7 
Others, please specify: 其它，请注明: ________________________________ 
DO NOT READ 
666 
No, I do not have these habits  
不，我没有这些习惯 
777 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888 
Don’t know / Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
[Go to Q22001] 
 
 
 
 


 
159 
 
22001. I am now going to read out some statements on the use of antibiotics. Do you agree 
that…? [SA] 
我现在将读出几个有关服用抗生素的句子，请告诉我您觉得每一项的答案是对或错。 
USE SHOWCARD  
Statement 
 
1) Yes 
对 
2) No 
错 
DO NOT READ 
777) 
Refused 
拒绝回答 
888) Don’t know 
/ Not sure 
不知道／不肯定 
(a) Antibiotics do not work on flu virus 
 
抗生素对流感病毒无效 
 
 
 
 
(b) Antibiotics will lose its effectiveness in 
the long term if one takes antibiotics for 
common cold and flu, does not complete 
the full course of antibiotics or take 
leftover antibiotics 
如果因为普通感冒和流感而服用抗生
素，或者未完成整个抗生素疗程，或者
服用剩余的抗生素，长期以来, 抗生素将
失去效力 
 
 
 
 
(c) You should ask the doctor for antibiotics 
if not prescribed 
如果医生未开抗生素处方，您应该向医
生要求抗生素 
 
 
 
 
(d) You will recover faster when you take 
antibiotics for your respiratory infections 
like the flu 
如果服用抗生素治疗呼吸道感染如流感
等，您将会更快复原 
 
 
 
 
END OF SECTION 22.  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


 
160 
 
Annex B 
Project Team 
 
Survey Planning, Preparation,  
Fieldwork & Survey Report 
Survey Report (Writers) 
 
MOH 
Dr Derrick Heng 
Dr Chow Wai Leng 
Sutowo 
Dr Stefan Ma 
Teo Wei Ting 
Irene Soh  
Lee Chee Min 
 
 
HPB 
Dr Annie Ling 
Dr Karen Cheong 
Dr Foo Ling Li 
Daniel Lin 
Angela Koh 
 
 
MOH 
Irene Soh (Editor) 
Lee Chee Min 
Jasmon Hoh 
 
 
HPB 
Angela Koh 
Wang Nan Xin